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Brain Damage and
Locations of Linguistic Functions
Ling 411 – 07
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Variability in Aphasic Symptoms
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Why so much variation in symptoms?
Difference in areas of brain damage Difference in kinds of brain damage
•Strokes vs trauma vs infection vs tumors
•Different kinds of stroke
Anatomical variation among people•Differing cortical structures
•Differences in vascular anatomy
Difference in location of cortical functions
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Why so much variation in symptoms?
Difference in areas of brain damage Difference in kinds of brain damage
•Strokes vs trauma vs infection vs tumors
•Different kinds of stroke
Anatomical variation among people•Differing cortical structures
•Differences in vascular anatomy
Difference in location of cortical functions
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Different types of brain damage
Strokes, wounds, tumors, infections, degenerative disease
Each of these occurs in varying locations
Each of these has varying extent of damage
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Different Kinds of Stroke Damage
1. Ischemic: blockage of artery• Two sources of blockage:
1. Thrombosis (about 2/3 of all ischemic strokes) (B&A 64)
2. Embolism: caused by a blood clot, air bubble, or detached clot
• Result: infarction – death of brain tissue that is no longer receiving blood supply
• Variation in location of blockage• Hence, variation in area of infarction
2. Hemorrhagic: bleeding into cerebral tissues• Variation in location and extent of hemorrhage
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Why so much variation in symptoms?
Difference in areas of brain damage Difference in kinds of brain damage
•Strokes vs trauma vs infection vs tumors
•Different kinds of stroke
Anatomical variation among people•Differing cortical structures
•Differences in vascular anatomy
Difference in location of cortical functions
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Cerebral Arteries
Anterior Cerebral Artery•Feeds frontal pole and most of the medial
surface Middle Cerebral Artery
•Feeds most of cortex, Perisylvian area Other areas
Posterior Cerebral Artery•Feeds bottom of temporal lobe and medial
surface of occipital and parietal lobes
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Left hemi-sphere, showing middle cerebral artery
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Middle Cerebral Artery
www.strokecenter.org/education/ais_vessels/ais049b.html
Middle Cerebral Artery, Right Hemisphere
From Washington University Medical School
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Middle Cerebral Artery
Inter-Subject Variability
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Aphasic syndromes and Cerebrovascular areas
Territory
•Anterior cerebral artery occlustion
•Posterior cerebral artery occlusion
•Middle cerebral artery occlusion
Aphasic syndrome
Extrasylvian motor aphasia
Occipital alexia
Various major types of aphasia (next slide)
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Aphasias with middle cerebral artery occlusion
Total artery occlusion
Orbitofrontal branch
Rolandic branch
Anterior parietal branch
Posterior parietal branch
Angular branch
Posterior temporal branch
Anterior temporal branch
Global aphasia
Broca aphasia
Broca aphasia, cortical dysarthria
Conduction aphasia
Wernicke aphasia, extrasylvian sensory aphasia
Anomia, extrasylvian sensory aphasia
Wernicke aphasia
Anomia
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Why so much variation in symptoms?
Difference in areas of brain damage Difference in kinds of brain damage
•Strokes vs trauma vs infection vs tumors
•Different kinds of stroke
Anatomical variation among people•Differing cortical structures
•Differences in vascular anatomy
Difference in location of cortical functions
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Neuroanatomical correlates of the aphasias
Identifying linguistic functionsLocating linguistic functions
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Evaluating evidence from aphasia
It would be easy if naïve localization were true• If a patient has lost an ability, then the area of
damage is the area responsible for that ability
But naïve localization is false “… language, along with other complex
cognitive processes, depends on the concerted operation of multicomponent, large-scale neural systems. The anatomical components are often widely dispersed and each acts as a partial contributor to a complicated process…”
Antonio Damasio 1998:25
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Benson and Ardila on conduction aphasia
“… a single type of aphasia may have distinctly different loci of pathology. Both conduction aphasia and transcortical motor aphasia are examples of this inconsistency.” (117)
(See also p. 135)
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Hannah Damasio on conduction aphasia
“Conduction aphasia is associated with left perisylvian lesions involving the primary auditory cortex…, a portion of the surrounding association cortex…, and to a variable degree the insula and its subcortical white matter as well as the supramarginal gyrus (area 40). Not all of these regions need to be damaged in order to produce this type of aphasia. In some cases without involvement of auditory and insular regions, the compromise of area 40 is extensive…. In others, the supramarginal gyrus may be completely spared and the damage limited to insula and auditory cortices … or even to the insula alone….”
