Download - Bm final assignment
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SCHOOLSCHOOLSCHOOLSCHOOL OFOFOFOFARCHITECTURE,ARCHITECTURE,ARCHITECTURE,ARCHITECTURE, BUILDINGBUILDINGBUILDINGBUILDINGANDANDANDAND DESIGNDESIGNDESIGNDESIGNBACHELORBACHELORBACHELORBACHELOR OFOFOFOF QUANTITYQUANTITYQUANTITYQUANTITY SURVEYINGSURVEYINGSURVEYINGSURVEYING (HONOURS)(HONOURS)(HONOURS)(HONOURS)
BuildingBuildingBuildingBuilding MaterialsMaterialsMaterialsMaterials (((( BLDBLDBLDBLD 62003620036200362003 ))))
AssignmentAssignmentAssignmentAssignment 2222 :::: SiteSiteSiteSite researchresearchresearchresearch reportreportreportreportSubmissionSubmissionSubmissionSubmission Date:Date:Date:Date: 11111111thththth JulyJulyJulyJuly 2014201420142014
No.No.No.No. NameNameNameName StudentStudentStudentStudent IDIDIDID1. Rachel Ernesta 03179662. Tan Chuu Yee 03150973. Tan Kai Sin 03152134. Tan Wei Hao 0313690
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TableTableTableTable ofofofof ContentContentContentContent
No Title Page1 Introduction of Cappuccino Garden Cafe 32 Floor, Ceiling and Structure 53 Wall 104 Window 225 Door 256 Compare and Contrast 287 Suggestion 318 References 32
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IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction ofofofof CappuccinoCappuccinoCappuccinoCappuccino GardenGardenGardenGarden CafeCafeCafeCafe
Our chosen case of study is a cafe. The objective of the assignment to explore and study
the different materials and selected finishes of our chosen case of study. We chose this
particular area because of its interior design and architecture comprising of interesting
materials and finishes giving the cafe a warm and inviting tone and atmosphere.
Due to the function of the area The selected finishes are designed and selected to
withstand traffic it should be easy to clean and maintain.
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Some of the materials explored in the assignment are basically finishes. The function of
these materials are to provide a durable visually attractive qualities and colours and at the
same time offers surface of floor walls and other areas to be maintenance free and to be
cleaned easily.
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Floor,Floor,Floor,Floor, CeilingCeilingCeilingCeiling andandandand StructureStructureStructureStructure
The floors, ceiling and overall structure is made up of concrete however these building
elements have their own applied finishes as further enhancement of the structure’s
durability and architectural quality.
Concrete is made up of clean water, commonly Portland cement, and is served as a
binder for the aggregates namely sand and coarse aggregates combined together in a
mixture that when hardened or curred it has the ability to withstand compressive forces.
Since concrete is strong in compression but weakest in tension, high-yield steel
reinforcement bars are embedded to the concrete to resist the tensile forces. The
reinforcement bars are deformed and ribbed to provide good grip between the concrete
and steel.
The combination of concrete and the steel reinforcement forms a reinforced-concrete
structure that is able to withstand both the compressive and tensile forces under applied
forces.
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The diagram below shows the manufacture of steel
FLOORING
The selection of the existing materials in the project are placed to define 3 types of area.
� outdoor
� Dining area
� corridor
Interior floor
The interior floor in the main dining area is made up glazed ceramic mosaic and, Mosaic is
defined as the art of creating decorative with small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other
materials which in this case it is composed of ceramic. It is small tile units which can be flat,
roughly square, pieces of stone or glass of different types of colors....
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Whereas ceramic may be either porcelain or of natural clay.
Its selection is due to its hard-wearing and resistance to chemicals, the ability to possess
slip resistant qualities due to its small singular size. Supplied by attached sheets for ease
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of application.
The corridor is made of plain Ceramic tiles. it is the most common and lower in cost than
other types of tiling options or floor finishing options.
External floor
The flooring is assumed to be made of slate tiles. The tiles has non skid properties or non
slip properties which is contributed by the rough texture of the tile.
As an outdoor tile its properties include:
� Durability
� Slip resistant
� Weather resistant
� aesthetics
The tiles are of approximately 300x300mm. Slate is a metamorphic rock derived from fine
grained sand free clay sediments
Slate is a type of material that can be used for flooring, roofing and cladding.
