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Biotech Cuisines
Group 1
July 19, 2011
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Traditional Modern
Biotech Food
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USES ENZYME FROM LIVING ORGANISM FOR MILK CURDLING
AND BACTERIA FOR CHEESE FLAVORING
Traditional Biotech
Cheese
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USES LIVE BAKERS YEAST, A MICROORGANISM THAT PRODUCES CO2WHICH ALLOWS THE DOUGH TO RISE BEFORE BAKING
Traditional Biotech
Bread
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ALCOHOL IS SYNTHESIZED BY YEAST
Traditional Biotech
Beer and Wine
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Traditional Biotech
And Many more!
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Modern Biotech GMOs
What are GMOs
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Genetically Modified Crops
GM CORN
(INSECT / HERBICIDE RESISTANCE)
GM SOYBEAN
(HERBICIDE RESISTANCE)
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Genetically Modified Crops
GM TOMATO
(DELAYED RIPRENING)
GM POTATO
(INSECT / HERBICIDE RESISTANCE)
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SQUASH
(HERBICIDE RESISTANCE)
PAPAYA
(DELAYED RIPENING/
VIRAL RESISTANCE)
Genetically Modified Crops
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EGG PLANT
( INSECT RESISTANCE)
Genetically Modified Crops
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Food Properties of the genetically modified variety Modification
Soybeans Resistant to glyphosate or glufosinate herbicidesHerbicide resistant gene taken from bacteria
inserted into soybean
Corn, field
Resistant to glyphosate or glufosinate herbicides.
Insect resistance via producing Bt proteins, some
previously used as pesticides in organic crop
production. Vitamin-enriched corn derived fromSouth African white corn variety M37W has
bright orange kernels, with 169x increase in beta
carotene, 6x the vitamin C and 2x folate.[18]
New genes, some from the bacterium Bacillus
thuringiensis, added/transferred into plantgenome.
Cotton (cottonseed oil) Pest-resistant cottonBt crystal protein gene added/transferred into
plant genome
Alfalfa Resistant to glyphosate or glufosinate herbicidesNew genes added/transferred into plant
genome.
Hawaiian papayaVariety is resistant to the papaya ringspot
virus.[19]New gene added/transferred into plant genome
TomatoesVariety in which the production of the
enzyme polygalacturonase (PG) is suppressed,
retarding fruit softening after harvesting.[20]
A reverse copy (anantisense gene) of the gene
responsible for the production of PG enzyme
added into plant genome
Rapeseed (Canola)Resistance to herbicides (glyphosate or
glufosinate), high laurate canola[21]New genes added/transferred into plant
genome
Sugar caneResistance to certain pesticides, high sucrose
content.
New genes added/transferred into plant
genome
Sugar beet Resistance to glyphosate, glufosinate herbicidesNew genes added/transferred into plant
genome
RiceGenetically modified to contain high amounts of
Vitamin A (beta-carotene)
"Golden rice" Three new genes implanted: two
fromdaffodils and the third from a bacterium
Squash (Zucchini)
Resistance to watermelon, cucumber and
zucchini yellow mosaic viruses[23][24]Contains coat protein genes of viruses.
Sweet Pe ers Resistance to virus[25] Contains coat protein genes of the virus.
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How GMOs are made?
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RecombinantTechnology
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Recombinant Technology
The process of combining a gene from one
organism to the gene of another to form the
desired characteristic.
This technology involves transfer of the gene
of interest to the gene of the organism to be
modified and all these processes happens in
vitro.
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Process Flow
Cutting of the gene using therestriction enzymes
Combination of the two genesthrough the sticky ends
The DNA ligase connect the gene
of interest with the original gene
New gene is replicated throughthe use of bacteria
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How is DNA TRANFERRED into a plant
CELL?
Agrobacterium
Plant tissues are exposed toAgrobacterium carrying the
plasmid with gene of interest
Gene gun or biolistics
particles of gold or tungsten are coated with DNA and
then shot into young plants or plant embryos
http://croptechnology.unl.edu/animation/GeneGun.swf
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Golden Rice
A variety ofOryza sativa rice produced through geneticengineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene.
This product improves the Vitamin A content of the rice
because beta-carotenes are precursors of Vitamin A.
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Golden Rice
The rice plant can naturally produce beta-carotene but it is
found in the leaves and not in the endosperm.
To place the beta-carotene in the endosperm, these
biosynthesis genes are needed:
psy(phytoene synthase) from daffodil
crt1 from the soil bacterium
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Golden Rice
Preliminary results of field tests showed that
field-grown golden rice produce four to five
times beta-carotenes than the ones in the
greenhouse condition
Hopefully, the golden rice will be out in the
market on 2012
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Resistant to certain insects
Not available to home-growers
BT Corn
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First GM food to be granted license for
human consumption
Slow ripening but still havesame flavor and color tonon-GM tomato
+antisense gene (interferewith the production of theenzyme polygalacturonase)
Polygalacturonase (PG)breaks down pectin on cell
wall
NO PG, NO softening oftomato
FLVR SAVR Tomato
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Resistance to papaya
ringspot virus (PRSV)
inserting virus-derivedsequences that encode the
PRSV coat protein (CP) by
microparticle bombardment
of plant tissues
Papaya with ringspot virus
GM Papaya
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Genetically ModifiedAnimals
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Genetically Modified Animals
A genetically engineered or transgenic animal is an
animal that carries a known sequence of recombinant
DNA in its cells, and which passes that DNA onto its
offspring.
