Biochemistry and Energy Transformation

UnitsNiAbi, Connor, Michael, and Jean

Chapter 4

Organic Chemistry- The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds)

Hydrocarbons- Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

Isomers- Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and different properties

Structural isomers- Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms Geometric isomers- Same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their

spatial arrangements Enantiomers- isomers that are mirror images of each other Functional group- Chemical groups that affect molecular function by

being directly involved in chemical reactions Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- consisting of an organic molecule called

adenosine attached to a string of three phosphates that when reacts with water creates adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a release of energy

Keytone- a carbonyl group within a carbon skeleton Aldehyde- a carbonyl group on the end of a carbon skeleton

Vocabulary

The main thought was that organic compounds could only arise in living organisms but then chemists synthesized these compound in the lab disproving vitalism.

Main idea

Carbon can bond with various atoms forming carbon skeletons of organic compounds. These carbon skeletons vary in length and shape creating the molecular diversity we see in life today.

Main idea 2

chemical groups attached to these carbon skeletons participate in chemical reactions or contribute to function by affecting molecular shape, these groups are called functional groups.

Main idea 3

Name this Hydrocarbon

a) Methaneb) Ethenec) Ethaned) Ethylenee) Both b and d

Q1

What kind of ethane model is this?

a) Molecular formulab) Structural formulac) Ball-and-stick

modeld) Space-filling

modele) None of the above

Q2

What is organic chemistry

a) The study of vital forcesb) The study of hydrocarbonsc) The study of compounds made only by

living cellsd) The study of vital forcese) The study of carbon compounds

Q3

Which chemical group would most likely be responsible for an organic molecule

behaving as a base?

a) Aminob) Carboxylc) Carbonyld) Hydroxyle) Phosphate

Q4

Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?

a) b) c) d) e)

Q5

83HC

62HC

4CH22HC

42HC

What structure is this?

a) Adenosine diphosphate

b) Glycerol phosphatec) Acetic acidd) Adenosine

triphosphatee) Thiols

Q6

When ATP reacts with water what is created?

a) An organic phosphateb) Adenosine diphosphatec) Energyd) An inorganic phosphatee) b, c, and d

Q7

What is it called when a carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton?

a) Keytoneb) Inlayed carbonylc) Aldehyded) Ketosese) Aldoses

Q8

What is an example of an amino?

a) Cysteineb) Glycerol phosphatec) Glycined) Propanale) 5-Methyl cytidine

Q9

What gives vinegar its sour taste?

a) Amino acidsb) Acetic acidc) All carboxylic acidsd) Thiolse) Amines

Q10

Describe what happens and what is left when adenosine triphosphate turns into

adenosine diphosphate.

Q11

Chapter 5

Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material◦ Examples

Monosachharides glucose fructose

Disaccharides lactose, sucrose

Polysaccharides Cellulose Starch Glycogen Chitin

Carbohydrates

◦ Functions Fuel Polysaccharide functions

Cellulose, strengthens plant cell walls Starch, stores glucose for energy Glycogen, stores glucose for energy Chitin, strengthens exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

functions

Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules◦ Examples

Triacylglycerols glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Phospholipids phosphate group + 2 fatty acids

Steroids four fused rings with attached chemical groups

Lipids

◦ Functions Triacylglycerols

Important energy source Phospholipids

Lipid bilayers of membranes Steroids

Component of cell membranes (cholesterol) Signaling molecules that travel through the body

(hormones)

functions

Proteins have many structures resulting in a wide range of functions◦ Examples

Enzymes Catalyze chemical reactions

Structural proteins Provide structural support

Storage proteins Store amino acids

Transport proteins Transport substances

Hormones Coordinate organismal responses

Receptor proteins Receive signals from outside the cell

Motor proteins Function in cell movement

Defensive proteins Protect against disease

Proteins

Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information◦Examples

DNA Sugar – Deoxyribose Nitrogenous bases – C, G, A, T Usually double-helix

RNA Sugar – Ribose Nitrogenous bases – C, G, A, U Usually single stranded

◦ Functions DNA

Store all hereditary information RNA

Carries protein-coding instructions from DNA to protein-synthesizing machinery

functions

Macromolecules – any large molecule, such as a protein or polymer, consisting of several smaller structural units linked together.

