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Block PavementsConstruction and
Design
Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch
SEPT-Workshop 2011
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Structure
Standards and RegulationsDesign and Construction of
Concrete Block Pavements Upper Roadbase Laying Course Joints Block Pavement
Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |2
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Standards and Regulations
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European Standards
Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |4
Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures (DIN EN 13242)
Unbound mixtures (DIN EN 13285)
Concrete paving blocks and flags (DIN EN 1338, DIN EN 1339)
Kerb units (DIN EN 1340, DIN EN 1343) Forms and dimensions of concrete kerb units (DIN 428)
Clay pavers (DIN EN 1344) Clinker (DIN 18503)
Setts and slabs of natural stone for external paving (DIN EN 1341, DIN EN 1342)
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National technical requirements based on the ENConstruction products:
„Technische Lieferbedingungen für Bauprodukte zur Herstellung von Pflasterdecken, Plattenbelägen und Einfassungen“ – TL Pflaster 2006FGSV[technical conditions for the delivery to the place of use]
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National technical requirements based on the EN
Construction of block and flag pavements and of kerbs :
ATV DIN 18318: „Verkehrswegebauarbeiten, Pflasterdecken, Plattenbeläge, Einfassungen“ - 2010 [german standard as state of the art]
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National technical requirements based on the EN
Construction of block and flag pavements and of kerbs in public roads:
„Zusätzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien zur Herstellung von Pflasterdecken, Plattenbelägen und Einfassungen“ - ZTV Pflaster - StB 2006, FGSV[additional technical conditions for the construction as part of the contract]
Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |7
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TL Gestein-StBnational regulations for aggregates for the layer
course and joints
ATV DIN 18318 Construction
TL Pflaster-StBNational regulations for
products
ZTV Pflaster-StBConstruction of public roads
DIN ENProducts e.g. blocks, flagsZusätzliche Technische
Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien
zur Herstellung vonPflasterdecken, Plattenbelägen
und Einfassungen
ZTV Pflaster - StB 06
Ausgabe 2006
Technical Regulations in Germany
Technische Lieferbedingungen für Bauprodukte
zur Herstellung von Pflasterdecken, Plattenbelägen
und Einfassungen
TL Pflaster - StB 06
Ausgabe 2006
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Standardisation / Dimensions of pavements„Richtlinien für die Standardisierung
des Oberbaus von Verkehrsflächen“ – RStO 2001
[code of practise for road and pavement construction]
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Further Regulations
Hydraulically bound block pavements: FGSV-working paper Nr. 618/2:
„Flächenbefestigungen mit Pflasterdecken und Plattenbelägen in gebundener Ausführung“ – 2007
Larger formats: Information sheet in preparation –
published 2012?
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Further Regulations
Water permeable block pavements „Information sheet for water permeable
pavements of traffic areas“ – 1998
„Changings and supplements for theinformation sheet for water permeable pavements of traffic areas “ – 2009
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Design and Construction of Contrete Block Pavements
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National Regulation:Blocks ↔ Flags / Slabs
L : D ≤ 4 : 1
L
D
B
Use:-Blocks: Roads and footways,
Lmax = 320 mm-Flags / Slabs: Areas without motor vehicle traffic,
Lmax = 600 mm
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Classes of traffic: resulting from the sum of 10-t-equivalent axle loadings in 30 years
table 1:
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Roads:
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Classes of traffic (without calculation)
Type of road class
high-speed roadSV / I / II
major road, road in industrial areas
or estates II / III
local distributor road, pedestrian area with cargo traffic
III / IV
access road, pedestrian area (without bus traffic) V / VI
table 2:
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RStO Tafel 3
asphalt roadbase
gritty or gravel roadbase
gravel subbase
gravel roadbase
gravel subbase
gravel subbase
gritty roadbase
bedding layer
Pavement structure of block pavements
line class
blocks and joints
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concrete roadbase
asphalt roadbase
gravel subbase
gravel subbase
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Example for Roads
Gritty roadbase
Gravel subbase
Subgrade
Blocks Laying course
Block thickness: BK III: ≥ 100 mm BK IV- VI: ≥ 80 mm
Bedding layer: Blocks ≤ 120 mm: 3 (2) – 5 cm Blocks > 120 mm: 3 (2) – 5 cm
or 4 (3) – 6 cm
Stiffness modulus: min-Ev2 [MN/m²]
120 / 100
45
150 / 120
Joints: Blocks ≤ 120 mm: 3 – 5 mm Blocks >120 mm: 5 – 8 mm
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Example for footways and cycle tracks:
Roadbase
Subgrade
Blocks or flags Laying course
83 – 5
19 / 29
45
80
[cm]
Stiffness modulus: min-Ev2 [MN/m²]
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Upper Roadbase
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Usual: Unbound Roadbase
- „Adequate“ permeability of water required- Material segregation must be avoided- Fines < 0,063 mm: Maximum 7 M.-%- Filter stability between roadbase and layer course
must be proofed
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Filter stability
D15/d85 ≤ 5
D50/d50 ≤ 25
d, D: Particle size of aggregates [mm] at 15 / 50 / 85 % passing the sieve
d: Layer courseD: Roadbase
equations:
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Bearing capacity of the upper roadbase
BK III and IV:
-Thickness ≥ 20 cm: Ev2 ≥ 180 MN/m²
or Ev2 ≥ 150 MN/m²
Problems with water permeability!