It can be sanded or polished to the desired texture.
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Advantages of Slate
� Slate is water-resistant, tough,
� durable
� available in a range of more subtle tones
� The ability to use slate in bathrooms, kitchens, living spaces and even porches makes
it versatile to apply to any room
Disadvantages of Slate
� Slate is a relatively expensive material
� It has a rough texture and can peel.
� Glossy finishes must be polished regularly to get the required finish,
� must be sealed regularly.
� Slate is a heavier option than most flooring, reinforced subfloor may be necessary.
� Grout lines can discolor and can be frustrating to keep clean.
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WallWallWallWall
The wall of the cafe is made of brick.
AboutAboutAboutAbout brickbrickbrickbrick wallwallwallwall
History of brick walls
Brick walls have been in use for several thousands of years; India and other near eastern
countries first started building brick walls about 5000 years ago. The ideals behind the way
brick walls and bricks are made have changed little over the years. Even the size of bricks
has stayed relatively unchanged. In addition, the brick size must be standardize in order to
build stable, strong brick walls, the bricks needed to be geometric duplicates. Standard
brick size can be traced back to ancient American civilizations that standardized their
bricks to a 4:2:1 ratio. Furthermore, the Romans were the first to use mortar as part of
their standardized brick placement and later brough that knowledge to must of what is
present day Europe. Today, most brick walls are constructed with bricks that are a
standard 8 by 4 by 2.25 ratio.
StrongStrongStrongStrong andandandand DurableDurableDurableDurable
An incredibly hard wearing building material, clay brick is able to take the knocks of
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every-day life as well as the weather extremes sometimes experienced. They won’t fade,
twist or warp, rot or decay, erode or dent and termites can’t eat them. For hundreds of
years, no material shows so few signs of ageing.
All Boral bricks have a strong load bearing capacity to Australian Standards.
LowLowLowLow MaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenance
Spend the weekend with your family and friends, not trying to fix a peeling wall!
Brick houses have negligible routine maintenance, maybe a clean every so often, but they
do not require any finish to maintain performance like render does. In most constructions
they do not need re-sealing, re-painting or the like.
This is an important factor to consider when looking at the “whole-of-life” cost of a building
and wall cladding. The costs incurred don’t just stop once your home is complete so don’t
forget to take a long term view when choosing materials.
ThermalThermalThermalThermal PerformancePerformancePerformancePerformance
Brick buildings, particularly double brick, have excellent thermal mass. The University of
Newcastle research1 established that thermal mass, the ability of a material to retain heat
energy when subjected to a temperature differential, plays a key role in stabilising
temperature swings, keeping the internal temperature in the comfort zone longer. This
means it is cooler in summer and warmer in winter. It also showed the performance of
walls with internal thermal mass was markedly improved by the inclusion of cavity
insulation.
In conjunction with good design principles, appropriate use of thermal mass throughout
your home can make a difference not only to comfort but to your artificial heating and
cooling usage as well. This is significant considering that more than 30 percent of the
average home’s energy use is made up of heating and cooling.
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AcousticAcousticAcousticAcoustic PerformancePerformancePerformancePerformance
The density of brick makes for a quieter building compared to lighter weight materials,
reducing external sound such as aircraft and road noise. When building in cavity brick,
adding insulation helps further by absorbing resonating sound.
Internal partition walls made of brick can reduce noise transfer further when used between
rooms of the house. When assessing acoustic performance, it’s important to look at the
properties of the finished wall, not just the raw materials, and making sure they are sealed
correctly and gaps filled in properly.
FireFireFireFire ResistanceResistanceResistanceResistance
There are many components to consider when designing and constructing for bushfire
prone areas that can improve the survival chances of a home exposed to bushfire.
The CSIRO survey of houses in the 1983 Ash Wednesday fires in Victoria1 showed that
masonry walls significantly reduce the chances of a house being destroyed by bushfire.
DesignDesignDesignDesign FlexibilityFlexibilityFlexibilityFlexibility
Clay brick has a classic, timeless quality, while still being contemporary, innovative and
versatile. Today’s generation of bricks mean the variety is now vast, and so are the uses.
Their compact size, colours, textures and shapes provide infinite design options. Made
from natural clay and shale, no two clay bricks are identical, giving each building its own
distinct personality.