Polymer - A substance that has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together.

Monomer - is a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer.

Enzymes – biological molecules that catalyze chemical reactions. Carbohydrate – organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen. Encompass most sugars and sugar polymers Polypeptides – Linear organic molecule consisting of a large number of amino

acids Protein – Any organic molecule consisting of 1 or more polypeptides Denaturation – When a protein is altered due to exposure to certain chemical

or physical factors. This usually causes the protein to become biologically inactive.

Chaperonins – Protein molecules that assist in the folding of other protein molecules

Nucleic acids - A complex organic substance present in living cells, esp. DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

Vocabulary

Charts and graphs

Which term includes the rest on the list?A. MonosaccharideB. DisaccharideC. StarchD. CarbohydrateE. Polysaccharide

Questions

Amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if they are in alpha form. Which of the following can amylase break down?A. Glycogen, starch, and amylopectinB. Glycogen and celluloseC. Cellulose and chitinD. Starch and chitinE. Starch, amylopectin, and cellulose

Which of the following statements about unsaturated fats is true?A. They are more common in animals than plantsB. They have double bonds in their carbon trainsC. Generally solidify at room temperatureD. Contain more hydrogen than saturated fats

with the same amount of carbonE. Fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule

Structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is…A. PrimaryB. SecondaryC. TertiaryD. QuarternaryE. All levels are affected equally

Which of the following pairs produce a normal stretch of double-helix DNAA. 5’-AGCT-3’ with 5’-TCGA-3’B. 5’-GCGC-3’ with 5’-TATA-3’C. 5’- ATGC-3’ with 5’-GCAT-3’D. 5’- purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3’ with

3’-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5’E. All pairs are correct

Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds joining the nucleotides together. What would happen to a DNA molecule treated with these enzymes?A. The double helix would splitB. The phosphodiester linkages between deoxyribose

sugars are brokenC. Purines would be separated from the deoxyribose

sugarsD. Pyrimadines would be separated from the

deoxyribose sugarsE. All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose

sugars

Glucose's molecular formula is C6 H12 O6. What would be the molecular formula of a polymer, comprised of ten glucose molecules, bound my dehydration synthesis?A. C60 H120 O60B. C6 H12 O6C. C60 H102 O51D. C60 H100 O50E. C60 H111 O51

Purines are consisted of?A. A 6-ring and a 5-ringB. A 5-ring and a 5-ringC. Just a 5-ringD. Just a 6-ringE. Rainbow flatulence and unicorn droppings

What does antiparallel mean?A. DNA strands run in opposite directionsB. DNA strands having a disagreementC. DNA strands that have the same base

connectedD. When there are more than 2 dimers in the

same strandE. There are mismatched bases in the strand

What are chaperonins?A. Proteins that keep other proteins in lineB. Proteins designed to assist in apoptosisC. Proteins that assist in the folding of other

proteinsD. Proteins that shield weaker ones from dangerE. Proteins that destroy misfolded proteins

What happens in denaturation?A. Proteins become malformedB. Proteins are synthesizedC. Proteins are refoldedD. Proteins are used to make other proteinsE. Proteins have a shift in pH level

How many levels of protein structure are there?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4E. Over 9000

How many amino acids are there?A. 10B. 17C. 42D. 20E. 100

Define Polymer.A. A collection of monomers into one moleculeB. Building blocks of cupcakesC. The stuff inside of Super GlueD. The building blocks of macromoleculesE. Both A and D

The breaking of a polymer is calledA. HydrolosisB. Dehydration SynthesisC. Poly-SplicingD. OsmosisE. Binary Fission

Chapter 8

Metabolism: The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

Catabolism: Energy releasement by breaking down complex molecules to simpler ones.

Anabolism: Energy: is the capacity to cause change. Metabolism is aided by enzymes that select

either an anabolic pathway or a catabolic pathway.

Kinetic energy: is energy that can be associated with relative motion of objects.

Thermal energy: is kinetic energy as associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.

Potential energy: energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.

