Download - Biomolekul 1[1]
![Page 1: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BIOMOLEKUL
![Page 2: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Biomolekul : Senyawa2 kimia yg secara alami hanya
dite- mukan dlm tubuh organisme atau sisa
orga- nisme setelah mati
Atom penyusun biomolekul : C,H,O,N,S,P
![Page 3: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Pembagian Biomolekul : 1. Biomolekul sederhana * Monosakarida * Asam amino * Asam lemak 2. Makromolekul : * Polisakarida * Polipeptida * Polinukleotida
![Page 4: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ORGANISME : tersusun dr senyawa organik &
inorganik
ORGANIK : - protein - karbohidrat - lipid - asam nukleat : DNA, RNA INORGANIK : * asam * basa * garam * H2O
![Page 5: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
MAKROMOLEKUL KEBANYAKAN MERUPAKAN POLIMER
Contoh : Protein rangkaian asam amino
Polisakarida rangkaian monosa- karida monomer hidrolisis sintesis H2O H2O polimer
![Page 6: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
SINTESIS : ikatan yg menghubungkan 2 unit molekul terbentuk dgn. lepasnya H+ dr 1 molekul penyusun dan OH- dr molekul berikutnya terbentuk H2O
HIDROLISIS : putusnya ikatan antar unit molekul ma- suknya molekul H2O
![Page 7: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
BIOMOLEKUL dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu : 1. STRUKTURAL : penyusun jaringan/tubuh organisme Contoh : kolagen, keratin
2. FUNGSIONAL : untuk melaksanakan fungsi fungsi kehidupan Contoh : enzim, hormon, DNA, RNA, ATP
![Page 8: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
KARBOHIDRAT 1. Monosakarida = gula sederhana CnH2nOn ALDOSA KETOSA C3 Triosa Gliserosa
Dihidroksiaseton C4 Tetrosa Eritrosa Eritrolusa C5 Pentosa Ribosa Ribulosa C6 Heksosa Glukosa Fruktosa
![Page 9: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
DisakaridaMonosakarida
![Page 10: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
2. Disakarida ( Cn(H2O)n-1 * Sukrosa : Glukosa + Fruktosa * Laktosa : Glukosa + Galaktosa * Maltosa : Glukosa + Glukosa 3. Oligosakarida : 2-6 monosakarida 4. Polisakarida : >> monosakarida Contoh : tepung dekstrin polimer
glukosa glikogen selulosa
![Page 11: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Tepung ( Amilum ) * rantai lurus : ikatan (1-4)α glikosidik * sedikit rantai cabang : ikatan (1-6)α gliko sidik Glikogen : - strukturnya sama dgn amilum - rantai cabang lebih banyak Sellulosa : * tidak dapat dicerna (pd mamalia, manusia) * tidak bercabang * ikatan (1-4) β glikosidik
![Page 12: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Amilosa Amilopektin
Struktur Amilum
![Page 13: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ikatan α 1,6 Glikosidik
Struktur Glikogen
![Page 14: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Selulosa
![Page 15: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Perbedaan Ik. α 1,4 dgn Ik. Β 1,4 Glikosidik
![Page 16: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
PROTEIN * tersusun dari asam amino asam amino da sar untuk menyusun protein : 20 * dari 20 asam amino dasar, separuhnya tidak dapat disintesis di dalam tubuh hewan & ma- nusia shg. hrs diperoleh dr makanan asam amino essensial H R-C-COO-
NH3+
![Page 17: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ASAM AMINO PENYUSUN PROTEIN Essensial Non essensial Arginin Alanin Histidin Aspartat Isoleusin Asparagin Leusin Sistein Metionin Glutamat Fenilalanin Glutamin Threonin Serin Triptofan Tirosin Valin Prolin Hidroksiprolin