Be creative and experiment with brick orientations and decorative effects such as stacking,
vertical stretcher courses, banding, corbelling and racking. Such design features are
further emphasised by changes in brick colour and size.
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The finishing of wall are gypsum, ceramic tiles and paint.
GypsumGypsumGypsumGypsumAboutAboutAboutAbout GypsumGypsumGypsumGypsumGypsum board is the generic name for a family of panel products that consist of a
noncombustible core, composed primarily of gypsum, and a paper surfacing on the face,
back and long edges. Gypsum board is one of several building materials covered by the
umbrella term “gypsum panel products.” All gypsum panel products contain gypsum cores;
however, they can be faced with a variety of different materials, including paper and
fiberglass mats.
Gypsum board is often called drywall, wallboard, or plasterboard. It differs from other
panel-type building products, such as plywood, hardboard, and fiberboard, because of its
noncombustible core and paper facers. When joints and fastener heads are covered with
a joint compound system, gypsum wall board creates a continuous surface suitable for
most types of interior decoration.
AdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantages ofofofof GypsumGypsumGypsumGypsum BoardBoardBoardBoard ConstructionConstructionConstructionConstruction
Gypsum board walls have a number of outstanding advantages:
• Ease of installation • Fire resistance
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• Sound isolation
• Durability
• Economy
• Versatility
FireFireFireFire resistanceresistanceresistanceresistance
Gypsum board is an excellent fire-resistive building material. In North America, it is the
most commonly used interior finish where fire resistance classifications are required. Its
noncombustible core contains nearly 21% chemically combined water, as described
earlier, which, under high heat, is slowly released as steam. Because steam will not
exceed 212 degrees F under normal atmospheric pressure, it very effectively retards the
transfer of heat and the spread of fire. Even after complete calcination, when all the water
has been released from its core, gypsum board continues to serve as a heat-insulating
barrier. Moreover, tests conducted in accordance with ASTM E 84 show that gypsum
board has a low flame-spread index and a low smoke-density index. When installed in
combination with other materials in laboratory-tested wall and ceiling assemblies, gypsum
board serves to effectively protect building elements from fire for prescribed time periods.
SoundSoundSoundSound isolationisolationisolationisolation
Preventing the transfer of unwanted sound to adjoining areas is a key consideration when
designing a building, specifically when taking into account the intended activities of the
occupants in the various parts of the building. For example, a building containing office
spaces adjacent to manufacturing facilities requires more noise-reducing features than
are typically necessary in a building that has only office space in it. Gypsum board wall
and ceilings systems effectively help control sound transmission. Some construction
techniques and gypsum board building systems that are successfully used for sound
isolation and control are described and illustrated in Section VII.
DurabilityDurabilityDurabilityDurability
Gypsum board is used to construct strong, high quality walls that offer excellent
dimensional stability and durability. Surfaces created using gypsum board are easily
decorated and refinished.
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EconomyEconomyEconomyEconomy
Gypsum board is readily available and easy to apply. It is an inexpensive wall surfacing
material that provides a fire resistant interior finish. Gypsum board building systems can
generally be installed at significantly lower labor costs than most alternate systems.
VersatilityVersatilityVersatilityVersatility
Gypsum board satisfies a wide range of architectural requirements for design. Ease of
application, performance, ease of repair, availability, and its adaptability to all forms of
decoration combine to make gypsum board unmatched by any other surfacing product.
APPLICATIONAPPLICATIONAPPLICATIONAPPLICATION OFOFOFOF GYPSUMGYPSUMGYPSUMGYPSUM BOARDBOARDBOARDBOARD
Gypsum board can be applied over wood or metal framing or furring. It can be applied to
masonry and concrete surfaces, either directly or to wood or metal furring strips. When
applying board directly to masonry or concrete surfaces, smooth or fill in any irregularities
to ensure proper attachment and an acceptable final finished surface. Furring properly
attached to interior sides of exterior walls provides flat surfaces for standard fastener
application as well and sufficient separation from substrates to overcome dampness in
exterior walls. Do not allow gypsum board to directly contact surfaces, such as concrete or
soil, with potentially high moisture contents. Most common in residential construction is
the gypsum wallboard system1in which the joints between the panels and internal corners
are reinforced with tape and covered with joint compound to create a surface suitable for
final decoration. External corners are normally reinforced with either a metal or plastic
corner bead which in turn is covered with joint compound. Exposed edges are covered
with metal or plastic trim. The result is a smooth, unbroken surface ready for final
decoration of paint, textures, wallpaper tile, paneling, or other materials.