Forms of Energy

1st law of Thermodynamics: is the conservation of energy, it can not be created or destroyed.

2nd Law states that spontaneous changes, increase entropy of the universe.

Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness.

Laws of energy transformation

Free Energy: is the portion of a system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the cell

∆G – change in free energy ∆H- change in enthalpy (∆S): ∆G= ∆H- T∆S

Free-energy change

Organisms live at the cost of free energy and during a spontaneous change, free energy reduces and stability increases.

Maximum stability is equilibrium and the system does no work

Free Energy, Stability, and Equilibrium

Energy coupling: the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.

Hydrolysis at the terminal phosphate group produces ADP and phosphate and releases free energy

Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP

When ATP goes through hydrolysis it gives off free energy.

It drives an endergonic reaction by giving a phosphate group to reactants.

How ATP performs work

Organisms use ATP continuously, but ATP is a renewable resources.

The free energy required to phosphorylate ADP comes from exergonic breakdowns in the cell

Regeneration of ATP

Catabolism is to anabolism as _____ is to _____.A. exergonic; spontaneousB. exergonic; endergonicC. free energy; entropyD. work; energyE. entropy; enthalpy

Questions

Most cells cannot harness heat to do work because...A. heat is not a form of energyB. they are relatively coolC. temperature is uniform in cellsD. heat cannot be used to do workE. heat must remain constant during work

Which metabolic process can occur without a net influx of energy from some other processes?A. ADP + Pi → ATP + H20B. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H20C. 6 CO2 + 6 H20 → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

D. Amino acids → ProteinsE. glucose + fructose → sucrose

If an enzyme is placed in a solution saturated with substrate, the best way to receive a faster yield of product is...A. add more enzymeB. heat the solution to 90º CC. add more substrateD. add an allosteric inhibitorE. add a noncompetitive inhibitor

If an enzyme is added to a solution where it's substrate and product are in equilibrium, what would happen?A. Additional product would be formedB. Additional substrate would be formedC. The reaction would change from endergonic to

exergonicD. The free energy of the system would changeE. Nothing. The reaction would remain at

equilibrium

Some bacterium are metabolically active in hot springs because...A. they are able to maintain low internal body

temperatureB. high temperatures make catalysis unnecessaryC. their enzymes have high optimum

temperaturesD. their enzymes are unaffected by high

temperaturesE. they use molecules other than proteins or

RNA's as their main catalysts

Which of the following statements is true concerning catabolic pathways?A. They combine molecules into more complex and

energy-rich molecules.B. They are usually coupled with anabolic pathways

to which they supply energy in the form of ATPC. They involve endergonic reactions that break

complex molecules into simpler onesD. They do not need enzyme catalystsE. They build up complex molecules such as protein

from simpler compounds.

According to the second law of thermodynamics...A. the entropy of the universe is constantly

increasingB. every energy transfer requires activation energy

from the environmentC. the total amount of energy in the universe is

conserved or constantD. for every action there is an equal and opposite

reactionE. energy can be transferred or transformed, but it

can be neither created nor destroyed.

Which term most precisely describes the general process of combining small molecules to form large molecules ?A. MetabolismB. dehydrationC. catabolismD. anabolismE. endergonic reaction

According to the first law of thermodynamicsA. energy is neither created nor destroyedB. all processes increase the entropy of the

universeC. matter can be neither created nor destroyedD. systems rich in energy are intrinsically unstableE. both A and B are correct

Which of the following correctly states the relationship between anabolic and catabolic pathways?A. Degradation of organic molecules by anabolic pathways

provides the energy to drive catabolic pathways.B. Energy derived from catabolic pathways is used to drive

the breakdown of organic molecules in anabolic pathways.C. Anabolic pathways synthesize more complex organic

molecules using the energy derived from catabolic pathways.

D. Catabolic pathways produce usable cellular energy by synthesizing more complex organic molecules.

E. The flow of energy between catabolic and anabolic pathways is reversible.

Which is not true of enzyme behavior?A. Enzyme shape may change following initial

binding of the substrate.B. The active site of an enzyme orients its

substrate molecules, thereby promoting interaction of their reactive parts.

