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Lecture -1 (C)Introduction to BiologyXI
Dr.Qurrat-ul-AinLecturer Biology
AKUEB-MSB3 Aug 2016
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Objectives•Compare deductive and inductive
reasoning•Recall hypothesis, theory and scientific
law
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Biological method•Observation•Hypothesis•Experiment•Data Collection•Conclusion•Retest
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Observations:•The biologist recalls his/her previous
observations or makes new ones. Observations are made with five senses of vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch.
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Observations
•An example of an observation might be noticing that people living in
villages are more tough and strong.
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•Kinds of Observations: Observations may be of two types:▫Qualitative observations: Qualitative
observations are considered less accurate then quantitative ones because the qualitative observations are variable and non-measurable and cannot be recorded in terms of number.For example: The freezing point of water is colder than the boiling. One liter of water is heavier than one liter of ethanol.
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• Quantitative observations: Quantitative observations are considered more accurate then qualitative ones because the quantitative observations are invariable and measurable and can be recorded in terms of number.For example: The freezing point of water is 0°C and the boiling point is 100°C.The mass of one litre water is 1000 grams while the mass of one litreethanol is 789 grams.
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•An intelligent guess
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•Biologist organizes his/her and others observations into data form and constructs a statement.
•This tentative explanation of the observations is called a hypothesis.
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Hypothesis•An example of a
hypothesis might be that the village people are tough because they do more physical work.
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Formulating a hypothesis•Reasoning: A great deal of careful and
creative thinking is necessary for the construction of a hypothesis. Biologists use reasoning to formulate a hypothesis.
•Deductive reasoning•Inductive reasoning
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Deductive reasoning•The biologist draws deduction from the
hypothesis.•This involves the use of “if-then” logic.•It moves from general to specific.
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•The classic exampleAll men are mortal. (major premise)Socrates is a man. (minor premise)Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (conclusion)
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Deductive ReasoningExamples:1. All students eat pizza.
Claire is a student at ASU.Therefore, Claire eats pizza.
2. All athletes work out in the gym. Barry Bonds is an athlete. Therefore, Barry Bonds works out in the
gym.
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Inductive reasoning•It moves from specific to general.•Example:•This marble from the bag is black. That
marble from the bag is black. A third marble from the bag is black. Therefore all the marbles in the bag black.
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Other ways for hypothesis formulation•Intuition or imagination•Esthetic preferences•Religious or philosophical idea•Comparison and analogy•Discovery
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Observation
Hypothesis formulation
(deductive/inductive)
Hypothesis testingTheory
Productive theory
Theory testing
Scientific law
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Theory and productive theory•Theory : an hypothesis that is repeatedly
tested without ever being falsified.
•Productive theory: a theory that is predictive and has explanatory power.
•Suggests new and different hypothesis.
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Scientific law•A scientific law is a uniform or constant
fact of nature, it is virtually an irrefutable theory. Biology is short in laws due to elusive nature of life
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