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Biochips
Presented byAnjan Kumar Singh
Reg No. 0701224352
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Overview What is a Biochip? Its first occurrence and the history
behind its existence What are its uses and applications? Hurdles to overcome before the
technology becomes popular Who are the major researchers? What is the estimated market for
biochips?
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Introduction Collection of miniaturized test sites
of living entities (microarrays) arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to achieve higher throughput, speed, accuracy and smaller size
A marriage between electronics and biology/medicine
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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In BriefBio + Chip = Biochip
• Bio: stands for any biological entity eg: protein, DNA
• Chip: a computer chip• Biochip: a mate between
biological entity and a computerGenome chips, Microarrays
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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The Idea behind Biochip Biology
• DNA was discovered in 1950• The Watson and Creek model was
developed in 1953• Protein sequences, DNA sequences
started getting discovered in 1980s Electronics
• Transistor was first invented in 1948• In 1980s 100,000 to 1 million
transistors• Brick wall due to size limitations
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Types of Biochips•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Active
PositionEnergy supplier
implantable external
Interaction capture
Biochips
Function
Passive
Lab-on-chips
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Tracking device Tracking and identification devices
in animals around 1983 for monitoring fishery
Now widely used in monitoring pets and animals in zoos
Implanted under the skin of the animal with a unique ID number
Works on Radio Frequency Identification
Made of Reader and Transponder
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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TransponderThe implantable biochipPassive Biochip: No BatteriesComposed of
• Microchip• Antenna coil• Tuning capacitor• Glass Capsule
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Transponder Computer Chip: Stores the unique
ID number
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Transponder Antenna Coil: Primitive Radio
antenna to receive and send signals
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Transponder Tuning Capacitor: Charged by the
small (1/1000 of Watt) signal sent by the reader
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Transponder Glass Capsule: Made of biocompatible
material such as soda lime glass, hermetically (air-tight) sealed, covered with Polypropylene polymer
Glass Capsule
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Implant Injected by a Hypodermic syringe
beneath the skin Usually behind the neck in cats
and dogs
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Reader/ScannerTransmits a small signal Charges the tuning capacitor ID number transmitted by the
transponder
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Tracking device in Humans Works on the
same principles in general
Satellite will be able to track any human with the tracking biochip
Tracking Request
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Social ConcernsBig Brother fear
• Federal government has not legalized the implant of tracking biochips in humans
Mark of the Beast fear• What if the tracking biochip has
the number 666?
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Different Biochips•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Biochip Manufacturing
Figure: http://www.affymetrix.com/technology/manufacturing/index.affx
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Biochip Manufacturing
Figure: http://www.wired.com/news/medtech/0,1286,53861,00.html
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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DNA Biochips DNA (Gene expression): Human Genome Project started in
1990 to study genomes Study of interactions of individual
genes in an organism• Requires simultaneous study of genes
Requires High-throughput
Figure: http://www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Technical ChallengesAttachment of living entity
with the silicon surfaceLimitation of visionBiocompatibility (Research
done at National Tsing Hua University)
Reliability
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Overcome challengesMore experimentsMore funding by big
foundations like NSF• Eg: Human Genome project: $3
billion
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Recently Past Market•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Global Market of Biochips
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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SummaryBiochips is a very broad field
• Many different types of biochipsBiochips is going to set the
new trend in MedicineStill in research phase, but
soon will be commercially used
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
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Further ResearchBiocompatibility: Not a lot of
research is done in making the Ics biocompatible
Artificial proteins and DNA More Tests need to be
conducted to make it more reliable
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Reference Center of biological Microchips:
http://www.biochip.ru/en Affymetrix:
http://www.affymetrix.com/index.affx Agilent:
http://www.chem.agilent.com/Scripts/PDS.asp?lPage=51
http://www.av1611.org/666/biochip.html#Part3
http://www.biotechinsights.com/pages/biopr.html
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Questions
???