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TheBroadcastPower ofNikola TeslaPart I
by Gery VassilatostTf HE drama of Twentieth Century Science and its
I intrlguing relationship with financiers and govI ernments unfold together in the remarkable life
of Nikola Tesla. His is a biography replete with all the
elements of tragedy. Tesla, a great discoverer of unsur-
passed force, became the focal point of old insidious
forces intent on destroying the future for the selfish sake
of the status quo. Tesla remains a focal point of wonder-
ment, of dream, and of worlds which yet should be to
those who are familiar with his biography. For them,
Tesla stands astride the quaint past century and the
gleaming future. He is a technological Colossus, point-
ing the way to a new dawn.The biography of Nikola Tesla should be the very
first chapter in every child's science text. Yet, we ffnd his
name stricken from the record in every avenue of which
he alone holds priori ty. This conspicuous absenceprompts wonderment. What the world does with discov-
erers determines the world course. In the life of Nikola
Tesla we see the portrayal of our own future, the fate of
the world. The achievements of this researcher were
lofty. The world has not yet implemented his greatestworks. For a time, all the world's dramatis persone focussed onTesla. He remains the legend, the theme, the archetype of all
Twentieth Century scientists.But who was Nikola Tesla, and where was he from? How did he
reach such a mighty stature, and what did he actually invent? Tesla
was born in 1856, the son of an illustrious Serbian family. His father,
an Orthodox priesl his uncles noteworthy military heroes of
highest rank. He was educated in Graz, and later moved to
Budapest. Throughout his life he was blessed, or haunted, by vivid
visions. In the terminology of Reichenbach he would be termed an
extreme sensitive. It was through these remarkable visions that
Nikola Tesla invented devices which the Victorian world had never
seen. Indeed, his visionary experiences produced the modern
world as we know it.He attended various Universities in Eastern Europe during his
early adulthood. While delving into his studies, he became aware
by the new and insidious scientific trends which questioned the
validity of human sense and reason. An impassioned soul, Tesla
felt the pain of modern humanity in its intellectual search for a soul.
Finding no solace in any of his classes, he sought refuge in a more
romantic treatment of science and nature. None could be found.
Professors dutifully promoted the "new view" by which it was
declared that the natural world was "inert...dead...a mere collection
of forces".This quantitative regime was mounting force among academes,
who were then attempting the total conversion of scientific method.
36 Second Quarter 1996 Bonnent-aNos
Those who would not accept the new order were compelled !o
depart from academic pursuits. Tesla totally rejected these notions
on the shongest of inner intuitions. Most of his instructors wouldhave said that he was not Univenity material. Tesla, sensitive to
every such dogmatic wind, rejected their thesis and sought somebefrer means for knowing nature. If he was to excel in engineering,there could only be cooperation with natural force, never violence.It was clear to him that the new scientific world-attack wouldultimately lead to violent responses from nature itself.
His inner conflict expressed itself openly and candidly, bringingyoung Tesla into certain disrepute ,unong rigid Univenity authori-ties. Universities were more like military academies than placeswhere original thinking was conducted in open forum. Tesldchallenged too many persons of esteemed rank with probingquestions for which he was given rebuke but no real answers.
A gifted researcher and voracious reader, he chanced uponsome forgotten volumes of natural science written by Goethe. Hehad not been aware that Goethe, long before he chose poetry forthe vehicle of his scientific themes, had
written several magnificenttomes on the
texts and read these to the exclusion ofall other philosophies. It was throughthis window that we may comprehendall of Tesla's sciendfic methods and laterstatements. For in Teslawe see the quest
ilffi,-A1lffi:.'#,l,1'lo*il" While yet a student, Teslavery same emotions, When the new
[:"Jil3:*,T;fr,$?T:':"'ilfi had became aware of cer-;Tl*;il""asonewhostandswatch tain scientific imperatives
Goethe was well aware of the new
scientinc trend and it, i*;ri;;;;. ih" enqngiated by JOhann YOnreduction of nature to forces and mecha-
li:T:iff":H:;"#fff, [,fff*:; Goethe. One of these was'i#' ;J[T::"";, t":il:'T kffi: the preservation and exten-
these efforts was the strongest desire to achieve something original,and by this, to attain financial independence for the sake of pureresearch. His only dream was to have a laboratory facility of his
own.The excessive labors and mental exertions nearly drove him to
the brink of madness. He was, for as time, seized with stxangemaladies and sensitivities which physicians could not address.Reichenbach accurately describes these symptoms, characteristicof extreme sensitives. There come times when the neurologicalsensitivity of these individuals literally transforms and processesthrough their being. The emergence of these rare sensitivitiesaffects such persons for the remainder of their lives.
Tesla found that his senses were amplified beyond reason. Hewas terribly frightened at first nervous exhaustion permeating hisfrail being. Eventually leaming to manage these rare faculties, heagain resumed his life. But the visions which began in his youthwere now more vivid and solid than ever before. When they came,unbidden, he could literally touch and walk around them. Now
also, he was equal to receiving them.
He was waiting for the revelation bywhich his alternating current motorwould appear.
Tesla's life came into a new focuswhile walking in a park with somefriends, the year 1881. It was lateafternoon, and Tesla became en-hanced with the sight of a glorioussunset. Moved to indescribableemotions, he began quoting a versefrom Goethe's "Faust":
"The glow retreats, done is ourday of toil;
it yonder hastes, new fields of life
exploring,ah, can no wing lift me from this
soi l . . .upon his track to follow, follow
soaring?"
As he reached this last line of verse, Tesla was suddenly seizedby an overwhelming vision. In il he beheld a great vortex, whirlingeternally in the sun and driving across the earth with its infinitepower. Completely absorbed in this glory, he became catatonicand irresponsive...to the great fear of his companions. His mindand body buzzingwith the power of the vision, he suddenly blurtedoul "see my motor here...watch me reverse it", They shook him,believing he had lost his mind completely.
Rigid and resisting all of their efforts, he would not move untilthe vision subsided. When he was linally led to a bench, he seemedcompletely hansformed. The remainder of the day was spent in agrand and joyous celebration, Tesla's remaining funds supplyingthe feast. Throughout the long hours of that night he shared withhis friends the great sight he had beheld. They spoke of the sureimplications portended for the world's future, and departed withvery great expectations.
Moving to Strassburg, he was employed as an engineer in a
sion of all activities natural.
for communion with nature, one based on the faith that mind,sensation, consciousness, and ordained skucture form the world-foundations.
The sense-validating Q;ralitative Theme again appears in NikolaTesla. Armed with this foundation, he was able to filter and qualifyevery other new study with which he was presented. In addition,he was irresistibly drawn into the study of electricity, the "newmagick". In the following months, he absorbed the electricalengineering courses so rapidly that he no longer attended classes.He had taken a technical position in Budapest. Several newintuitions had seized him. Tesla became fascinated. obsessed withalternating eurrent electricity. The problem he faced was consid-ered insurmountable, Tesla was sure that he could devise anengine which was turned, not by contact-currents, but by magneticfield actions alone.
The struggle toward designing such a device, begun as apuzzling amusemen! was now completely consuming his strength.The answer, tantalizing and near, seemed elusive. Undergirding all
BononRr-eNns Second Quarter 1996 37
telephone subsidiary of the Continental Edison Company' It was
i n a s m a l l m a c h i n e s h o p t h a t h e c o n s h u c t e d t h e w o r l d ' s f i r s t
brushless motors, He called them umagnetic vortex motors"' Their
whirling magnetic fields ba.filed electrical engineers' Now, Tesla's
profurri., riere studying his work' Goethe was absolute in his
judgement of science and human nature: nature leads humanity to
"follow, follow soaring".
Tesla'sstxangewhi. l ingdevicesworkedontheirveryf irsttr ial .
There were no connections between the rotors and stators' no
sparking, lossy brushes. The motion was smooth and elficienl
Nu*"ro,r. alternating current generators, transformers' and
"brushless" motors, all were developed by Tesla in quick succes-'
sion. The vision in material form. Himself a professional draftsman'
he mapped out his entire Polyphase System' Tesla emigrated to
America with a full pordolio of plans. America would be the place
where his dreams would find fulfillment'
Continually attracted to engineering problems which none
could master, his sudden visualization of the solutions became his
normal mode of operation' In this respec! as well as others' he
remained the wonder of all his technical assistants' He worked for
Thomas Edison in NewJersey for a very short time period until
securing a laboratory and financial supPorters of his own'
In his first independent venture he developed arc lamps and
lighting systems. When his financial supporters betrayed his trusg
ti"y tJft'frit" bankrupt ovemight. He became a ditch digger,
sufiering all the indignities which immigrants faced in America
during -the
1880's. He learned the value of publicity after his
incesslant mention of polyphase and alternating current managed
to attract the attention of certain new financial supporters' They
drew him out of the ditch, but not before he demanded his own
laboratory, a machine shop, and a sizable personal percentage "up
front". The resultwas our present day electrical distribution system'
Tesla did not invenf alternating current' Tesla reinvented
alternating currentin the form of Polyphase Current' His Polyphase
system *a. a no\rel means for blending three identical alternating
currents together simultaneously, but "out of step"' The idea was
similar to having three pistons on a crankshaft rather than one'
Tesla's method had wonderful advantages, especially when motors
were to be operated. Formally, no one could make an alternating
current motor turn at all simply because no net motion could be
derived from a current which lust "shuttled" to and fro'
Polyphase applied a continuous series of separate "pushes" to
rotors. hesla's-iolyphase System made brushless motors and
brilliant lighting methods possible. Polyphase made it also possible
to send elect ical power to very great distances with little loss.
