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Biotechnology It is recognized asdiscipline where basic and applied
sciences are working together handin hand Several basic scientific disciplines like
Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry,Biochemistry, Biophysics and Engineeringhave an interface with biotechnology
Primary objective is to develop productsand processes/technology whose large scaleapplication results in societys benefits in
sector of health, agriculture, animalresources, development, aquaculture,energy, environment, forest and industry.
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TECHNOLOGYBIO
The use of
biological processesTo solve problems
or to make useful
products
BIOTECHNOLOGY
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Biotechnology as a multidisciplinary field
Biotechnology
Biochemistry
Agriculture
Marine
GeneticsPharmacology
Molecular
Biology
ImmunologyMicrobiology
Industrial
Biotechnology
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MAHARASHTRA BIOTECHNOLOGY POLICY-2001
To develop the biotechnology industry in the state in orderTo provide high yielding, drought and pest resistant crops
suited to the agro-climatic conditions of the state.
To develop cheaper and effective technology to purify the
water resources.
To improve the livestock and marine stock in order to increase
the earning capacity.
To enhance the value and utility of medicinal plants.
To Improve the quality of life through better health and better
environment.
Contd
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To develop the world class higher education and
research.
Tocreate high quality employment in the state.
Tocreate and support institutions for biotechnology
industry.
To develop human resources for application of
biotechnology.
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Biotechnological developmentincreases after 10 yrs of
commercialization
Global area reached 90 million hectares, up 11 percent in2005 as compared to 81 million hectares in 2004
8.5 million farmers in 21 countries planted biotech cropsas compared to 8.25 million farmers in 17 countries in 2004
Herbicide-tolerant soybeans remained the most widelyadopted trait, followed by insect-resistant maize.
More than fifty-fold increase from 1.7 million hectares insix countries in 96
In 2005, there were fourteen biotech mega-countries(countries growing 50,000 hectares -125,000 acres - ormore, of biotech crops), compared with ten in 2003 - 9developing countries and 5 industrial countries; they were,
in order of hectarage/acreage, USA, Argentina, Canada,Brazil, China, Paraguay, India, South Africa, Uruguay,
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2007:
Industrial and Developing Countries (Million Hectares)
Total
Industrial
Developing
Source: Clive James, 2008
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Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2007:
By Crop (Million Hectares)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Soybean
Maize
Cotton
Canola
Source: Clive James, 2008
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91
64%0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Soybean Cotton Maize Canola
Conventional
Biotech
35
43%
148
24%
27
20%
Source: Clive James, 2008
Global Adoption Rates (%) for Principal
Biotech Crops (Million Hectares) 2007M Acres
346
247
198
99
148
49
0
297
396
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Biotech Crop Countries and Mega-Countries, 2007
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Global Area of Biotech Crops in 2007: by Country(Million Hectares)
Rank Country Area (m. ha) Biotech Crops
1* USA* 57.7 Soybean, maize, cotton, canola, squash,papaya, alfalfa
2* Argentina* 19.1 Soybean, maize, cotton
3* Brazil* 15.0 Soybean, cotton
4* Canada* 7.0 Canola, maize, soybean
5* India* 6.2 Cotton
6* China* 3.8 Cotton, tomato, poplar, petunia, papaya,sweet pepper
7* Paraguay* 2.6 Soybean
8* South Africa* 1.8 Maize, soybean, cotton
9* Uruguay* 0.5 Soybean, maize
10* Philippines* 0.3 Maize
11* Australia* 0.1 Cotton
12* Spain* 0.1 Maize
13* Mexico* 0.1 Cotton, soybean
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14 Colombia
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Transgenics or GMOs aredefined as those organisms
with a gene or geneticconstruct of interest thathas been introduced by
molecular or recombinantDNA techniques
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The power of this technique lies inits ability to move genes from one
organism to crop plants to impart
novel characteristics
It is possible to transfer genetic
material from algae, bacteria,viruses or animals to plants or to
move genes between sexually
incompatible species
Transgenics
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VEGETABLES
Tomato, Potato, Eggplant
Lettuce, Celery, Cauliflower
Cabbage, Sugarbeet, Carrot,
Cucumbers, Sweetpotato,
Cassava
FRUITS
Apple, Strawberry,
Walnut, Muskmelon,Papaya, Grape
Transgenic Cropsfor Food
EDIBLE OILSMustard
Oilseed rape
Canola
Sunflower
CEREALS
Wheat, RiceMaize, Rye
LEGUMES
Soybean, Pigeon pea,
Chick pea
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A li ti f GM
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Application of GMtechnology Improving yield
Nutritional improvement
Increasing shelf life of fruits and
vegetables by delayed ripening Conferring resistance to insects, pests
and viruses
Tolerance to abiotic stresses (drought,salt, water-logging)
Herbicide tolerance
Edible vaccines
GM crops Global stat s
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GM crops : Global status(2005)
Developing countries : 11 Industrial countries : 10
Countries joining the GM club in 2005 (Iran, Portugal,France & Czech Republic)
No. of EU countries growing GM (2005) : 3 to 5 (Spain &
Germany)
No. of farmers growing GM crops globally : 8.5 million
No. of Indian farmers growing GM crops : 1 million
First triple gene product (maize) released in US in 2005
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Dominant Biotech Crops, 2005
S.
No.