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CeramicCeramicCeramicCeramic TilesTilesTilesTiles
The ceramic tiles is used as the wall finish of the cafe.
AboutAboutAboutAbout CeramicCeramicCeramicCeramic TileTileTileTileCeramic tile is made from a mixture of clays that are pressed into shape. Tiles have either
a glazed or unglazed surface. Glazed tiles have a special ceramic coating that is applied
to the body of the tile and then fired under tremendous heat. The glazing becomes hard
and non-porous, resulting in a flooring that possesses the following characteristics.
-Stain resistant
-Scratch resistant
-Fire resistant
-Won’t fade from sun light
-Slip resistant
-Easy to clean
If glazed, the glaze on the tile doesn’t go all the way through, so if a tile gets chipped, the
inside colour will show through. Glazed tiles may tend to get scratched on frequently used
countertops, but are ideal for walls.
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AdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantages ofofofof CeramicCeramicCeramicCeramic TileTileTileTileCeramic Water Resistance
Glazed ceramic flooring tiles have a protective layer that rests over the material, making
them impervious to water and stain penetration. They are also naturally resistant to the
ravages of high humidity conditions. These properties makes them ideal for use in moist
environments such as in air-conditioner room.
Durable Ceramic Tile
Ceramic flooring is extremely tough and the tiles are difficult to crack. A quality installation
can last for 10 - 20 years and longer if well maintained. If a single tile does crack due to a
severe impact, the process of replacing the tile is relatively simple.
Maintenance
Ceramic tile is fairly easy to care for. Dirt, stains, and liquids all rest on the surface,
allowing you to easily wipe or mop them away. Regular maintenance just consists of
sweeping or vacuuming with a soft brush attachment to keep the surface free of dirt and
loose debris. If set in stains do occur you can use most heavy duty cleaners without
having to worry about damaging the material.
DisadvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantages ofofofof ceramicceramicceramicceramic tiletiletiletileHard Flooring
Ceramic is extremely hard, which makes it easy to clean and maintain. Unfortunately this
can also make it difficult and uncomfortable to touch for a long time.
The hardness of ceramic can of course be offset by using throw rugs or area rugs in
strategic places where people tend to touch for long periods of time.
Cold Ceramic Tile
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This material does not hold on to heat very well. That means that it can get very cold in the
winter, which can be a shock to your hand first thing in the morning. The flip side to this is
that ceramic can be quite comfortable when touching on a hot summer day.
Installing Ceramics
Ceramic tiles are hard and heavy and they need to be installed using a variety of mortars,
grouts, and tools. While this is something that can theoretically be done by an amateur.
However, it is a difficult, time consuming process. In addition, making a mistake can
compromise the wall causing problems down the line.
OtherOtherOtherOther InformationsInformationsInformationsInformations
Ceramic Tile Design Options
Modern manufacturing techniques allow ceramic producers to make materials which can
be printed in numerous ways. Solid tiles can be mixed and matched in patterns or
accented with designs or motifs. They can also be printed to credibly reproduce the look of
a number of hardwoods and natural stones. Finally, the tiles themselves can be cut and
shaped into triangles, rectangles, and planks.
Ceramic Pricing
Most tiles will cost $5 - $10 per square foot, with bargain basement and premium materials
edging those numbers to greater extremes. This makes it a moderately expensive material
priced higher than carpet and lower than hardwood. Depending on where it is installed
and how it looks a ceramic floor can also add long term value to a property.
Allergen Concerns
Ceramic tiles have a hard, solid surface that does not tend to attract dirt, dust, pollen, or
other allergens. When these small debris particles do land on a ceramic floor, they stand
out against the surface, making it easy to wipe them away with a mop or sponge. This
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helps to keep the air free of irritating materials that can be harmful to asthma sufferers.
Chemical Characteristics
Resistance to the corrosive or staining action of substances that may come into contact
with the tile surface. These chemical characteristics are tested: resistance to staining,
resistance to household chemicals and resistance to acids and alkaline.
PaintPaintPaintPaint
The paint is covering the interior and exterior walls of the cafe.