Alternating electrical currents vibrated in the line. Current did not
flow continuously from end to end, as in Edison's flawed system'
Edison's direct current system could not supply electricity beyond
a few city blocks before current virtually disappeared'
In efforts to discover a more efficient kind of polyphase, Tesla
explored higher frequency alternating currents' During this re-
,"ur.h, he built and patented several remarkable generators'
Higher frequency polyphase was found by Tesla to perform with
faigreater "ffi.u"y
than the common sixty-cycle variety which we
still-use. He fully intended on implementing these special genera-
tors in the system which his Patron and friend, George Westinghouse,
had proliferated. The business arrangement rendered Tesla fabu-
lously wealthy at a Young age'
Tesla extended Lis generator frequencies in multiples of sixty
until reaching some thirty thousand cycles Per second' These very
high frequeriry altemating current Senerators became the marvel
of-all tt u ".ua"mic
and engneering world' They were copied and
modified by several other subsequent inventors including
Alexanderson. Remarkably driven at excessive speeds, they con-
stituted Tesla's first belief that high frequency alternating current
generators would supply the world's Power'High frequency current phenomena were new and exceedingly
culoJs. A line of experimental research was conducted in order to
evaluate new safe and possibly more efficient ways for hansmiting
power along long elevated lines, Tesla stated that the transmission
of such safe currents across ve{y long powerline distances in the
future would be a certainty, seeing their wonderful new qualities.
Tesla found that high frequency currents were harmless when
contacted by the human body. Discharges from these generators
haversed the outer surface of materials, never penehating mafrer
with depth. There was no danger when working with high
fr"q.r"ncy currents. He also observed their very curious and
beautifuf spark effects. They hissed and fizzled all over wire
conductors, could stimulate luminescence in low pressure gas
bulbs. seemed to traverse insulative barriers with ease, and made
Iisle pinwheels spin like delicate little fireworks displays'
Though curious, the effects were weak and furtive' They
seemed to intimate some future technology which he was yet
unable to penetrate. Tesla learned that his intuitions and visions
were infallible. What he guessed usually proved true' This very
personal revelation, he later claimed, was his Sreatest discovery'^,
As the safety of all personnel was his main concern, he was
consumed with the idea of making his High Frequency Polyphase
System completely safe for human operaton and consumen alike'
An extensive examination of each System comPonent was under'
taken with this aim in mind. Tesla was thorough and relentless in
his quest for safety and efliciency.But, his involvement with alternating currents would come to an
abrupt and unexpected end. During a series of experiments which
followed these high frequency tests, an amazing seldom-mentioned
accident o""u.r"d in which Tesla observed a phenomenon which
forever altered his view of electricity and technology'
SHOCKING DISCOVERY
Tesla was an avid and professional experimenter throughout his
life. His curiosity was of such an intense nature that he was able !o
plumb the mysieries of an electrical peculiarity with no regard for
iri. o*r, comiort. Whereas Edison would work and sleep for a few
hours on the floor, Tesla would never sleep until he had achieved
success in an experimental venture. This marathon could last for
days. He *". orr.. observed to work through a seventy two hour
period without fatigue. His technicians were in awe of him'
The Victorian Era was flooding over with new eleckical discov-
eries by the day. Keeping up with the sheer volume of shange
electrical discoveries and curiosities was a task which Tesla
thoroughly enjoyed...and preferred. His Polyphase System in
perfeciwotking order, the pleasurable occupation ofshrdying new
gazettes and slientific journals often fascinated his mind to the
Ixclusion of all other iesponsibilities. A millionaire and world-
38 Second Quarter 1996 BoRoBRleups
GREATSffiDISCOVEWhyendl
Nhola Tesla ,fl-I Postttvely E'',.ct Tt'Elt Wkt h, tl', Nos, Dc{od.Nt*
Sourcq ol EneeJI llflll Bcopend Up Wl&h
mtl fttt at th U.rloJ/d ol MatM Emryvbn ft|votn llnttmttud Amo.iitt-I Ha|, LId.a D''(',V.'/l
whlch I.E t.Et to Ant'pdtitr. &6"
& Flrry Gol&rf,llIOU fEl,I L d |ffi. l. Fl! -i.. r.
h t l $ d d b -l d U d . t . r { | d.a . rh l l b f f ib Laa d h 5 l l . *
,;;",us before the age of thirty, Tesla sought the pure kind
of research he had so long craved'
Whenever he observed any intriguing electrical effect he
immediately launched into experimental study with a hundred
variations. Each study brought him such a wealth of new knowl-
edge that, based on phenomena which he observed, he was
immediately able to formulate new inventions and acquire new
patents.Tesla's New York laboratories had several sections. This com-
plex was arranged as a multilevel gallery, providing a complete
research and production facility. Tesla fabricated several of his
large transformers and generators in the lower floors, where the
machine shops of this building were housed. The upper floors
contained his privaie research laboratories. He had athacted a
loyal staff of technicians. Of all these, Kolman Czito was a trusted
friend who would stand by Tesla for the remainder of his life. Czito
was the machine shop foreman in each of Tesla's New York
laboratories.Tesla observed that instantaneous applications of either direct
or altemating current to lines often caused explosive effects. While
these had obvious practical applications in improvement and
safety, Tesla was seized by certain peculiar asPects of the phenom-
enon. He had observed these powerful blasts when knife-switches
were quickly closed and opened in his Polyphase
System. Swirch terminals were often blasted to pieces
when the speed of the switchman matched the current
phase.Tesla assessed the situation very accurately. Sud-
denly applied currents will stress conductors both
elecbically and mechanically' When the speed of the
switch-action is brief enough, and the power reaches a
sufliciently high crescendo, the effects af,e not unlike a
miniature lightring stroke. Electricity initially heats the
wire, bringing it to vapor point. The continual applica-
tion of current then blasts the wire apart by electrostaticrepulsion. Butwas this mechanistic explanation resPon-
sible for eveqy part of the phenomenon?The most refractory metals were said to be vaporized
by such eleckical blasts. Others had used this phenom-
enon to generate tiny granular diamonds. Yes, there
were other aspects about this violent impulse phenom-
enon which tantalized him. Sufficiently inhigued, he
developed a small lightning "generator" consisting of a
high voltage dynamo and small capacitor storage bank.
His idea was to blast sections of wire with lightningJikecurrents. He wanted to observe the mechanically explosive effects which wires sustain under suddenhigh-powered eleckifi cations.
Instantaneous applications ofhigh current and highvoltage could literally convert thin wires into vapor.
Charged to high direct current potentials, his capacitorswere allowed to discharge across a section of thin wire.
Tesla configured his test apparatus to eliminate all
possible current alternations. The application of a singleswitch contact would here produce a single, explosive
electrical surge: a direct current impulse resembling
lightning. At first Tesla hand-operated the system,
manually snapping a heavy knife switch on and off. This became
less favorable as the dynamo voltages were deliberately increased.
He quickly closed the large knife switch held in his gloved hand.
Bang! The wire exploded. But as it did so, Tesla was stung by a
pressure blast of needle-like penetrations. Closing the dynamo
down. he rubbed his face, neck, arms, chest, and hands' The
irritation was distinct. He thought while the dynamo whirred down
to a slow spin. The blastwas powerful. He must have been sprayed
by hot metal droplets as small as smoke particles. Though he
examined his person, he fortunately found no wounds. No evi-
dence of the stinging blast which he so powerfully felt.
Placing a large glass plate between himself and the exploding
wire, he performed the test again. Bang! The wire again turned to
vapor...but the pressured stinging effect was still felt. But' what was
this? How were these stinging effects able to penetrate the glass
plate? Now he was not sure whether he was experiencing a Pressureeffect or an electrical one. The glass would have screened any
mechanical shrapnel, butwould not appreciably shield any electri-
cal effects.Through careful isolation of each experimental componenl
Tesla gradually realized that he was observing a very raxe elechical
phenomenon. Each "bang" produced the same unexpected shock
response in Tesla, while exploding small wire sections into vapor'
BoRornt-nNos Second Quarter 1996 39
The instantaneous burst produced strange efrects never observed
with alternating currents. The painful shocking sensation appeared
each time he closed or opened the switch. These sudden shock
currents were MPUISES, not alternations. What surprised him
was the fact that these needle-like shocla were able to reach him
from a disiance: he was standing almost ten feet from the dischargesite!
These electrical irritations expanded out of the wire in all
directions and filled the room in a mys6$ing manner. He had
never before observed such an effecl He thought that the hot metal
vapor might be acting as a'carrier' for the electrical charges. This
would explain the shong Pressure wave accompanied by the
sensation of electrical shock. He utilized longer wires. When the
discharge wire was resistive enough, no explosion could occur.Wire in place, the dynamo whirred at a slower speed. He threw
the switch for a brief instanl and was again caught offguard by the
stinging pressure wave! The effect per-
what was happening here?The pressure wave was sharp and
strong, like a miniature thunderclap. Itfelt strangely "electrical" when the dy-namo voltage was sumciently high. In
He could freely walk around the room during the tesL He could
hold the shield or simply walk without it A small rotary spark
switch was arranged in place of the hand-held knife switch. The
rotary switch was arranged to intemrpt the dynamo current in slow,
successive intervals. The system was actuated, the motor switchcranked it contacts slowly. Snap...snap...snap'..each contact pro-duced the very s:une room-Iilling irritation.
This time itwas most intense. Tesla could not get away from theshocks, regardless of his distance from the apparatus across his
considerably large gallery hall. He scarcely could get near enough
to deactivate the rotating switch. From what he was able to painfullyobserve, thin sparks of a bright blue-white color stood shaight outof the line with each eleckical contact.
The shock e{fects were felt far beyond the visible spark termina-tions. This seemed to indicate that their potential was far greaterthan the voltage applied to the line. A paradox! The dynamo
charge was supplied at a tension ofIifteen thousand volts, yet the sting-ing sparks were characteristics ofelectrostatic discharges exceedingsome two hundred fifty thousandvolts. Somehow this input currentwas being bansformed into a muchhigher voltage by an unknown pro.cess. No nahral explanation couldbe found. No scientilic explanationsufticed. There was simply not enoughdata on the phenomenon for an an-swer. And Tesla knew that this wasno ordinary phenomenon. Some-where in the heart of this activity wasa deep natural secret. Secrets of thiskind always opened humanity intonew revolutions.