![Page 18: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
LIPID * sekelompok senyawa heterogen yg berhu- bungan dgn asam lemak, sifatnya : 1. relatif tidak larut dlm air 2. larut dlm pelarut non polar : eter, kloro- form, benzen Macam2 lipid : 1. Lemak netral : TG = Triasilgliserol Contoh : mentega/margarin, minyak goreng Jaringan lemak terutama t.d. : T.G. 2. Fosfolipid 3. Kolesterol & steroid
![Page 19: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Lipid individual tidak termasuk makromole-
kul : 1. Triasilgliserol (TG) 2. Kolesterol 3. Fosfolipid• Kandungan energi : tinggi
• Sumber asam lemak essensial
• Sumber vitamin yg larut dlm lemak : A,D,E,K
![Page 20: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ASAM LEMAK : asam monokarboksilat * rantai pendek ( atom C < 6 ) * rantai medium ( atom C 8 – 14 ) * rantai panjang ( atom C > 14 )
Secara biologis yg banyak biasanya : asam le-
mak rantai lurus, jumlah atom C genap ( 16-20)
Pemberian nama : * gugus –COOH diberi nomor 1 atau * gugus –COOH tanpa simbol, atom C disebe- lahnya : Cα β,γ dstnya
![Page 21: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Berdasarkan ikatan rangkap, asam lemak : 1. Asam lemak jenuh ( saturated ) - tidak ada ikatan rangkap - mis. Asam palmitat C16 Asam stearat C18 - akhiran : … + anoat (-anoic) - jika rantainya panjang, p.u. bersifat pa- dat pd suhu kamar - Asam palmitat C16 (C15H31COOH) / CH3(CH2)14COOH = asam heksadeka- noat = hexadecanoic acid
![Page 22: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ASAM LEMAK TAK JENUH ( UNSATURATED ) * ≥ 1 ikatan rangkap * akhiran : -enoat ( enoic ) * yg alami : umumnya berbentuk Cis (sis) cair pd suhu kamar * asam lemak tak jenuh banyak terdapat pd minyak tumbuhan ( kec. Minyak kelapa yg banyak mengandung asam lemak jenuh )
![Page 23: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
TG ( TRIASILGLISEROL ) * t.d Gliserol dan asam lemak dalam sel p.u. jumlah atom C : 16/18 per molekul asam lemak O O CH2-O-C-R1 R2-C-O-C O CH2-O-C-R3 * Sifat T.G. t.u. ditentukan oleh asam le- mak yg dikandungnya
![Page 24: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
PURIN & PIRIMIDIN * Senyawa heterosiklik yg mengandung N
atau disebut BASA N : Basa purin : Adenin (A) Guanin (G) Basa pirimidin : Timin (T) Sitosin (C) Urasil (U) * Nukleosida = Basa N + gula * Nukleotida = Basa N + gula + fosfat = nukleosida + fosfat
![Page 25: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Basa Ribonukleosida RiboNukleotida A= Adenin Adenosin Adenilat = AMP G=Guanin Guanosin Guanilat = GMP U=Urasil Uridin Uridilat = UMP C=Sitosin Sitidin Sitidilat = CMP
Basa Deoksiribonukleosida Deoksiribonukleotida A Deoksiadenosin Deoksiadenilat G Deoksiguanosin Deoksiguanilat T=timin Deoksitimidin Deoksitimidilat C Deoksisitidin DeoksisitidilatA----T G-----C
![Page 26: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
PERANAN NUKLEOTIDA :
1. Bahan baku DNA & RNA (polinukleotida) 2. ATP bentuk energi yg utama 3. Nukleotida adenin merupakan komponen
3 koenzim utama : NAD , FAD , KoA 4. Nukleotida sbg regulator metabolik Mis. cAMP ( mediator kerja bbrp hormon ) ATP ( mengubah aktivitas sejumlah enzim dgn modifikasi kovalen )
![Page 27: Biomolekul 1[1]](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081422/58a9953d1a28abc2518b4cc9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
NH2 N N O- O- O- N N O CH2-O-P-O-P-O-P-O- Basa H H H O O O Adenin Fosfat OH OH Gula Ribosa ATP = Adenosin Tri Phosphat