Blow, E, Meth and Ice:Blow, E, Meth and Ice:The Psychomotor StimulantsThe Psychomotor Stimulants
Psychology 3506
IntroductionIntroduction
Amphetamine– D and l, different isomers– Both together, Benzadrine– Just d, Dexedrine
NMDA– Ecstacy
Methamphetamine– Speed
IntroductionIntroduction
Methylphenidrate– Ritalin
Ephidrine– natural
Cocaine– Coca leaves
Cathinone– Qat or chat or khat or whatever…….
IntroductionIntroduction
All of these are psychomotor stimulants– Operate on the monoamines
E NE DA 5Ht
Which monoamine and how depends on the drug
A Little HistoryA Little History
Coca leaves have been chewed for thousands of years in South America
Active ingredient was isolatedIt cures everything and its fun!!!!!!Robert Louis Stevenson, Freud, Czar
Nicholas II, Henrik Ibsen, Popes.Big in the patent medicine business
Coke adds Life, and a wicked Coke adds Life, and a wicked High! The choice of a new High! The choice of a new
generation!generation!
HistoryHistory
Ephidrine has been around for a long time– Synthetic too!
Pseudoephidrine, popular among athletes
Chat (or whatever spelling you prefer) has been taken for ages in Somalia, Ethiopia etc– Now it is popular (when refined) in Russia
Jeff
Administration and AbsorptionAdministration and Absorption
Oral, more constantInjection or snort, get a big rushCocaine
HCl– Testing for purity showed you could smoke it– Crack!
Peak concentration from 30 min to 3 hr after taking amphetamine
Administration and AbsorptionAdministration and Absorption
Probably more rapid from smokingCrosses the barriersExcreted in urineMetabolized by the liverCoke has a half life of about 40 min
Neruphysiology and EffectsNeruphysiology and Effects
Transmitter Leakage– CA + 5Ht
Increase in amount released– Ecstasy does this with 5Ht
Block reuptake– Coke does this only
In PNS E is released
Neurophysiology and EffectsNeurophysiology and Effects
Increases the release of DA in accumens– Reward system again
Cocaine can act as a local as it blocks Na ion channels
Effects– Heart rate increases– Dilation of blood vessels
Neurophysiology and EffectsNeurophysiology and Effects
Effectss (continued)
– Headaches– Dry mouth– Weight loss– Disrupts sleep
– REM rebound later
Behavioural EffectsBehavioural Effects
Cocaine and speed are indistinguishableFeels goodMore energyClear mindCome down later“Rush”
– Speed lasts longer than coke
Behavioural EffectsBehavioural Effects
Punding– Sstereotyped behviour
Amphetamine psychosis– Happily, it clears up– DA?– Violence
Sensation gets better– Flicker fusion
Behavioural EffectsBehavioural Effects
Eliminates fatigue effects on Reaction Time– Flight simulator!
Overlearned taks
Athletci Performance too– Tested for in competition– Sudafed and NHL players
Behavioural EffectsBehavioural Effects
Nonhumans– Increase in SMA– Stereotypical behaviour (like punding maybe)– automutilation– Increases FI, decreases FR responding
Same sort of dynamic effect happens with negatively reinforced behaviour.
Behvioural EffectsBehvioural Effects
Nonhumans (continued)
– Dissociative effects too
– Discriminable from saline
ToleranceTolerance
Acute tolerance develops quickly to cocaineAppetite suppressing effects disappear
– So do lethal effectsPsychosis, stereotypical behaviour show
negative tolerance– Sensitivity?
Withdrawal not that bad– Letdown, amphetamine deppression
AdministrationAdministration
Cocaine– Snorted, smoked injected
speed– Run and crash– Or small does– injected
Ecstasy– pills
Administration: Non humansAdministration: Non humans
If constantly available monkeys will stop for periods
If limited they’ll titrate
Rats will self-administer– Important for understanding reward model