Tesla considered this strange volt-age multiplying effect from severalviewpoints. The problem centeredaround the fact that there wurs nomagnetic induction taking place.Transformers raise or lower voltagewhen current is changing. Here wereimpulses. Change was happeningduring the impulse. But there was no
bansformer in the circuit. No wires were close enough for magneticinductions to take place. Without magnetic induction, there couldtheoretically be ro transformation effecl No conversion from lowto high voltage at all. Yel each switch snap brought both theradiating blue-white sparks and their painful sting.
IMPULSESTesla noted that the shange sparls were more like elechostatic
discharges. Ifthe sparks had been direct current arcs reaching from
the test line, he would surely have been killed with the very firstclose of the swilch. The physical pressure and sfrnging pain of these
sparks across such distances could not be explained. This phenom-enon had never been reported by those who should have seen and
felt its activities.
:ff*,*":3ih.l.l: ;:::l'i** The shock effects were feltine mystery. Hotvaporwas not available
H'tr;*:J:'n*;lm:*s'T far beyond the visible sparkH#ff"*l'ilffi::.?":ll'il H terminations...Tesla knew
that this was no ordinaryphenomenon. Somewhere
ff:i'Jlilffi'1#y"Tf*::5 in the heart of this activitybeyond certain thresholds. It became
;:T"ffiffifl:ffi;;;il:JllT was a deep natural secret.l*,:"*"liffH'X"""#":J.: Secrets of this kind alwaysused. Perhaps he was fortunate enoughto observe-tl,u ,"," ph;;;;; r?; Opened hUmanity intO neythe first time.
*Jf "Th*;l:lT:;i"n:*il revolutions.this shange manner? Here was a phe-nomenon which was not described inany of the texts with which he was familiar. And he knew everywritten thing on electricity. Thinking that he was the victim of somesubtle, and possibly deadly short circuil he rigorously examinedthe circuit design. Though he searched, he could find no eleckicalleakages. 'fhere were simply no paths for any possible coronaeffects to lind their way back into the switching terminal which he
held.Deciding !o better insulate the arrangement in order that all
possible line leakages could be eradicated, he again attempted the
experimenl The knife switch rapidly closed and opened, he againfelt the unpleasant shockJust as painfully as before. Right throughthe glass shield! Now he was perplexed. Desiring total distancefrom the apparatus, he modified the grstem once more by making
it "automatic'.
40 Second Quarter 1996 BonoeRLANos
Tesla's polyphase generators had beenconstructed. Tesla penetrated the valid-ity of Maxwell's mathematical method. f f: _t_ r/ .rt was weu known
".,'il'Jffl".: High voltage impulse cur-derived his mathematical descriptionsor erechomagnetic inductio' ,t'.T i fents pfgdqged a hitheftOgreat collection of available eleckical
lTl"ffi; ji'i:1ff":*ff';f,',; unknown radiant effect. Indoing so.
pJrhaps newer phenomena.had not factrhere was an electricalbeen discovered, and were therefore
ilil:H:f :Jffi"'i1ffi:f; oobroadcast" effect whoseimplementation in a myriad
nl;:[:l*U;**t""rt'#:of buarredesignswouldset
Tesla gradually casre to the conclusion that the shock effect wassomething new, something never before observed. He furtherconcluded that the effect was never seen before because no onehad ever conskucied such a powerful impulse generator. No onehad ever reported the phenomenon because no one had evergenerated the phenomenon.
Tesla once envisioned a vortex of pure energy while lookinginto a sunsel The result of this great hovidential vision waspolyphase cunenl A true revelation. But this, this wiu an originaldiscovery found through an accidenL Itwas an empirical discoveryof enormous signiffcance. Here was a new electrical force, anutterly new species of electrical force which should have beenincorporated into the electrical equations ofJames Clerk Morwell.Surprisingly, it was not
Tesla now questioned his own knowledge. He questioned thefoundations on which he had placed so much conlidence in the lastseveral years. Maxwell was the "rule and measureo by which all of
stating his equations as "final"? In deriv-ing the laws of electromagneticinduction, Maxr,vell had imposed his
he considered to be "the most funda-mental" induction effects from the startThe selection process was purely arbitrary. After having "decided"which induction efrects were "the most fundamental", Maxwellthen reduced these selected cases and described them mathemati-cally. His hope was to simplif matters for engineers who weredesigning new electrical machines. The results were producing"prejudicial" responses in engineers who could not bear thethought of any variations from the ustandard". Tesla had experi-enced this kind of thematic propaganda before, when he was astudent. The quandtative wave of blindness was catching up withhim.
Tesla and others knew very well that there were strange andanomalous forms of electromagnetic induction which were con-stantly and accidentally being observed. These seemed to vary asthe experimental apparatus varied. New elechical force discoverieswere a regular feature of every Nature Magazine issue. Adamant
in the confidence that all elechical phenomena had been bothobserved and mathematically described, academicians would bevery slow to accept Tesla's claims.
But this academic sloth is not what bothered Tesla. He hadalready found adequate compensation for his superior knowledgein the world of industry. Tesla, now in possession of an effectwhichwas not predicted by Maxwell, began to question his own knowl..edge. Had he become a "mechanist", the very thing which hereviled when a shrdent? Empirical fact conbadicted what that uponhe based his whole life's work. Goethe taught that nahnre leadshumanity.
The choice was clean accept the empirical evidence and rejectthe conventional theory. For a time he struggled with a way to"derive" the shock elfect phenomenon by mathematically wres-tling "vdidity" from Maxwell's equations...but could not. A newelectrical principle had been revealed. Tesla would take this, as hedid the magnetic vortex, and from it weave a new world.
What had historically taken placewas indeed unfortunate. Had Max-well lived after Tesla's accidentaldiscovery, then the effect might havebeen included in the laws. Of course,we have to assume that Maxwellwould have 'chosenn the phenom-enon among those which heconsidered "fundamental".
There was no otherway to see hisnew discovery now. Empirical factconhadicted theoretical base. Teslawas compelled to follow. The resultwas an epiphany which changedTesla's inventive €ourse. For t}te re-mainder of his life he would makescientilic assertions which few couldbelieve, and fewer yet would repro-duce. There ye t ex is t severa lreproducible eleckical phenomenawhich cannot be predicted by Max-well . They continual ly appearwhenever adventuresome experi-menters make acc identa lobservations.
FOCUSHigh voltage impulse currents produced a hitherto unknown
radiant effect. In facl here wirs an elechical "broadcast" effectwhose implementation in a myriad of bizarre designs would setTesla apart from all other inventors. This new electical force effectwas a pre-eminent discovery of great historical signiftcance. Despitethis fact, few academicians grasped its signiftcance as such. Fo-cussed now on dogmatizing Maxwell's work, they could not acceptTesla's excited announcements. Academes argued that Tesla'seffect could not exisl They insisted that Tesla revise his statements.
Tesla's mysterious effect could not have been predicted byMaxwell because Maxwell did notincorporate itwhen formulatinghis equations. How could he have done so, when the phenomenonwas just discovered? Tesla now pondered the academic ramifica-
:ff';fl*::T'llTi:1'i:"f:I Tesla apart from all otherobserved since the eighteenth century.Maxweu had difficulty ;;;;:; inVentOfS.
BoRnenLaNos Second Quarter 1996 41
Nikola Tesla, age 63.
tions of this new effect. What then of his own a"nd possibly otherelechical phenomena which were not incorporated into Maxwell'sforce laws? Would academes now ignore their existence? Wouldthey now even dare to reject the possibility of such phenomena onthe basis of an incomplete mathematical description?
Seeing that the effect could grant humanity enortnous possibili-ties when once tamed, Tesla wished to study and implement theradiant electrical action under much safer conditions. The very firststep which he took before proceeding with this experimental linewas the conshuction of special grounded copper barriers: shieldsto block the electrical emanations from reaching him.
They were large, body sized mandes of relatively thick copper.He grounded these to insure his own complete safety. In electricalterms, they formed a "Faraday Cage" around him. This assemblywould block out all static discharges from ever reaching Tesladuring the tests. Now he could both observe and write what he saw
with confidence.Positioned behind his copper mantle, Tesla initiated the action.
7Z727Z...the motorized switch whirring, dynamo voltage inter-rupted several hundred times per second, the shock action was nowcontinuous. He felt a steady rhythm of elechostatic irritations rightthrough the barrier accompanied by a pressure wave which keptexpanding. An impossibiltty. No elechical influence should havepassed through the amount of copper which composed the shield.Yet this energetic effect was penehating, electrically shocking, andpressured, He had no words to describe this aspect of the newphenomenon. The shocks really stung.
., Tesla was sure that this new discovery would p.roduce acompletely new breed of inventions, once tamed and regulated. Itseffects differed completely from those observed in high frequencyalternating currenl These special radiant sparks were the result ofnon-reversing impulses. In facl this effect relied on the non-reversing nature of each applied burst for its appearance. A quickcontact charge by a powerful high voltage dynamo was performinga feat of which no alternating generator was capable. Here was ademonshation of "broadcast eleckicity".
Most researchers and engineers are fixed in their view of NikolaTesla and his discoveries. They seem curiously rigidiffed in thethought that his only realm of experimental developments lay inaltemating current electricity. This is an erroneous conceptionwhich careful patent study reveals. Few recognize the documentedfacts thal after his work with alternating currents was completed,Tesla switched over completely to the study of impulse currents,His patents from this period to the end of his career are filled withthe ierminology equated with electrical impulses alone.