AboutAboutAboutAbout PaintPaintPaintPaintPaint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to
a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect,
color, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colors—and
in many different types, such as watercolor, artificial, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold,
and applied as a liquid, but dries into a solid. Pigments are granular solids incorporated in
the paint to contribute color. Fillers are granular solids incorporate to impart toughness,
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texture, give the paint special properties, or to reduce the cost of the paint. Alternatively,
some paints contain dyes instead of or in combination with pigments. (Superpages.com,
2014)
PigmentsPigmentsPigmentsPigments
Pigments can be classified as either natural or synthetic. Natural pigments include
various clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silica, and talc. Synthetics would include
engineered molecules, calcined clays, blanc fixe, precipitated calcium carbonate, and
synthetic pyrogenic silica.
Hiding pigments, in making paint opaque, also protect the substrate from the harmful
effects of ultraviolet light. Hiding pigments include titanium dioxide, phthalate blue, red
iron oxide, and many others.
Fillers are a special type of pigment that serve to thicken the film, support its structure and
increase the volume of the paint. Fillers are usually cheap and inert materials, such as
diatomaceous, talc, lime, barites, clay, etc. Floor paints that must resist abrasion may
contain fine quartz sand as a filler. Not all paints include fillers. On the other hand, some
paints contain large proportions of pigment/filler and binder.
Some pigments are toxic, such as the lead pigments that are used in lead paint. Paint
manufacturers began replacing white lead pigments with titanium white (titanium dioxide),
before lead was banned in paint for residential use in 1978 by the US Consumer Product
Safety Commission. The titanium dioxide used in most paints today is often coated with
silica/alumina/zirconium for various reasons, such as better exterior durability, or better
hiding performance (opacity) promoted by more optimal spacing within the paint film.
AdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantages ofofofof paintpaintpaintpaint"Paint is the most popular and practical wall treatment. Why? Because it is quick, easy,
and generally the least expensive way to give a room an instant "makeover". Like
cosmetics, paint can call attention to fine details or mask less than perfect ones.
There are two basic kinds of paints, and their different composition affects their color and
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use.
1. Latex paint is water based, washable, and quick to dry.
2. Oil based paints take longer to dry and need solvents for cleanup, but have rich colors
and are durable.
Both are available in finishes that range from high gloss to flat. Gloss paints intensify their
colors and cover more area per gallon of paint (approximately 600 feet). Flat covers are
more subdued and cover approximately 400 square feet per gallon. Both types are
washable. Check with your local paint dealer for advice on which type of paint is best for
your project." (Answerbag, 2014)
DisadvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantages ofofofof paintpaintpaintpaint* The disadvantages of using oil based paint or varnish.
* It has a slow drying time. This depends on the oil content, the less oil the faster the
drying time.
* There is a long drying time between coats; this can cause an inconvenience, as the job
takes longer.
* A skilled applicator is required to apply it as it can be difficult to brush, it runs, curtains,
laps etc.
* It doesn't have good sealing properties on "bleeding " surfaces. Bleeding materials are
mostly tar based and are easily soluble in oil. It is good however at covering water stains.
* The heat resistant properties lower with increased oil content.
* It is not alkali resistant through saponification (to convert oil into soap by decomposition
with an alkali) of most drying oils but the resistance does increase by decreasing the oil
content. Tung oil is very stable.
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WindowWindowWindowWindow
Glass can be found in the interior and exterior of the restaurant. Glass window and panels
can be seen around the exterior of the restaurant.
As picture shown, the windows are made with glass. However, the function of window for
the restaurant is to admit light and air into a room. As you can see from the photo, the
method of how the window opening is classify to horizontal pivot hung and the material
that covers the window is timber and its size is rectangle.
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Picture above has shown, glass window for toilet. The method of opening of this window is
Louvre which is support by material of steel. There were obviously show the window as
size of square.
Issues in glass usage
A challenge with glass is only due to ignorance of the product and not because of the
product. Glass can be as safe and efficient, if not more, as any other conventional building
material.
