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Biology STAAR review
Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis
Replication, Transcription and Translation
Cell Cycle
• The cell cycle is divided into two parts:– Interphase– Mitosis (M phase)
Cycle Phase Description
Interphase
G0 Cell is not dividing or growing
G1 phase General growth stage of cell
S phase Replication of DNA (repair DNA if possible)
G2 phase Preparation for Division (creation of Centrioles)
M phase Division of cell
Cell Cycle
• Label the diagram
G1
S
G2
Prophase Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase & Cytokinesis
Interphase
Spindle FibersCentrioles
Nuclear EnvelopeChromosome
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Centrioles
Chromatin
Daughter Cells
Sister Chromatids
Cell CycleCell Cycles Description
Interphase• Cell grows, replicates DNA and prepares for
division
Prophase• Chromatin condenses into Chromosomes• Nuclear envelope disappears
Metaphase• Chromosomes line up at the middle
(metaphase plate)
Anaphase• Sister chromatids separate and move to
opposite cell poles
Telophase• Chromatids unwind back into chromatin• New nuclear envelope develops
Cytokinesis• Cell divides into 2 new IDENTICAL daughter
cells (cloning)
Meiosis
• Process of cell divisions making gametes (haploid sex cells)
• Homologous chromosomes – matching chromosome sets from mother and father
• Crossing over – happens in Prophase 1 of meiosis, increases genetic diversity of gametes
Meiosis
• Label the diagram
Meiosis 1 Meiosis 2
InterphaseProphase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1Telophase 1
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2
Cytokinesis Cytokinesis
Replication
• Replication is the process of creating two IDENTICAL copies of a DNA molecule
• Both strands of DNA act as a template to make two identical copies of the original
Replication
• Original DNA opens and each strand acts as a template for the new DNA strands
Replication
• Chargaff’s rules state that:– Adenine pairs with Thymine (A = T)– Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G C)
Fill in the complementary strand of DNA
T A C A A G C C C C T C A G G C G C T T T A A C A C TA T G T T C G G G G A G T C C G C G A A A T T G T G A
• Replication happens during S phase of interphase
Transcription
• Transcription is the process of making a copy of DNA into mRNA
• Transcription takes place in the Nucleus
m
Transcription
• RNA is different than DNA– RNA used the following base pairs A, C, G, U
Fill in the complementary strand of mRNA
T A C A A G C C C C T C A G G C G C T T T A A C A C TA U G U U C G G G G A G U C C G C G A A A U U G U G A
Now box the CODONs
Replication and Transcription Comparison
Replication Transcription
Complementary Strand is DNA is mRNA
Nitrogenous Bases A, C, G, T A, C, G, U
New Complementary Strand Stays in Nucleus Leaves Nucleus
Translation
• Translation is the process of building the Polypeptide (Protein) chain
• Translation takes place on the Ribosome in
the Cytoplasm of the cell
• Polypeptides (Proteins) are made of Amino Acids
Translation
• mRNA’s Codons match to the tRNA’s Anticodons
• The Ribosome connects Amino acids together to make the Protein
TranslationUse the mRNA codon chart to determine the sequence of the Amino Acids
A U G U U C G G G G A G U C C G C G A A A U U G U G A
MET – PHE – GLY – GLU – SER – ALA – LYS – LEU - stop