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Asphalt roadbase
Adequate permeability of water required
Material: PA 22 T WDA Void content of the compacted
asphalt: ≥ 13 Vol.%, (research project: ≥ 16 Vol.-%)
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Changings and supplements for the information sheet for water permeable pavements of traffic areas
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Laying Course (3 – 5 cm)
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Bedding Materials
Shape:Roads: crushed, sharp coarse, ECS35,
C90/3Other areas: no requirements
Grading:
Block thickness < 120 mm: 0/4, 0/5, 0/8 mm Block thickness ≥ 120 mm: 0/4, 0/5, 0/8, 0/11 mm
Roads: Category GU Others: Category GN
Content of fines: max. 5 M.%
E.g. Mixture 0/5:
GU: 0/2 between 30 – 60 M.-% 2/5 between 40 – 70 M.-%
GN: no requirement
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Exception for e .g. private AreasATV DIN 18318
Areas, which are not „reachable“ for motor vehicles:
Possible alternative grading: 0/2, 1/3, 2/5 mm
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Aggregates, dependent on mineral and use:
- SZ18, LA20
- SZ22, LA25
- SZ26, LA30
Beddings in public roads:- Material with „enough“ mechanical
strength!- Recommendation for BK III and IV:
SZ22, LA25 or better
Mechanical Behavior
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Joint filling materials (Joints 3 – 5 mm)
Shape:Roads: crushed, ECS35, C90/3Other areas: no requirements
Grading: Block thickness < 120 mm: (0/2), 0/4, 0/5, 0/8 mm Block thickness ≥ 120 mm: 0/4, 0/5, 0/8, 0/11 mm
Roads: Category GU Others: Category GN
Content of fines : min. 2 M.-%, max. 9 M.%
Mechanical strength: SZ18, LA20; SZ22, LA25; SZ26, LA30
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Requirements between bedding and joint material:
D15/d15 ≥ 1D15/d85 ≤ 4D50/d50 ≤ 5
D15; D50 Particle size of bedding material [mm] at 15 / 50 % passing the sieve
d50; d85 Particle size of granular joint filling [mm] at 50 % passing the sieve
- particle top size of the joint filling must not be smaller than 1 sieve size less than the particle top size of the bedding material
Filter Stability / Erosion
equations:
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D15/d85 ≤ 4 D50/d50 ≤ 5
Bedding material
Joint filling
D15/d15 ≥ 1
Particle size [mm]
Per
cent
age
pass
ing
the
siev
e [M
.-%
]
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Granular material intended as seeling of joints
The upper part of the joints can be filled with another material to prevent material loss as a result of traffic and surface cleaning
Grading: 0/2 mmHigh fines amount > 9 M.-%crushed shape
No further material requirements
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Bitumen intended as compound joint seeler
Only with joints > 8 mm (e. g. natural stone pavement)Bitumen ≥ 3 cm, < 1/3 of stone thickness
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Block Applying and Finishing of the Pavement
e. g.:Minimum transverse slope: 2,5 % at each layerJoints have to be „regular“
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Crossing joints only for areas without car traffic!
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No filling block smaller than half a block
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Filling of the joints and compacting
filling the joints by sweepingand washing
cleaning the surface, drying and compacting
maybe filling and compacting again
maybe „joint seeling“ by sweeping and washing of fine aggregates
(about 1 cm)
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Maximum unevenness of the surface, 4-m-straightedge
Upper roadbase: general: ≤ 2 cm recommendation:
under block pavements: ≤ 1 cm(to be fixed in a contract)
Road surface: ≤ 10 mm Gutters: ≤ 5 mm
end
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Thank you for listening!
damage in front of an entrance to a bank,
in use severel days after damage