The secret lay principally in the direct current application in asmall time interval. Tesla studied this time increment, believingthat it might be possible to eliminate the pain lield by shorteningthe Iength of time during which the switch contact is made. In adaring series of experiments, he developed rapid mechanicalrotary switches which handled very high direct voltage potentials.Each contact lasted an average of one ten-thousandth second.
Exposing himself to such impulses of very low power, hediscovered to his joy and amazement that the pain field was nearlyabsent. In its place was a strange pressure effectwhich could be feltright through the copper barriers. Increasing the power levels ofthis device produced no pain increase, but did produce aninhiguing increased pressure lield. The result of simple intemrptedhigh voltage DC, the phenomenon was never before reportedexcept by wihresses of close lightning strokes. This was erroneouslyattributed however to pressure effects in air.
Not able to properly comprehend ttreir nature at firsl Tesla alsoconservatively approached the pressure phenomenon as due to airpressure. He had first stated that the pressure field efrect was dueto sharp soundwaves which proceeded outward from the suddenlycharged line. In fac! he reported this in a little-known publicationwhere he first announced the discovery. Calling the pressure effects"elecbified soundwaves", he described their penetrating nature inacoustic terms.
Further experimentation however, gradually brought the newawaf,eness that both the observed pressure effect and eleckicalshock fields were not taking place in air at all. He demonstrated thatthese actions could take place in oil immersions. Impulse charged
42 Second Quarter 1996 BoRosRr-eNns
lines were placed in mineral oil and carefully watched. Strongpressure projections emerged from sharp wire ends in the oil, as ifair were sheaming out under high pressure.
Tesla first believed that this stream was wire-absorbed air drivenoff by electrical pressure. Continual operation of the phenomenonconvinced him that the projected stream was not air at all.Furthermore, he was not at-a loss to explain the effecl but wasreluctant to mention his own theory of what had been generated byhigh voltage direct current impulses.
Tesla made eleckical measurements of this projective sheam.One lead of a galvanometer was connected to a copper plate, theother grounded. When impulses were applied to wire line, theunattached and distant meter registered a continual direct current.Current through space without wires! Now here was somethingwhich impulses achieved, never observed with alternaUng curentsof any frequency.
Analysis of this situation proved that electrical energy orelectrically productive energies were being projected from theimpulse device as rays, not waves. Tesla was amazed to lind theserays absolutely longitudinal in their action through space, describ-ing them in a patent as "light-like rays". These observationsconformed with theoretical expectations described in 1854 byKelvin.
In another article Tesla calls them "dark-rays", and "rays whichare more light-like in character". The rays neither diminished withthe inverse square of the distance nor the invene of the distancefrom their source. They seemed to stretch out in a progressiveshock-shell to great distances without any apparent loss.
MAGNETIC ARCSNikola Tesla now required greater power levels than those
provided by his mechanical rotary switch system. He also saw theneed for controlling ultra-rapid current interruptions of highrepetition ("succession") rates. No mechanical switch could per-form in this manner. He had to envision and devise some newmeans by which ultra-rapid interruptions could be obtained. In hisbest and most efftcient system, highly charged capacitors wereallowed to impulsively discharge across special heavy duty mag-netic arcs.
The magnetic arc gap was capable of handling the large currentsrequired by Tesla. In achieving powerful, sudden impulses of onepolarity, these were the most durable. Horn shaped electrodeswere positioned with a powerful permanent magnetic lield. Placedat right angles to the arc itself, the currents which suddenly formedin this magnetic space were accelerated along the horns until theywere extinguished. Rapidly extinguished!
Arcs were thus completely extinguished within a specilied timeincrement. Tesla conligured the circuit parameters so as to preventcapacitor alternations from occurring through the arc space. Eacharc discharge represented a pure unidirectional impulse of verygreat power. No "contaminating current reversals' were possible orpermissible.
Reversals..,alternations...would ruin the "shock broadcast". Theeffectwas never observed when alternadng currents were engaged.High voltage was supplied by a large dynamo. Tesla could speedor slow this dynamo with a hand operated rheostat. Power wasapplied in parallel across the capacitor. The magnetic arc was
linked almost directly to one side of this capacitor, a long and thickcopper strap connecting the magnetic arc and the far capacitorplate.
This simple asymmetric positioning of the magnetic arc dis-charger to one side of the dynamo supply produced pureunidirectional electropositive or elechonegative impulses as de-sired. Tesla designed this very simple and powerfully effectiveautomatic switching system for achieving ultra-rapid impulses of asingle polarity. Capacitor values, arc distances, magnetic fields anddynamo voltages were all balanced and adjusted to leld arepedtive train of ultrashort singular impulses without "flyback"elfects.
The system is not really well understood by engineers, theexceptional activities of the arc plasma inhoducing numerousaddifional features to the overall system. While the effects whichTesla claimed can be reproduced with electron tube impulsecircuitry, these produce decidedly inferior effects. The overallpower of the basic arc discharge is diflicult to egual. Teslaeventually enclosed the magnetic arc, immersing the gap space inmineral oil. This blocked premature arcing, while very greatlyincreasing the system output.
Most imagine that the Tesla impulse system is merely a "veryhigh frequency alternator". This is a completely erroneous notion,resulting in elfects which can never equal those to which Teslareferred. The magnetic discharge device was a kue stroke ofgenius. It rapidly extinguishes capacitor charge in a single disrup-tive blast. This rapid current rise and decline formed an impulse ofextraordina{F power. Tesla called this form of automatic arcswitching a "disruptive discharge" circuil distinguishing it fromrlumerous other kinds of arc discharge systems. It is very simply ameans for intemrpting a high voltage direct current withoutallowing any backward current alternations. When these condi-tions are satisfied, the Tesla Effect is then observed.
The asymmetrical positioning of the capacitor and the magneticarc determines the polarity of the impulse train. If the magnetic arcdevice is placed near the positive charging side, then the sbap ischarged negative and the resultant curent discharge is decidedlynegative.
Tesla approached the testing of his more powerful systems withcertain fear. Each step of the testing process was necessarily adangerous one. But he discovered that when the dischargesexceeded ten thousand per second, the painful shock elfect wasabsent. Nerves of the body were obviously incapable of registeringthe separate impulses. But this insensitivity could lead to a mostseductive death. The deadly aspects of elechicity might remain.Tesla was therefore all the more wary of the experiments.
He noticed thal though the pain field was gone, the familiarpressure effect remained. In its place came a defined and penetrat-ing heat. Tesla was well aware that such heat could signal internalelecbocution. He had already made a thorough study of theseprocesses, recognizing that such heating precedes the formation ofelectrical arcs through the body. Nevertheless, he applied power tothe dynamo in small but steady intervals.
Each increase brought increase in the intemal heating effects.He remained poised at each power level, sensing and scoping hisown physiology for danger signs. He continued raising the powerlevel until the magnetic arc reached its full buzzing roar. Tesla
BononRllNos Second Quarter 1996 43
found that this heat could be adjusted and, when not extreme' was
completely enjoyable. So soothing, reloring, and comfortable was
this manifestation that Tesla daily exposed himself !o the energies'
An eleckical'sauna'.He Iater reported these ftndings in medical journals, freely
offering the discovery to the medical world for ib therapeutic
benefits. Tesla was a notorious user of all such therapies from this
time on, often falling into a deep sleep in the warm and penetrating
influences. C)nce, having overindulged the electresauna therapy,
he fell into a profoundly deep sleep from which he emerged a day
later! He reported that this experience was not unpleasant but
realized that proper "electrodosages" would necessarily have'to be
determined by medical Personnel.During this time, Tesla found shorter impulse lengths where the
heating effect disappeared altogether, rendering the radiance
absolutely harmless. These impulse trains were so very high that
the deepest nenres of one's body could not sense the permeadng
radiant energy field. Now he could Pumue his vision of broadcast
energy systems without fear of rendering to humanity a technologi-
cal curse, rather than a true blessing'
TRAI{ISFORMERSTesla opera0ed the magnetic arc $'stem at higher power levels'
experim.enting with various impulse lengths and repetition rates'
He measured the mys0erious elechical current which apparently
flowed through space from this system. These radiant ftelds
operated at far greater power than before. Strange effecb were
suddenly appearing atcertain distances from the magneticimpulser.
For one thing, Tesla nodced that metallic surfaces near the impulser
became covered with white brush-like corona dischaqges. While
the sparks played in uails across the metal surfaces, Tesla observed
physical movement among the metal objects. Tensions and rock-
ing motions. Both phenomena occurtng simultaneously, he was
utterly fascinated. The sparls themselves seemed alive. The
moving metal objects seemed to suggest new motor effects. What
was this shange codition, this synchronicity of phenomena?
Brilliant white coronas came forth with a gaseous "hhslng"
sound from metal poinb and edges. Metal plates were soon poised
all around the device for observation' Tesla recognized at once that
these efrecb were not identical with those obtained earlier while
using high frequency dteinating currents. These new discharges
were white, energetic, and shong.The electrical behavior of copper plates, rods, cylinders, and
spheres near his Primary impulser brought forth a great variety of
white fluidic discharges. Strong discharge brushes appeared from
the ends of copper plates' These came in prodigious volumes,
hissing and arcing wildly in all directions, especially from sharp
points. Tesla hied copper discs. These seemed to produce more
stable discharges. He observed the curious manner in which these
white discharges seemed to *raceo around the disc edge at times,
blending and separating with all the other sparls. Here was a
Creatly magnilied example of Reichenbach's Od force perhaps!- He noted the manner in which white brush discharges appeared
from copper conductors of difrerent shapes. Each form, poised near
his impulser, gave a characteristic corona dishibution. This coronal
corresponderrce with specilic geometric form greatly {Pressedtrim. With certain metal forms the discha^rges were very fluidic in
appeaxance. Smooth, fluidic sheaths covered coPper cylinders of
speciftc size. This absolutely fascinated Tesla' There was an
aerodynamic nature inherent in radiant eleckicity'
Copper cylinders produced remarkable volumes of white dis-
charges. The discharges from certain sized cylinders were actually
larger than those being applied. This inferred that an energy
baisformation efrect was talcing place withhf the cylinder' This
reminded him of his initial observation with the shock-excited
wires. Those which did not explode gave forth far greater voltages
than were initially used. He had never understood why this was
occurring. Here was another instance in which applied energy wrN
seemingly magnified by a conductor. Why was this happening?