In genetic engineering, part of the genetic code or
DNA is added to, deleted from or substituted with the
genes of interest.
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For specific economic traits
As disease models
For research and testing
To save endangered species
To create more productive farm animals
Genetically Modified Animals
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Basic Methods of Producing GM Animals
desired geneconstruct
pronucleus of areproductive
cell
recipient female
DNA MICROINJECTION
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totipotentstem cells
desiredgene
hosts
embryo
EMBRYONIC STEM CELL-MEDIATED GENETRANSFER
Basic Methods of Producing GM Animals
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Basic Methods of Producing GM Animals
retroviruses
chimera
transgenicoffspring
RETROVIRUS-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER
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ENVIROPIG
FUEL EXCRETINGGENETICALLY
MODIFIED BUGS
Examples of GM Animals
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RUPPYJAKE THE ALLIGATOR
MAN
Examples of GM Animals
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Examples
SEE-THROUGH FROG SUDDEN DEATHMOSQUITO
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Examples
UMBUKU LIZARD DOLION
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Examples
FERN SPIDER LEMURAT
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Benefits
AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS
a) breeding
b) quality
c) disease resistance
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
a) xenotransplantation
b) nutritional supplements and pharmaceuticalsc) human gene therapy
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
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Animal Cloning
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Cloning is the process of making a geneticallyidentical organism through nonsexual means. It has
been used for many years to produce plants (even
growing a plant from a cutting is a type of cloning).
Animal Cloning
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Animal cloning has been the subject of scientific
experiments for years, but garnered little attention
until the birth of the first cloned mammal in 1997, a
sheep named Dolly. Since Dolly, several scientists
have cloned other animals, including cows and mice.The recent success in cloning animals has sparked
fierce debates among scientists, politicians and the
general public about the use and morality of cloning
plants, animals and possibly humans.
Animal Cloning
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In the 1970s, a scientist named
John Gurdon successfully clonedtadpoles. He transplanted the
nucleus from a specialized cell of
one frog (B) into an unfertilized
egg of another frog (A) in which
the nucleus had been destroyed
by ultraviolet light. The egg withthe transplanted nucleus
developed into a tadpole that was
genetically identical to frog B.
While Gurdon's tadpoles did not
survive to grow into adult frogs,
his experiment showed that theprocess of specialization in animal
cells was reversible, and his
technique ofnuclear
transfer paved the way for later
cloning successes.
Animal Cloning
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Top Five Clones
Dolly the sheep Tetra the rhesus monkey
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Copycat the cat Idaho Gem the mule
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Snuppy the dog
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Questions on
Genetically ModifiedFoods
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1. Why are GM foods produced?
GM foods are developed and marketed because there is some perceived advantage
either to the producer or consumer of these
foods. This is meant to translate into a
product with a lower price, greater benefit (in
terms of durability or nutritional value) or
both.
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2. Are GM foods assessed differently
from traditional foods?
Generally, consumers consider that
traditional foods are safe. When new foods
are developed by natural methods, some of
the existing characteristics of foods can bealtered, either in a positive or a negative way.
Indeed, new plants developed through
traditional breeding techniques may not beevaluated rigorously using risk assessment
techniques.
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3. How are the potential risks to
human health determined?
Direct health effects (toxicity)
Tendencies to provoke allergic reaction
(allergenicity) Specific components thought to have
nutritional or toxic properties
The stability of the inserted gene Nutritional effects
Any unintended effects
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4. What are the main issues of concern
for human health?
Allergenicity - As a matter of principle, the transfer of genes fromcommonly allergenic foods is discouraged unless it can bedemonstrated that the protein product of the transferred gene is notallergenic.
Gene transfer - Gene transfer from GM foods to cells of the body or tobacteria in the gastrointestinal tract would cause concern if thetransferred genetic material adversely affects human health.
Outcrossing - The movement of genes from GM plants into
conventional crops or related species in the wild (referred to asoutcrossing), as well as the mixing of crops derived fromconventional seeds with those grown using GM crops, may have anindirect effect on food safety and food security.
5 H i i k t f th
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5. How is a risk assessment for the
environment performed?
The assesment process includes the
evaluation of the characteristics of the GMO
and its effect and stability in the environment,
combined with ecological characteristics ofthe environment in which the introduction will
take place.
The assessment also includes unintendedeffects which could result from the insertion
of the new gene.
6 Wh t th i f f
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6. What are the issues of concern for
the environment? Issues of concern include: the capability of the GMO to escape and
potentially introduce the engineered genes into wild populations;the persistence of the gene after the GMO has been harvested; thesusceptibility of non-target organisms (e.g. insects which are notpests) to the gene product; the stability of the gene; the reductionin the spectrum of other plants including loss of biodiversity; and
increased use of chemicals in agriculture. The environmental safetyaspects of GM crops vary considerably according to local conditions.
Current investigations focus on: the potentially detrimental effecton beneficial insects or a faster induction of resistant insects; the
potential generation of new plant pathogens; the potentialdetrimental consequences for plant biodiversity and wildlife, and adecreased use of the important practice of crop rotation in certainlocal situations; and the movement of herbicide resistance genes toother plants.
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7. Are GM foods safe?
Different GM organisms include different
genes inserted in different ways. This means
that individual GM foods and their safety
should be assessed on a case-by-case basis
and that it is not possible to make general
statements on the safety of all GM foods.