(1998: 47)
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CT template – Conduction Aphasia (patient I)
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CT template – Conduction Aphasia (patient II)
Left auditory cortex and insula
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MR template – Wernicke Aphasia (patient I)
Poster-ior portion of super-ior and middle temp-oral gyri
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MR template – Wernicke Aphasia (patient II)
Super-ior temp-oral gyrus, AG, SMG
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Two different patients with anomia
Deficit in retrieval of animal names
Inability to retrieve words for unique entities
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Two more patients with anomia
Deficit of retrieval of words for man-made manipulable objects
Severe deficit in retrieval of words for concrete entities
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More on these four anomic patients
All of these four subjects demonstrated normal concept retrieval for the concrete entities they could not name
» (Hannah Damasio 1998:51)
How to explain?
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The Wernicke-Lichtheim model (1885)
A – AuditoryM – MotorB – Ideation
Numbers indicate areas in which disconnection would produce distinct disorder
From Lichtheim 1885
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The Wernicke-Lichtheim model (1885)
Where?
Broca’s area
Arcuate fasciculus
Wernicke’s area
Primary motor area and/or subcortical
Primary auditory area and/or subcortical
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The “C” Node
Not just in one place•Conceptual information for a single word is
widely distributed•Conceptual information is in different areas
for different kinds of concepts The second of these points and probably
also the first were already recognized by Wernicke
But.. •The diagram is nevertheless useful•There may be a single “C” (or “L”) node
anyway as cardinal node of a distributed network
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Word meanings
Meaning of each word is a network Widely distributed in extrasylvian areas Conceptual and perceptual information
•Perceptual – both hemispheres Somatosensory – Parietal lobes Visual – Occipital and temporal lobes Auditory – Temporal lobes
•Conceptual More abstract (higher in network) than
perceptual Connections to perceptual information Different cortical areas for different
categories
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Concept: Distributed Representation
V
M
C
For example, FORK
Labels for Properties:C – ConceptualM – MotorT – TactileV - Visual
Each node in this diagramrepresents the cardinal node of a subweb of properties
T
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Distributed Representation:A “Functional Web”
V
C
Each node in this diagramrepresents the cardinal node of a subweb of properties
For example,
Let’s zoom in on this one
M
T
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Zooming in on the “V” Node..
FORK
Etc. etc.(many layers)
A network of visual featuresV
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Add phonological recognition node
V
M
C
For example, FORK
Labels for Properties:C – ConceptualM – Motor P – Phonological imageT – TactileV – Visual
T
P
The phonological image of the spoken form [fork] (in Wernicke’s area)
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Add node in primary auditory area
V
M
CT
P
PA
Primary Auditory: the cortical structures in the primary auditory cortex that are activated when the ears receive the vibrations of the spoken form [fork]
For example, FORK
Labels for Properties:C – ConceptualM – Motor P – Phonological imagePA – Primary AuditoryT – TactileV – Visual
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Add node for phonological production
V
M
CT
P
PA
Pr
For example, FORK
Labels for Properties:C – ConceptualM – Motor P – Phonological imagePA – Primary AuditoryPr – Phonological productionT – TactileV – Visual
Articulatory structures (in Broca’s area) that control articulation of the spoken form [fork]
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Add node for phonological production
V
M
CT
P
PA
PP
For example, FORK
Labels for Properties:C – ConceptualM – Motor P – Phonological imagePA – Primary AuditoryPP – Phonological ProductionT – TactileV – Visual
Arcuate fasciculus
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Some of the cortical structure relating to fork
V
M CT
P
PA
PP
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MR template – Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
AG and post-erior SMG
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Transcortical sensory aphasia(A. Damasio 1998:36)
Fluent and paraphasic speech•Global paraphasias
Severe impairment in oral comprehension
Repetition intact (unlike Wernicke’s aphasics)
N.b.: Refers to H. Damasio, Chapter 3, for localization of damage
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CT template – Broca Aphasia (patient I)
Superior sector of Broca’s area and the pre-motor region immedi-ately above it
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MR template – Broca Aphasia (patient II)
Most of Broca’s area, motor and pre-motor regions, white matter, insula
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MR template – Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Motor and pre-motor cortices just above Broca’s area
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Summary: Correlations of symptomswith areas of lesion
Broca’s Broca’s area
Wernicke’s Wernicke’s area
ConductionSMG, Insula,
Arcuate fasciculus
Transcortical motorAreas anterior and/or
superior to Broca’s area
Transcortical sensoryAreas posterior and/or superior to Wernickes
a.