The key to understanding this bizarre phenomenon might be
found here, he thoughr He observed the discharges ftom copper
cylinders of various diameters. Each became edged with white
brush discharges when held near or actually placed within the
conductive copPer strap of the impulser' The discharge efrect was
most pronounced when cylinders were placed within the periphery
of the copper strap.Tesla noticed that white corona sheaths were actually covering
the outer cylinder wall at times' These would appear, build in
strength, and disappear on sudden discharge with a surprising
length. The sheathing action was repetitive when the cylinder had
" "titi".[y small volume. Very small cylinders behaved like rods,
where discharges only appeared at their edges. The stability of
these shange sheath discharges varied with cylinder diameter and
length.Tesla noticed that not every cylinder performed well near the
impulser. Only cylinders of specific volume produced stable and
"otttinoonr white electrical sheaths' If the cylinders were too small,
then the sheaths were intermitent and unstable. There was an
obvious connection between the supplied impulse hain and the
cylinder volume. But what was it?
Tesla surveyed the entire range of his recent discoveries'
Impulses produced a radiant elechicd effect. Radiant electricity,
was mysteriously flowing through space. As it flowed, it focussed
over metal conductors as a white fluidic corona' When the shape
and volume of the metal conductors were just righg the energy
appeared as a stable white corona of far greater voltage than the
impulse generator supplied. More quesdons. More discoveries'
Rods produced sparks from their edges, but not as long as
copper cylinders did. Tesla selected a cylinder which worked very
well, and placed several horizontal "cuts" all around its surface' He
was totally surprised when, on testing, the spark discharge from the
cut cylinder was notably larger than before. Increased spark length
means increased voltage. Butwhy did this diminished conductivity
force the voltage uP?The cuts diminished conductivity in the cylinder by forcing the
energy into a tighter "squeeze". He had noted that eleckical
impuises displayed a tendency to traverse the outer surface of metal
conductors. Certain cylinders were often ensheathed in a fluidic
white discharge which smoothly havelled between coil ends in a
tightly constricted layer. Here was something truly notable' His
inpui voltage was far less than that produced from the upper coil
terminal. But why from end to end?
The essential reason why current preferred outer surface con-
duction was precisely because they were impulsing' The sudden
44 Second Quarter 1995 BonpBnt-nvos
shock which any conductor experienced produced an expansiveeffect, where the electrical charge was rejected by the conductiveinterior. This "skin effect" was a function of impulse time andconductor resistance. Highly resistant objects forced all of theimpulse energy to the surface.
Now he was getting somewhere. Frustrated radiant electricityconstricted into a tighter surface volume when encountering metalsurfaces. This intense surface focussing effect brought the voltageup to tremendous values. Here was a new transformer effect! Hebelieved it was an electrostatic transformation. Impulse currentseach possessed an electrostatic nature. The bunching of charge inthe impulser brings this electrostatic field to a peak in a small instantof time.
Constricting this field volume produces a greatly magnifiedvoltage. Placement of any conductor in the field space alters thefield by constricting its shape. When symmetrical conductors ofspecial shape, volume, and resistance are placed in this space, thefield is greatly constricted. Because the impulsing electrostatic fieldis very abrupt, it "snaps" over the conductor from end to end.
Tesla knew that here is where the secret lies. If resistance in theconductor is great enough, the snapping electrostatic force cannotmove any charges. It is forced to "grow" over the conductor surfaceuntil it discharges at the end point where greatly magnifiedvoltages are obtained. When the wire diameter is small enough, thewire explodes under electrostatic pressures which exceed thoseseen in dynamite.
In effect, Tesla had managed to interrupt a high voltage directcurrent several thousand times per second. In doing so, he haddiscovered away to completely separate electrostatic energy fromcurrent impulses. Tesla pondered these facts, wondering if it was
. possible to force the magnification effect beyond the limits ofstandard electromagnetic transformers. In other words, how highcould voltage be raised? Was there a limit to the process?
In order to achieve such enormous voltage levels, he needed aconductive shape which offered so much resistance to chargemovemen! that all the applied energy would become electrostatic.In effect, Tesla wanted to convert a quantity of supply power intoa pure electrostatic voltage. This phenomena suggested that hisgoal was not impossible.
Tesla extended his idea of the cut copper cylinder to coils. Fromthe viewpoint of electrostatic impulses, flat copper coils appear tobe "continuously cut" cylinders. The electrostatic field focuses overthe coil as it did with the cylinders, from end to end. A simplemagnet coil of specific volume would offer so much resistance tiratit would be difficult to predict the actual resultant voltage whichresults without an empirical test.
WHITEFIRE
Qonstructing several of these, he was ready for the test. Wheneach copper magrret coil was impulsed, Tesla saw tremendouswhite brushes leaping from their free ends: discharges approachingone million volts! But his supply power was nowhere near thesevoltages, and the coil was not wrapped in thousands of windings.These previously unexpected voltage magnifications were theresult of an energ'y transformation, one which took electrical powerand converted it completely into pressure. Watts into Volts, anunheard thing. It was the key to a new and explosive technology.
Tesla also found that such coils required very thin coil forms. Heceased using cellulose and cardboard forms, preferring "squirrelcage" type forms made of thin end-braced wooden rods. Wire waswound about these cylindrically disposed rods, producing the verybest effects. Spacings were also tried between successive coilwindings with excellent results. Spaced windings reduced spark-ing to a minimum.
Tesla remarked that the electrostatic potentials along the coilsurface (from end to end) could be as much as ten thousand voltsper inch of winding! A ten inch coil of proper volume couldproduce one hundred thousand volt discharges. In addition, andin confirmation of his suspicions, no current was ever measured atthe free terminals of these coils. A "zero coil current" condition! Itwas simply another paradox which would occupy the academ!cians for several more argumentative decades.
Tesla suddenly realized that coils represented a truly special andvaluable component in his quest. The instantaneous resistancewhich any coil offered to an applied impulse was so immense thatcurrent could not flow through the wire length. As a phenomenal
BoRoBnleNos Second Quarter 1996 45
consequence, no current flowed through the coil windings at all!
But sparking was observed, travelling from coil end to end. Here
was yet another anomaly!He began placing these "secondary" coils within his "primary"
impulser circuit. The straP which connected his magnetic arc to the
capacitors formed the "primary". He made necessary distinctionsamong his Transformer components. Few engineers actually ap
preciate these distinctions. The "primary" and "secondary" of
Tesla Transforners are not magrretic inductors. They are resistive
capacitors. Coil-shaped capacitors! Tesla Transformer action is
electrostatic induction.There were conditions for the most efffcient manifestation of the ..
effect. Maxrvell could not predict these values' Tesla empiricallydiscovered most of the rules for impulse behavior. He found that
the hansformative abilities of these smooth copPer coils were
maximum when the coil mass equalled the mass of the impulser's
conductive copper shap. It did not matter how thin the coil
windings were. The equality of copper masses brought mardmum
hansformative effects. When this equal mass condition was ful-
Iilled, Tesla said that the coil-capacitors were uin resonance''Electrostatic resonance.
Tesla found it possible to produce millions of elecirostatic volts
by this method. His {irst Transformers were horizontal in orienta-tion, both free ends of the secondary coil-capacitor producingunidirectional impulses of great Power' White discharges from
each ofthese free ends had very different charac0eristics, indicating
the unidirectional flow. Elechopositive lerminals always appeared
brushlike and broad. Electronegative terminals always appeared
conskicted and dartlike.His next Transformer series employed vertical cylinders with
the base connected directly to ground. Free terminals stood quite
a distance above the primary capacitor straP, sPouting a brilliant
white crown. These marked a turning pointin his theories concern-
ing electricity, since itwas possible for him to develop well over one
million volts impulse power in a device scarcely taller than a child.
These discharges were of an intense white coloration. Whitefire.
Very sudden impulses color discharge channels with the brilliant
whitefire because Tesla Transformers separate the effusive eether
from electrons. Tesla Transformer conduct ether, not elechons.
The whitefire brilliance is the disfnctive etheric hademark ofTesla
Transformers.During this time, Tesla discovered the peculiar necessity for
streamlining his Transformers. Clindrical secondary capacitors
suddenly became conical forms. These presented the most bizarreappearance of all. Tesla used cone-shaped secondaries to focus the
impulses. Whitefire discharges from these forms evidenced real
focussing effects, the discharges themselves assuming inverted
conical shapes. Their greatly intensified nature is seen in photo
graphs which were taken under his own inhigued supervision. The
magnified voltages were reaching those thresholds in which his
laboratory enclosures were far too small !o continue making
indushial scale progress on radiant energy systems.The fact that whitefire discharges pass through all matter,
notably insulators, revealed the etheric nature. Tesla saw that
whitefire discharges could permeate all materials in a strangely
gaseous manner. This penetration scarcely heated mafrer. In facl
the whitefire brushes often had a cooling effect' The sparks
themselves, though violent in appearance' were "soft" when
compared to all other forms of electricity. He had successfully
removed the hazard from electricity. In blocking the slow and
dense charges, he had freed the mysterious effirsive ather streams
inherent in electricity. Because of this, new,and intensified radiant
effecb were constantly making their appearance across his labora-
tory space.Tesla found that as these new "Impulse Transformers" greatly
magnified power supplied to them, so also their radiant elechic
effects were equally magniffed. He found it possible to wirelessly
project elechostatic power to very great distances, lighting special
lamps to full candlepower at hundreds of feet' In these experi-ments, he also conceived of signalling systems. Itwould be possible0o switch radiant effects in telegraphic fashion. Distant vacuum
tube receivers would then light or dim in corresponding manner.Tesla experimented with a special breed of telegraphic wireless in
1890.He also found it possible to wirelessly oPerate specially con'
structed motors by properly intercepting this space-flowing energy
stream. He had made his own polyphase system obsolete! The new
vision was vastly more enthralling. The world would be hans-formed. He discovered ways to beam the enerry out to any focus,even !o the zenith. His plan to illuminate the night sky with a radiantenergy beacon captured the minds of all who listened'
Tesla now possessed the means by which the radiant eleckicitycould be Cready magnilied and hansmised. He could now bans-form the very nature of the radiance so that it could carryincreasingly greater power. Now he could begin developing a new
technology which would completely revitalize the world order.Powdr could be broadcast to any location without wire connec-tions. Radiant electricity could be utilized in completely new
appliances. A new world was about to be released!