Type of Glass
Tempered glass Plate glass Laminated glass
High is strength Better optical quality Good at reducing the light
and heat
Not able to reduce the heat
and light from outside
Clearer, undistorted vision
and reflection
Good in reducing the noisy
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Advantages and disadvantages
� Glass is treated as a frangible material
� Can be incurable, if not used properly
� Glass can be a good alternative for concrete wall
� Entry of sunlight provides warmth
� Provides ‘views’ of exterior environment
� Can be more energy consuming, if not used intelligently
� Limit occupant’s privacy
� Higher initial and operating costs
Properties of glass
Properties of glass as mixture of sand, soda ash or sodium, lime and small amount of
alumina, potassium oxide, and different elements to control colour-heated to form glass.
As following, soda acts as fluxes that permit silica to melt at lower temperature. Then,
limestone is used to improve weathering properties and the rest elements may be added
to give the glass special properties or colour.
Sustainability
Glass is a sustainable, fully recyclable material which provides great environmental
benefits such as contributing to moderating climate change and saving precious natural
resources. It is also highly treasured in many applications for its inert nature and its
contributions to safeguarding people’s health and well-being.
Maintenance
Glass is among the solidest of common construction materials currently being used. The
common maintenance for glass is use detergents and cleaning solutions that specifically
state they are safe for glass cleaning. Then, cleaning should start by thoroughly soaking
the glass with clean water and soap solution to release dirt or fragments.
Using a circular motion and light to medium pressure, wipe the cleaning solution on the
glass. Rinse the glass immediately with generous amounts of clean water making sure to
remove all the cleaning solution.
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DoorDoorDoorDoor
As photo shown, the door is used to access to the staircase of the building. However, the
customer is not allow to use it. It is made with timber. A type of timber and finish for the
door showing is softwood.
Timber
Timber is a natural material and renewable resource. It’s carried the aesthetically beautiful
which delight your eye with various colour and tones, grains-create warm feeling. In
addition, timber also clean to grow, fell and process.
Timber can also contribute significantly with the carbon sink effect of the forests, carbon
storage of the timber.
Advantages and disadvantages
� Timber will burn, at the same time as some of other materials such as masonry and
steel do not.
� Timber is a poor conducted of heat. The thicker timbers are better conductors than
the lighter timber.
� Timber has proven to be strong enough and durable material and the building
constructed with timber can last longer for hundred years.
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Sustainability
Timber is sustainability. Timber has minimized the harm that brings to the eco-systems
and the forest eco-system health and vitality is maintained. Since the output of the forest is
preserved. Moreover, people necessity to use the moralities related to the forest are
recognized, documented are esteemed, mechanisms for resolving complaint.
Maintenance
The key to the durability of timber has already been identified as "keeping it dry". So, keep
wringing out as much moisture as you can until you feel confident the mop is only very
slightly damp. Using a mop and bucket combination that has been designed for easy
wringing will go a long way to making this easier for you.
Secondly, using steaming hot water on hardwood floors can dull the finish, especially on
waxed floors, and seep deep into the timber and cause long-lasting damage. To avoid this,
use only half-hearted to cool water on your hardwood floors.
MetalMetalMetalMetal
The restaurant uses the metal side gate as their protection while close their shop. The
type of metal used for the gate is stainless steel.
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Metal is commonly used in building. It is a combination of steel, layers of iron ore, coke
and limestone. There are 2 main types of metal which are ferrous, non ferrous and alloy.
Ferrous Non Ferrous
Contain large percentage of iron Contain little or no iron
Wrought iron, cast iron, steel Aluminum, copper, zinc and lead
The type of metal used for the metal slide gate is stainless steel. Stainless steel is a type
of alloy. An alloy is a combination of two or more type of metal in molten form.
Advantage and disadvantage of stainless steel
� Resistance to corrosion
� Resistance to water
� Strong and durable
� Do not tarnish or scratch easily
� Poor electricity conductor
Sustainability of metal
Metal is sustainable. It can be recycled to help to save energy and raw materials.
Maintenance of stainless steel
It can be clean by using water and cloth, but it need to dry with dry towel or cloth to avoid
water spot. The scratch on the stainless steel can be minimized by using stainless steel
cleaner to polish it.
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PartPartPartPart 3333 :::: CompareCompareCompareCompare andandandand ContrastContrastContrastContrast
Ceramic Tile Plywood Flakes
� Mixture of clay � A type of timber.