Aphasic Syndrome Area of Damage
Cf. H. Damasio 1998: 43-44
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Correlation of aphasia types to localization of damage
“More than 100 years of study of anatomoclinical correlations, with autopsy material as well as CT and MR scans, has proven that in spite of the inevitable individual variability, the correlation between aphasia types and locus of cerebral damage is surprisingly consistent.”
Hannah Damasio 1998: 64
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Correlation of linguistic functions to localization of aphasic damage
“…the correlations per se provide only limited information about the neurobiological mechanisms of language, in health and in disease.”
Hannah Damasio 1998: 64-6
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Reasoning from brain damage to localization
If area A is damaged and patient has deficit D of some function F
Does this mean that function F is subserved by area A?
Not really.. It means that A (or some portion of
A) is needed for some component of F
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Brain damage and localization of function
Hypothetical example
A function
Damage
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What we know so far
Conceptual information for nouns of different categories is in different locations
What defines the different categories
Where they are located
What we don’t know
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Different locations for different categories
Evidence•Category dissociations in impaired patients
•Functional brain imaging
How to explain?•What are the different categories?
•Why these categories? What basis for their definitions?
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What is it that determines location?
Logical categories like ANIMALS vs. TOOLS/UTENSILS?• If so, why?
Abstract categories based on cognitively salient properties?
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Animals vs. Tools/Utensils?
These two categories have been studied most extensively in the literature
What is it that determines location? Observations:
•Most animals are known mostly in the visual modality
•Many tools and utensils are known largely in the somatosensory and motor modalities
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We know a lot about vision from experiments
Two major components of knowing what is seen:•What?
•Where?
Where – the dorsal pathway•Parietal lobe
What – the ventral pathway•Lower temporal lobe
N.b.: These findings are consistent with the proximity hypothesis
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Two Vision Pathways (left hemisphere)
Dorsal
Ventral
Where
What
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The Proximity Principle
Closely related cortical functions tend to be in adjacent areas•Broca’s area and primary motor cortex
•Wernicke’s area and primary auditory area
•Angular gyrus and Wernicke’s area
•Brodmann area 37 and Wernicke’s area
A function that is intermediate between two other functions tends to be in an intermediate location•Wernicke’s area – between primary auditory
area and Angular gyrus
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Locating conceptual information –three kinds of evidence
Proximity principle Brain damage Imaging
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Conceptual information for nouns
Conceptual information – subnetworks• For example, DOG
Canine animal Domestic – pets Metaphoric uses Etc.
Hypothesis: cardinal concept node• Top of the hierarchical network• Ties the whole thing together
Likely locations • Angular gyrus for some• Supramarginal gyrus for some• Middle temporal gyrus for some
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Nominal concepts and the proximity principle
Supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, and middle temporal gyrus are all close to Wernicke’s area
Angular gyrus occupies intermediate location between the major perceptual modalities
Supramarginal gyrus especially close to somatosensory perception
Middle temporal gyrus especially close to visual perception
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Form (Phonological) and Meaning
V
PR
PA
T
C
PP
T – TactileC – ConceptualPP – Phonological ProductionPR – Phonological RecognitionPA – Primary AuditoryV – Visual
The (bidirectional) link from form to meaning
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Form and Meaning
V
PRPA
T
C
PP
Link from phonological form to meaning
GR
GR – Graphic Recognition
Link from graphic form to meaning
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Conceptual information for nouns
Conceptual information – subnetworks• For example, DOG
Canine animal Domestic – pets Metaphoric uses Etc.
Hypothesis: cardinal concept node• Top of the hierarchical network• Ties the whole thing together
Likely locations • Angular gyrus for some• Supramarginal gyrus for some• Middle temporal gyrus for some
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Proximity principle and nominal concepts
Supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, and middle temporal gyrus are all close to Wernicke’s area
Angular gyrus occupies intermediate location between the major perceptual modalities
Supramarginal gyrus especially close to somatosensory perception
Middle temporal gyrus especially close to visual perception
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