SPACE FLOWING CI,JRRENTUnderstanding the analogue between these electrical impulse
effects and the behavior of high Pressure gases w.ul of paramountimportance. This gaseous aspect of impulse electrical radiance was
perhaps the most mystifying aspect of these new-found energies.
Those who sought out Tesla's every lechrre were very aware thata new elechical species had been discovered.
While yet a shldenl Tesla had became aware of certain scientilic
imperatives enunciated byJohann von Goethe. One of these was
the preservation and extension of all activities-nahrral. Goethe
implied that when natural conditions were Preserved during
experimentation, then nature itself was in the best conliguration 0o
reveal more unified phenomenal exhibitions to qualitative observ-
ers.Tesla recognized that his new discovery of impulse, the result of
an acciden! was a total departure from polyphase alternating
current. While his original vision of the vortex was applied by him
to the designing of motors and generators, Tesla now redized that
this was not its primary message' In fact, taken from the viewpoint
which Goettre expressed, polyphase was a most unnatural form of
enerS'y.Nahrral acfivity is suffused with impulses, not alternations.
Natural activity is initiated as a primary impulse. Nature is flooded
with impulses of all kinds. From lightning to nervous activities, all
46 Second Quarter 1996 BonoenLlNos
natural energy movements occur as impulses. Impulses were now
seen by Tesla to fill the natural world. But, more fundamentally,
Tesla saw that impulses flood the metaphysical world.
The mysterious flow of meanings during conversation occurs as
a sequence of directed impulses in space. Though inert air vibrates
in alternations with sounds uttered, the flow of meaning remainsunidirectional. Intentions are also impulses. The unidirectionalflow of intentions appear as impulses. Motivations proceed fromthe manifestation of sudden desires. Overtly expressed as actions,the initiating impulses are then fulfilled.
Tesla wished to comprehend where this "motivating force"
came from, and where it went during the expressed actions. In allof this, he was very much the wonderful stereotype of the Victoriannatural phllosopher. His scientific pursuits followed these consid-erations until the last. Those who study his announcementsrecog'nize his metaphysical foundations, the basis of all his subse-quent scientific quests.
with the unnatural...with polyphase...he .
pulses. Could it be that the induction of
electricity the fundamental natural
energy... the motivator?Victorian Science was not exactly
sure what electricity was, there being soverv manv attributes associated with the
Tesla observed the amazing "coordi- r lnation' or new pr,",,o*",,u *;'4 g"t VefV fepUtable expefiment-seemed to bring new technological po- '
lillf, ',lj,311'T;#::J"Tj;'ill ers besides Tesla continuednew and fortunate position in nature. I o . lr / zt atHaving somehow "b.oken- his iixarion Clalmmg tnat"spaCe ilOW-
as conceived by Faraday. Young James Clerk Mocwell alsobelieved that force lines were dynamic, longitudinal lines of flow.But flowlines of what substance? Here lay the principle problemwhich occupied physicists throughout the Victorian Era.
Victorian researchers and natural philosophers wished to dis-cbver the exact nature of the "flowing charge" of which force lineswere composed. Most agreed that the mysterious flowing "sub-stance" had to be an effusive, ultra-gaseous flux, This flux wascomposed of infinitesimal energy particles which effected thevarious pressures and inductions observed.
Henry and Faraday shuggled with the idea of deriving usableelechic power from static charges. The notions was thal sinceforcelines were made of a "flowing charge substance", then lixedcontacts placed on charged m:Nses would supply electrical powerforever. No one was able, however, to derive this flowing charge.Iossy discharges preceded every contact, Most researchers, whose
attempts with highly charged ley-denJars failed, sought a more benignsource of concenhated charge. Thequest shifted to magnets, but theattempt remained as futile as ever.There remained no available way toderive power from the individualflowing charges of a forceline.
JJ. Thomson discovered elechonsin vacuum discharges, assuming thatthese "electric particles' operaled inall instances where electrical activitywas observed. Victorian researchersdid not accept this view completely.Thomson's "elechons" were viewedas the result of violent collisionsacross a vacuum acceleration space.It was not possible to ascertainwhether these same uThomson cur-rents' were active within eleckicalconductors operating at small volt-ages.
Very reputable experimentersbesides Tesla continued claimingthat "space flowing electricity' is thereal elechicity. Tesla's classic dem-onstrations proved that rapid
re-entered the natural or-,,,"-" .-,^,,,., if h6 ,h'f ,::":::::j:; ing electricityt' is the realicity" ii,lil$ri'il'Jlij:il:ffi1,I1",*; electricity. Tesla's classiche producing a metaphysical vortex, rinto which uu tr," i.,,p,l,:"ori;;; demOnStfatiOnspfovedthatof nature would now flow? Was this the
;T:il:['T""'ff:;T:i;";31fi:: rapid electrical impulsesactually exceed the ability
electrical impulses actually exceed the ability of ffxed charges totransmit the applied forces. Charges lag where electrostatic forces
continue propagating. One is compelled to see that electrostaticforces precede the movement of charges.
Tesla saw that electrostatic impulses could flow without line
charges. His "zero current coils" operated simply because the
charges themselves were immobilized. Electricrty was shown to be
more in the nature of a flowing force rather than a sheam of massive
particles. But what then was this u{lowing current"?
In Tesla's view, radiant electricity is a space flowing current
which is NOT made of electrons. Later Mctorians believed that
there was a substance which both filled all space and permeaied all
matter. Several serious researchers claimed to have identfied this
gas. Notables, such as Mendeleev predicted the existence of
of fixed charges to trans-
ffiifi:l,TnffiJ,:3iffi*,:fi mit the applied forces.on the nature of both electric and mag-
netic forces. Gilbert and Descartes
shared the belief that these forces were a special kind of "flowingcharge", a space radiant stream which took place in tightlyconstricted lines. Some equated the electromagnetic forces with a"dark light", which Karl von Reichenbach later proved in part.
Faraday adopbed and modified the view that electromagnetic
forces acted through space because they were a special flow of
charge. This effusive charge movement changed when travelling
through conductors, becoming more densified and retarded in
velocity. Faraday's "lines of force' were not conceived by him to
be mere static tensions as modernists view them. Faraday envi-
sioned these force lines as radiant, sheaming lines. They were
mobile, moving longitudinally into space.
Others would change the names, referring to electric force lines
as "dia-electric' or dielectric flux, but the view remained essentially
BononnLeNos Second Quarter 1996 47
several ulha-raxe gases which Preceded hydrogen' These, he
claimed, were inert gases. This is why they were rarely detected'
The inert gases which Mendeleev predicted formed an atrnosphere
which llooded all of space. These gaseous mixtures composed the
ather.Tesla and others believed that both electrical and magnetic
forces were achrally streams of ether gas which had been ftxated
in matter. Materials were somehow "polarized" byvarious "frictive"
beabnents by which an ather gas flow was induced in them' Most
materials could maintain the flow indeffnitely, since no work was
required on their parl Matter had only to remain polarized,
transducing the ather flow' The ather gas contained all the powor'
Unlimited power.This ether gas power manilested as the elechomagnetic forces
themselves, adequate reason to Pursue the development of an
ether gas engne. Such an engine could run forever on the eternal
kinetic ener$es of the ether itself, it being both generated and
&iven by the stars.Tesla believed that radiant electricity is composed of ather gas'
He based this belief on the fact that his zero current coils were not
conducting the "slow and dense" charges usually obsewed in
ordinary electrical circuib. Abrupt impulses produced distinctive
and difierent effects...fluidic effects. The qualities ascribed by Tesla
to "electricity" or things "electrical" in his numerous Patent texts
and press inteMews are those which refer to the ether gas' Tesla
did not refer to elechon cunents as "electricity"' He did not equate
"elecficity" with electron flow. Whenever Tesla spoke of "elecki-
cal" effects he always described their efrusive, gaseous quality.
Tesla referred to sPace as the "ambient or nahral medium".
Space, he claimed, was that which "conducb electricity". He had
found a means by which ttris gaseous electrical flow could be
gfeatly concentrated, magnifted, and directed. He saw that this
radiant elecblcity was, in reality, a gaseous emanation. An etheric
emanation. This is why he made constant reference to fluidic
termtnology throughout his lechrres.Resistance, volume, capacity, reservoir, surface area' tension,
pressure, pressure release: these were the terms upon w-hich Tesla
ielied throughouthis presentadons. The terminology of hydraulics'
Tesla also recognized that because ether was a gas, it had
aerodynamic requiremenb..fBtiiet, in Tesla's lexicon, wiN sPace flowing electricity: a gas of
superlative and transcendent qualities. /Ether was the electricity
*hi"h fiilud all of space, a vast reservoir of unsurpassable power'
Motive, dynamic' and free for the taking. ,iEther gas technology
would revolutionize the world. ,Ether gas engines would provide
an eternal power source for the world. Science, indusbry, corPora-
tions, financial alignmenb, social orders, nations...everything would
change. | (Part 2 in ncxt issuc)
Grnnv Vlssr,eros began lvrifing for Borderlands magazine several
years ago. He is the producer of the Ray of Drscooary video documentary'seies,Tura Motors, Earth Toncs, and is dso the author of rhe Vril
Compcndium - a borderland research encyclopedia which now totals I I
volumes' As an avid experimenter' lvfr' Vassilat'os has conhibuted to
several advancements in the lields of Radionics and energy research'
This ishis fifthbiographyin anongoingseries of the borderland "greats"'
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lillll[ilffifl|[illlliln,,,,iur{ry&{&.