� It made from severals
layers of veneer
� Textured surface
coating materials
AppropriateAppropriateAppropriateAppropriate Usage/ApplicationUsage/ApplicationUsage/ApplicationUsage/Application
� Floor� Internal Wall
� Concrete panel
� Base of floors
� Walls
� Structural usage
� Flooring within
containers
� Wall, both interior and
exterior
PhysicalPhysicalPhysicalPhysical andandandand ChemicalChemicalChemicalChemical PropertiesPropertiesPropertiesProperties
� Durable
� Smooth
� Stain resistant
� Scratch resistant
� Fire resistant
� Would not fade from
sun light and electrical
light
� Slip resistant
� Easy to clean
� Chemical resistance
� Does not hold on
heat
� Hygienic - do not
absorb water, smoke,
odours or germs
� Frost resistance
� Size : sold in 2440 x
1220mm and 1525 x
1525mm sheets.
The most common
thicknesses : 4, 6, 9 and
12 mm.
� Natural Thermal
Insulation
� Durable
� Smooth
� Chemical resistance
� Fire resistance if it
combine with
non-combustion
materials
� Flexibility
� Impact resistance
� Come in three pack
which are dry fine flakes,
bonding agent and top
coat
� Dry Fine Flakes
are made from China
Clay, Pigments,
homo-polymer emulsion,
mica,etc.
� Boding Agents is
made from pure acrylic
emulsion,
broad-spectrum fungicide
etc
� Top coat is based
on pure Acrylic polymer
� It is smooth
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� Do not conduct
electricity
� Environmental
Friendly
� Recyclable � Thickness : in therange of 4-5 mils� Durable
� Alkali Resistance
� Acid Resistance
� Water Resistance
� Resistance to surface
spread flame
� Resistance to dump
� High adhesion
strength
� Abrasion Resistance
� Impact Resistance
� Repeated Cooling
and warming resistance
� Environmentally
Friendly
DisadvantageDisadvantageDisadvantageDisadvantage
� Will crack due to
several impact
� The grout lines
between the tiles are
susceptible to stains,
mold and mildew
� Delaminated when
absorbed water vapour.
� Weak spots or gaps
can occur in the sheets of
veneer, leading to void or
hollows insides of the
plywood.
� Will become
puckering when exposed
to extreme heat or
moisture.
� Chipping off of flakes
� Artificial to
Weathering
� Accelerated
Weathering
AestheticalAestheticalAestheticalAesthetical ValueValueValueValue
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� There are many
designs and shapes.� Its appearance
depend on the grain of
the wood
� There is mono or
multi color shades in a
single coat.
MaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenance
� The dust on the tiles
can be clean by sweeping
or mopping
� The grout line need to
be sealed
� If crack can be
maintain by using plaster
� Paint or vanish it
� The stains on it can
be cleaned by using mild
household cleaner or
detergent
� Can be clean by
using soap and water
MMMMethodethodethodethod OOOOffff AAAApplicationpplicationpplicationpplication
� Installed using a
variety of mortars, grouts,
and tools
� Making a mistake can
compromise the wall
causing problems down
the line.
� Installation with nails
� Installation with
adhesive
� Three Coat systems :
� First Coat : Base
Coat (Primer) by brush
� Second Coat:
Material application by
trowel.
� Third Coat: Glossy /
matt top coat by trowel.
- 31 -
PartPartPartPart 3333 :::: SuggestionSuggestionSuggestionSuggestion
As the pictures shown, the ceramic tiles in the restaurant started to crack and is
maintained by placing plaster on it. In addition, the grout line between the tiles is having
stain on it. These make the ceramic tile look ugly and dirty and it might influence the image
of the restaurant. Therefore, ceramic tiles can be replaced by flakes as the finishing of the
wall. Flakes is a type of materials which is like a paint. Flakes will not face the same
problem as the ceramic tile but it is having some same advantages with ceramic tiles. For
example, it is water resistance, chemical resistance, abrasion resistance and environment
friendly. The way to clean the dust stain on flakes is also very easy, it just need to mop by
a wet cloth and soap. Besides, the flakes is more suitable than ceramic tile because it
contain fine granite. It will provide the wall a more naturally look which is more matching
the theme " garden" of the cafe. Moreover, it's installation is much easier and cheaper than
ceramic tile because the installation of ceramic tile is complicated, hard and require a
profession to do but the installation of flakes is easy enough to be done by a skilless
worker or even the owner himself. In conclusion, the ceramic tiles can be replaced by
flakes.
- 32 -
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