Crop MHa %Biotech
1 Herbicide tolerant soybean 54.4 60
2 Bt maize 11.3 13
3 Bt/herbicide tolerant maize 6.5 74 Bt cotton 4.9 5
5 Herbicide tolerant Canola 4.6 5
6 Bt/herbicide tolerant cotton 3.6 47 Herbicide tolerant maize 3.4 4
8 Herbicide tolerant cotton 1.3 2
Total 90.0 100%
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Category-I Category-II
Vegetable Identified problems Vegetables Identified problems
1. Brinjal Borer, Bacterial wilt Cabbage &Cauliflower
Diamond blacke moth
2. Potato & othertuber crops(cassava &
sweet potatoetc)
Late blight, bacterial wilt,viruses and Quality
reduction insweetening during
cold storage
Chilly / hotpepper
Viral diseases
3. Onion Fungal diseases Leguminousvegetables
(french bean,cow-pea etc)
Aphid
4. Okra Viral Diseases Cucurbits(cucumber,
bitter gourd)
Fruit fly, fungal and viraldiseases
6. - - Carrot Nutritional quality
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Target crops for transgenicresearch in India
Cereals Rice, Wheat, Maize
Grain legumes Chickpea, Mungbean,Black gram, Pigeonpea
Oilseeds Mustard, Ground nut
Vegetables Brinjal, Tomato, Potato, Chilli,Cabbage, Cauliflower
Fruits Papaya, Banana, Muskmelon
Medicinal plantsBrahmi
Others Cotton, Coffee, Tobacco
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Target traits
Disease resistance
Improving the quantity of theprotein
Increasing vitamin content
Stress tolerance
Herbicide resistance
Delayed ripening
Edible vaccine
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Bt cotton in India
Year Area undercultivation
(ha)2002 50,000
2003 100,000
2004 5,00,000
2005 13,00,000
I di F t t G th
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India-Fastest GrowthState-wise adoption of Bt cotton
State 2004 (ha) 2005 (ha) Rank
2004
Rank2005
Maharastra 200,000 590,000 1 1
Gujarat 130,000 150,000 2 3
Madhya Pradesh 85,000 145,000 3 4
Andhra Pradesh 80,000 280,000 4 2
Karnataka 18,000 30,000 5 6
Tamilnadu 10,000 25,000 6 7
Northern Zone (Punjab,Hr, Raj)
N/A 60,000 N/A 5
Total 500,000 13,00,000
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Golden rice - a geneticallyengineered rice containing -
carotene & other provitamin Acarotenoids in significant amounts inits grains.
-carotene & other provitamin Acarotenoids are converted to VitaminA as needed in the body Golden rice
designed to help reduce VAD indeveloping countries where rice isstaple in the diet
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Daffodils
Erwinia bacteria
GenesPlasmids
Agrobacteria
KernelHull
Embryo
Provitamin A
producing rice
embryo
12 3 4
Locally
important varieties
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Golden Rice opponents: Doubt the ability of golden rice to eliminate vitamin A
deficiency Say GE strategy at the expense of more relevant
approaches. Say better use the inexpensive and nutritious foods
already available
Golden rice is merely a marketing event Poor farmers have long been deprived of the right to
choose their means of production and survival. Goldenrice is not going to change that, and nor will any othercorporately-pushed GE crop.
Any further attempts at the commercial exploitation ofhunger and malnutrition through the promotion ofgenetically modified foods should be strongly resisted.
Coalition of anti-golden rice groups from severalcountries, Feb, 2001
STATUS OF GMO IN
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STATUS OF GMOs INAGRICULTURE
SO FAR 17 CROPS APPROVED FOR COMMERCIALCULTIVATION
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS ARE INSECTRESISTANCE, HERBICIDE TOLERANCE, VIRUS
RESISTANCE AND IMPROVED PRODUCT QUALITY
MAJOR COUNTRIES INCLUDE USA, CANADA, JAPAN,CHINA, EU, ARGENTINA, SOUTH AFRICA
ONLY FOUR CROPS BEING MARKETEDCOMMERCIALLY I.E., CORN, COTTON, SOYBEANAND CANOLA
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION INITIATED FOR
PAPAYA, SQUASH AND TOBACCO IN USA
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INDIAN STATUS
3 ONLY ONE CROP APPROVED
3 14 CROPS UNDER VARIOUS STAGES OF CONTAINED
FIELD TRIALS
3 INCLUDE BRINJAL, COTTON, CABBAGE,
GROUNDNUT, PIGEON PEA, MUSTARD, POTATO,
SORGHUM, TOMATO, TOBACCO, RICE, OKRA AND
CAULIFLOWER
3 TRAITS INCLUDE INSECT RESISTANCE, HERBICIDE
TOLERANCE, VIRUS RESISTANCE, NUTRITIONAL
ENHANCEMENT, SALT TOLERANCE, FUNGAL
RESISTANCE
Gl b l B fit 1996 2004
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Global Benefits 1996-2004
Decrease in pesticide applications: 172,000 metric tons Greenhouse gas emissions eliminated by reducing tillage:
10 million metric tons Diesel fuel saved by reduced tillage or plowing: 1.8 billion
liters Increase in net income for farmers: $27billion China: Cumulatively since 1997 the farm income benefit
has been $4.16 billion. In 2004, the net national gain tofarm income was $1.1 billion. India: At the national level, farm income gains amounted
to $6.1 million in 2002, $32.4 million in 2003 and $85.7million in 2004 (cumulative total of $124.2 million).
The planting of biotech crops has reduced theenvironmental footprint of cotton, corn, soy and canolaby 14 percent, as calculated using an establishedenvironmental index quotient (EIQ) that compares thepotential impacts of pesticides used in a conventionalfield to a field planted with a biotech crop.
Global value of biotech crop market projected at $5.5billion in 2006, an increase from $5.25 billion in 2005.Source: Graham Brookes and Peter Barfoot, 2005 (UK) & NCFAP (US)
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