TheBroadcastPower ofI{ikola TeslaPart tr
by Gery VassilatosOMPLETING a tour of the major scientilicinstihrtes in America" Tesla expected to retirefor a season of rest in New York once again.
News of his advancements however, flooded everytechnical trade joumal. The nasre Teslawas everywhereonce again. First polypbase and now radiant electricity.He was the "darling" of the press. Tesla caphrred the
public eye once again. People everywhere were thrilledwith the projected fuhrre visions which Tesla freelyprovided. He was a model European immigrant suave
and debonair. These are probably the qualities which
ffrst attracted Anne Morgan- lrresistible, wealthy, unat-
tached, and warm. Tesla was her obsession.Despite his great personal charm and magnetic per-
sonality, he maintained his serious tone and poisewherever he went. The vision of the future was far moreimportant than the a.frentions of a young and llirtatiouslady. In anticipadon of these forthcoming events, Teslaoften invited other socially esteemed guests to his labe
ratory for special demonstrations. In this manner, it was
noised abroad that what he claimed was in fact real.
Anne often attended these gatherings, breathing silentlyi:n the shadows of his laage loft laboratoqy. ROYAL SOCIETY LECTURES
In the very midst of all these national attentions, Tesla receivedThere were others who, dthough not attending these demonsha-tions, were equally watchful of Tesla's newest radiant energy an invitation from Lord Kelvin. He was formally requested todevelopments, Several of these Persons' shall we say, were inter-
ested in his new discovery and its implications...because their
fortunes were threatened. Tesla had swept the world once with
polyphase. He wiped outEdison's Direct Current System overnight.
J.P.Morgan, Edison's recent "patron", had lost a considerable sum
during that ffasco. It was certain that Tesla would soon sweep the
world again with broadcast elecbicity. This destabilizing influence
would not be tolerated. Anne complicated the affair considerably.
She was in love with Tesla. Obsessed in facl Too obsessed and
desperate to let go.
address the Royal Society, his latest findings were earnestly desired.
The English, usually extremely conservative, were sure that Tesla
would change the course of world history.
Tesla, adjourning from his daily researches now prepared
himself for the lectures which would start the world-change. He
packed nearly every piece of delicate equipment one can imagine.
Vacuum tubes, Trinsformers, strange motors, and equally strange
wireless apparatus. Allwere carefully crated and penonallybrought
to Europe by Tesla himself. His beloved elder and personal mentor,
Sir William Crookes, greeted him.
BoRonnLeNos Third Quarter 1996 53
In the opening portions of his Royal Society lectures Tesla firstdescribed his preliminaqrwork with high voltage high frequencyalternatingcurrents in some length. He explained thatthese devicesembodied the very last investigations and improvements of hisPolyphase System. He demonstrated several of the ffnt small highfrequency alternators and iron-core induction coils in order
-to
prepare his audience for a final announcemenlIn this very last dramaiic demonshation Tesla revealed to British
Academia the disruptive electric discharge and the properties ofelectric rays. Tesla made a rare and complete "full discLsuren of theelechic ray effect at the very end of his lecture. It was the very lasttime he would ever do so again in academic circles,
Tesla showed that the new radiant eleckicity was distinctive.
fraving been openly proclaimed during the london Royal Society
eries as mere preparatory inhoductions to impulses.Tesla showed by way of comparison that disruptive ff eld impulse
banscendently exceed all other electro,inductive effects by severalorders. He expressed difficulty in discerning whether the effecbwere elechostatic or electrodynamic in nature, preferring to associate them more with electrostatic effects. We deduce thathe had onlvrecently begun developing the electric impulse effect because of hishesitance in identiSing the phenomena properly.
Tesla was skingently exact in all his statements. This seemsuncharacteristic of his scientilic nature. But he did this in truescientific openness. Tesla did not know exactly what was occurringin the eleckic impulse at that time, desiring only to share thediscovery openly and candidly. Academic disapproval of hispersonal semantics came swiftly in journal after journal.
lectures. Tesla deliberaiely compared
He demonshatedwireless lamps, litto full brilliance by radiant electricity.He ran small motors at sizable dis-tances for his audiences to see. This lastlechrre represents the only recordedinstance in which Tesla openly an-nounced h is d iscovery of theelecho-radiant impulse. He tells thepersonally revolutionizing aspect of hisdiscovery and how it virtually eradi-cates his previous work. He went bogreat detail verbally describing anddisclosing the exactmeans for elicitingthe phenomenon.
In his closing time Tesla quicklydemonstrates special "electrostatic"motors and lamps made to utilize theradiant effect. Examination of these
It is clear that Sir William Crookescompletely grasped the signilicance ofTesla's entire demonshation and real-ized the closing formal announcementofthe new eleckic force. Crookes couldnot contain the thrilling implications.He was also sure that the new forcewould completely revolutionize thescientiffc world.
Crookes upheld Tesla thereafter asthe true discoverer ofan unrecognizedeleckical force. Tesla continued corre-spondence with his mentor after hisdeparture from England. He had hopedthat his dramatic announcement anddemonstration would produce a newregime of electrical engineering, andthat others would now reproduce theradiant electric effects as described.His hopes would be strangely dashedto pieces in the comingyears when thederisive academic attacks began.
To European academes, the lec-ture series was astounding. It was aglimpse of the future, so clearthatfewcould find time to argue with Tesla atall. Tesla concluded his tour of En-
observers, were actually"lossy instabilities".The distant radianteffects he desired wereinterrupted anddistorted wheneversparking occurred.
and conbasted the potentimpulse rad!
;ffi"::.H"ffiil:;T*',fff Tesla discovered thatruary 1892). Fluorescent lamps andotherruminouswonders;"ffiiJ# excessivg sparking,encespellbound. All the while his voice,
f,T31;,:fil'5frT;li:,h'ouch- though impressive to
{irst lamp and vane-motor devices reveals their primitive and initialstate. Tesla modelled the motor after the Crookes radiometer,stating this fact publicly for the benelit of his revered mentor. Teslafinally stated the vast implications of the discovery. He pointed theirminds toward the establishment of true power transmission.
He prophetically announced the new civilization which wouldemerge from these first devices and systems. The world would becompletely revolutionized by this new principle. Tesla describedbeam-kansmission of electrical energy, and the possibility of har_nessing the radiant energies of space itself.
Those who had witnessed Tesla's entire demonstrauon werecompletely enthralled at his results, but misunderstood his newannouncement completely. This became apparent to Tesla a shortwhile after he, highly decorated and honored, departed for hisParisian tour. British Science was yet delving into Teslian highfrequency alternations. Tesla had already disposed of these discov-
gland and France, everywhere heralded in typical Victorian heroicstyle. One nighg while in Paris, a telegram informed him that hismother was on point of death. Rushing to her bedside, he manageda few hours offinal conversation.
He always referred to her as the one who completely understoodhis strange abiliues. Was she not the woman who had encouragedhim when he fint remarked about his childhood visions? \lliensiblings and friends derided him, she was his support. Early the nextmorning, in an adjacent house, he was abruptly awaken by avision.What he beheld changed his life. A seraphic host surrounded hismother. She was ascending into bright clouds. Several minutes afterthal the announcement came. His mother had quietly passed away.He spent a torturous week in his native land for her funeral, and fledback again to New York,
54 Third Quaner 1996 BonoenleNos
RE\rERSALSWhen English engineers wrote, asking the means for generating
his impulse effects, Tesla gave them very strict descriptive Paxam-eters. He never failed to openly disclose the secret by which his
spectacular effects were oblained. He had learned to freely share
what he kner,v with all. He was surprised to discover that the
academic societies who so warmly addressed him in Europe' were
gradually losing interest in his discovery. Being utterly incapable of
duplicating his specified parameters, most believed the effects to be
"dubious".The impulse effect had very skingent requirements before its
manifestation. Care in conshucting impulse generators was the basic
requirement. Engineers wanted equations. Tesla gave them descrip
tions. A few experimenters succeeded in later duplicating Tesla's
broadcast electricity efrects. But these systems were direct descen-
dants of Tesla's earliest and less efficient designs.It is often in the nature of academes to forgo empirically evident
facts and argue personal dilferences, especially when foreigrr per-
sonalities axe given excessive aduladon. Fixated on issues having !o
do with words and personal poise, Tesla's audiences found several
acrid voices whose equally vile publications dared tamper with
Tesla's character.New critics were everywhere, even athome. Dolbear, Thomson'
and even Pupin found rime to criticize and deride Tesla, Because
most younger academes relied entirely on schooling and less on
empirical method, they were easily swayed by academic opinion'
Tesla underestimated the power of media and of opinions in
underrating his abilities. He quickly found thatpublic opinion could
actually sway scientific opinion. He failed to see who was behind the
media campaign.Tesla disregarded his antagonistic colleagues. Crookes always
deferred to Tesla, whom he admired and loved .$ a younger
protege. Tesla revered the aged Crookes, upon whose confidence
he came to rely during more difficultyears. Crookes had been given
a hue Tesla Transformer when Tesla had given his lectures. The
small device was poteng giving the uncharacteristic effects which
Tesla had always claimed. This single piece of evidence was left in
England for all to see. Remarkably, this evidence did not silence the
critics.Tesla could see no reason in all of this' Something did not quiie
nadd up'. Even Tesla could see that there was a missing part of the
"equation". Discovering this part would explain his own reversals.
As if these personally devastating events were not enough for him,
the insolentyoung Anne continued haunting him at his every turn.
He continued being "polite" to her, but never more than this.
Crookes wrobe many times bo the Royal Society and to Tesla
concerning this fact. Sure that Tesla was a modem Faraday, Crookes
continued espousing the belief that Tesla had discovered the next
historically important electrical advancement. He was encouraged
to continue research despite his protagonists. Few academes husted
Tesla's methods now. Fewer yet listened aly longer to his state-
ments.Losing credibility as quickly as he had found it, financiers were
slow to trust investing in his new systems. His inventions continued
their steady march into electrical history. Each new device chronicles
a new step in the technology which should have changed the world.
He plunged himself headlong into work. Only workwouldvindicate
him. Opinion would fade when others gradually saw the astounding
developmenb which he would produce. In these actions, Tesla
revealed his noble and naive nature. The world had changed, but
changed toward a more brutish rule.
BROADCAST POW.ERHe set to work developing more powerful embodiments of his
initial Transformers. In order to mal<e a Broadcast Electrical System
possible it would be necessary to devise more eIfi cient hansformers'
He set to work on this very task, examining and dissecting every
fundamental part of his existing Transformers'
Tesla discovered that excessive sparking, though impressive to
observers, were actually "lossy instabilities"' The distant radiant
effects he desired were intemrpted and distorted whenever sparking
occurred. Both sparking and brush discharges actually ruined the
distant broadcast efrects of radiant eleckicity, a situation which had
to be remedied. Tesla sought elimination of the discharges now
Tesla had already found that metals could focus radiant elechical
effects. Addiuonal stability in his Transformers could be achieved
with the addition of large coPPer sPheres to the active terminals.
Tesla considered. copper spheres to be "ather gas resewoin",
providing his transmifrers with an additional ather gas supply.
Copper spheres attached to Transformer terminals reduced the
required electrical levels for an efficient eleckic radiance' Copper
spheres sigaificantly reduced the injurious instabilities of visually
spectacular brush discharges, but did not eliminate them entirely.
What Tesla required was a new means for transmitting the radiant
eleckicity without loss.Tests with elevated copper spheres facilitated efficient hansfer of
radiant power between the Transformer and surrounding space.
irlow, Tesla Transformers became hue Tesla Transmitters' Tesla
found it possible to broadcast harmless radiant electricity with great
power to very great distances. Numerous subsequent patents re-
corded his progressive conquest of the broadcast Power principle.
He succeeded in making radiant electricity safe for human use.
Itwould simply travel around conductors if made to impulse quickly
enough. Only specially entuned receivers could properly intercept
the radiant power for utility. Not three years before he had
accidentally discovered the radiant electrical effect. He dreamt of
safely sending eleckical powerwithoutwires in 1892. Now, in 1895,
he had realized his dream. Would the system work across the vast
distances which he envisioned?He took his more portable Transmitters outdoors, away from the
confines of his South Fifth Street laboratoly. Both in northern
Manhattan and Long Island, Tesla tested his radiant broadcast
systems without reskiction. He measured the distant radiant electric
effects of these designs in electrostatic volts. Broadcast power could
be converted back into current electricity if so desired, the harmless
high voltage becoming current in appropriate low resistance bans-
former coils.He found to his very great surprise thatvery distantly positioned
vacuum hrbes could be litto greatwhite brilliance when the primary
system was operating. The requirement for this action was twofold.
Firstboth the system and the receivers had to be grounded. Second,
specilic volumes of copper had to be connected to the receivers.
When these two requirements were satisfied, lamps maximized their
brilliance, and motors operated with power.
D
BonneRLaNos Third Quarter 1996 '55
Copper in the receiver had to "match" the copper mass of thehansmifrer in a veqy special equivalence, otherwise radiant transferwould not be efiicienL The requirements differed very much fromthose of ordinary radio antennas. He also found that elevatedcopper spheres more powerfully enhanced the broadcast radiantpower from his transmifrers. This was Tesla's means by which hishansmitters and receivers could be beter "connected" despite theirdistance,
Tesla believed that these electrical beams invisibly linked bothhis hansmitter and receivers together. He considered each as"disconnected terminals" to ground. Electrical radiance spread outin all directions from the elevated copper sphere of his transmitter.The secret in receiving a maximum signal was to match thehansmitter's copper mass with the receiver mass. Then, the atherstreams would actually focus into the matched receiver. This afrnitywould take time, the hansmitter energy "searching" for befrerground sites. Radiant elechicity evidenced curiously vegetative"growth characteristics".
Receivers now were outfiued with small copper spheres. Theseprovided a more elficient aflinity and absorption for the radiatedpower. The additional copper spheres which surmounted Teslahansmifrers effectively lowered the input eleckical power for theproduction of focussed ether discharges.
Tesla took the gas dynamic analogy to another level when hefound that both low pressure gaseous and vacuum tubes couldreplace copper. Electro-radiant effects from gas-ftlled globes wereprojected with less electrical loss and even greater power. Iarge lowpressure :ugon gas filled globes were empirically found to broadcasthemendous radiance when used atop his transmitters. Additionally,he found that argon gas at low pressures could serve as :ur equivalentreceiver as pure copper spheres.
Thu &" filled globes would be less costly than copper spheres todisseminate in public use. He was approaching a totally ellicientsystem. Numerous personageswere invitedto observe these historictests.J.H. HammondJr. was one such individual. Enthralled withTesla's developments, he and his wife invited Tesla repeatedly totheir home in later years. Tesla was their honored guest for monthsat a time. Later in years, after World War I, both Tesla andHammond worked on robotics and remote control.
Tesla envisioned small power units for both home and industrialuse. The installation and maintenance of these units would requirea small monthly fee. Through these wireless units one could drawsufficient power to operate faotories and homes alike. Elechicalusage could be metered. The superiority of this new broadcastpower system was obvious to all who observed it in operation.
Tesla also described the use of these power units foi hansporta-tion. Transatlantic ships could simply draw their motive power fromcontinental power broadcast stations. Trains and automobiles couldbe operated by drawing their power. The potential fortunes wouldsoon stimulate {inanciers to invest heavily in the "coming activity"
In keepingwith his publicity-mindedness, several investors werealways inviied to Tesla's private demonshations. Tesla knew thattheir urge to support his new world-shaking venture would becomeirresistible when once each had beheld his small broadcast powersystem. The demonstrations were deemed by these individuals as"entertaining", in their typical dry tone. Bul he rarely heard fromthese people again.
Here was a new change. Shy moneymen. A true conhadiction.
Their reticence leftTesla in a state of bewildermenl Once, in a ditch,his conversation alone was sufiicient perfrrme to attract the bees.Now? None would dare leap into the new world sea. Why? Whatsharla were there besides themselves? Tesla could simply notunderstand this new "dearthn, this incredulous conservafism andlack of imagination on the part of New York investors.
Eager to begin, Tesla patiently waited for the messengers to call.Had he known more of the world around him, however, he wouldhave stopped waiting. Shortly after Tesla's private demonshationswere concluded, Morgan's agentapproached Teslawith a "businessproposition". The bribe being sizable, conhacts would have placedMorgan in control of Tesla's new system. Tesla laughed at the palelittle Mr. Brown in his pinching-tight tails, informing him that hehimself was already a millionaire. Why should he need such anaf{iliation at all? He was escorted very graciously by the amusedTesla.
While dining in the Waldorf several hours later, a rude intemrp-tion informed him that his laboratories were ablaze. The connectionbetween his refusal to bow and the flames which now reachedskywardwas notmade until allwas consumed. Thatnight, the worldchanged completely for Nikola Tesla. He lost everything of his pastEverything. The totality of his technological achievements wereburned into vapor, Books, priceless souvenirs, delicate eguipmenlpatents, models, drawings, newpieces of apparatus. Everythingwasburned. He read the message well.
There was a two week period where he simply vanished. No onecould lind him. Kolman Czito, his trusted technical foreman andmachinist feared for Tesla's life. IGtherine UnderwoodJohnson wasbeside herself with anguish. She was the wife of a close friend, theonly real love of Tesla's life. The lire was meant to kill. It was amessage as clear as anyone would need. The assassinaHon afremptfailed to kill the intended victim. It certainly did not kill his dreams.
Wherever he was for those two weeks, the dreams were with him.But a part of Nikola Tesla died in the {ire. It was the part which wastied to the past. His eyes on the future, Tesla developed his discoveryinto a major technology which the world seems to have forgotlen.Of all those who prayed and wept over Tesla,s disappearance, oneperson was no longer concemed. Never again would Anne need tobe troubled by the thought of Nikola Tesla. His love was alreadysealed. Tesla recovered from the flames.
His subsequent discoveries and inventions surpassed his formerworks for forty more years; special radiation projectors, self-actingheat engines, power transmitters, remote control and robotics, the"World Broadcast System", Beam Broadcast transmitters, "ethericreactors and etheric engines', cosmic ray motors, psychohonictelevision...the list of astounding inventions is huly awe-inspiring.Tesla demonshated each of these systems for a select group ofwibnesses.
Furthermore, despite rumors of his public and scientific demise,Tesla maintained two penthouse suites atop the Hoiel New yorkerin a time when such extravagance was otherwise unobtainable. Oneof these suites was converted into a complete radio laboratory,several accoutrements of which having been rebieved by antiqueradio enthusiasts. Tesla was an indefatigable researcher. The biog-raphy of Nikola Tesla is replete with truly mysterious designs anddevelopments. But these are pa.rts of his biography which must betold in other volumes. f
56 Third Quarter 1996 Bonoenr-eNps
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