C. All enzymes have an active site where substrates are temporarily bound.

D. An individual enzyme can catalyze a wide variety of different reactions.

E. Enzymes are sensitive to pH changes.

Which of the following characteristics is associated with allosteric regulation of an enzyme's activity?A. A mimic of the substrate competes for the active

site.B. A naturally occurring molecule stabilizes a

catalytically active conformation.C. Regulatory molecules bind to a site remote from

the active site.D. Inhibitors and activators may compete with one

another.E. The enzyme usually has a quaternary structure.

ATP consists of...A. 3 inorganic phosphates and a glucoseB. 2 inorganic phosphates and a adenineC. 3 inorganic phosphates, a ribose, and an

adenineD. 1 organic phosphate and a thymineE. None of the above

What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction?A. EA

B. productsC. active sitesD. reactorsE. substrate

Chapter 9

Catabolic Pathways Cellular respiration – how we obtain

energy from the food that we eat. A cell must make up the ATP it uses. Two ways of replenishing ATP:

◦ Fermentation= the degradation of sugars with out oxygen

◦ Aerobic Respiration= Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic “fuel”

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP

Chapter 9

Oxidation-Reduction reactions Oxidation - The LOSS of electrons Reduction – The ADDING of electronsNa + Cl Na+ + Cl-

Redox Reactions

Electron moves to Chlorine.

Sodium lost an electron, making it have a POSITIVE charge

Since Chlorine gained an electron, it got a NEGATIVE charge!

The electron donor is known as the REDUCING AGENT

The electron acceptor is the OXIDIZING AGENT

In Cellular Respiration glucose is oxidized to CO2 and O2 is reduced to H2O. This means that glucose gives up an electron to Oxygen, and when that happens, water and energy are formed

The electrons from the organic compounds (glucose) are passed from NAD+, making it NADH (reducing. It GAINS an electron). NADH passes the electrons to an electron transport chain.

NAD+ and NADH

The electron transport chain conducts the electrons to O2 while releasing energy. The energy makes ATP.

Glycolysis – Occurs in the Cytosol. It breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

Citric Acid Cycle – Occurs in the Mitochondrial matrix. Completes glucose breakdown by oxidizing the derivative of pyruvate to CO2

Oxidative Phosphorylation – Uses the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to produce ATP.

The 3 stages of Cellular Respiration

Energy investment stage:◦ 2 ATP are used

Energy pay off stage:◦ 4 ADP + 4℗ make 4 ATP◦ 2 NADH + 2H+ are

made Net Gain

◦ 2 pyruvate + 2 H2O◦ 2 ATP◦ NADH + 2 H+

1. Glycolysis

Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA by giving off a CO2 molecule and adding Coenzyme A.

Keep in mind that there are 2 pyruvates. So, all of the gained molecules in the figure is multiplied by 2.

Total net gain (from BOTH pyruvates’ citric cycle): ◦ 2 ATP ◦ 6 NADH◦ 4 CO2◦ 2 FADH

2. Citric Acid Cycle

The NADH’s and the FADH’s made in the Citric Acid Cycle provide the energy that works to pump H+ across the membrane then back through the ATP Synthase.

3a. Electron Transport Chain

The ATP Synthase basically takes the H+ ions, uses them as an energy source to squeeze ADP and ℗ together to make ATP.

3b. Chemiosmosis

Glycosis – 2 ATP Citric Acid Cycle – 2 ATP Electron Transport + Chemiosmosis ~ 32 or

34 ATP All together about 36 to 38 ATP is produced

from a single molecule of glucose!

The total gain

Both occur in the cytosol after glycolysis

Alcohol Fermentation – The pyruvate is converted into ethanol. First, CO2 is released which is hen converted into 2 Acetaldehyde. Second, the acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol.

Lactic Acid Fermentation – Pyruvate is directly reduced by NADH to for lactate. No CO2 is released.

Facultative anarobes – can use BOTH Fermentation and respiration.

Fermentation

Since Humans and animals don’t eat only glucose, cellular respiration accepts the wide range of proteins, carbs, and fats to use for glycolysis. Catabolism pathways can take electrons from other organic molecules and use them for cellular respiration.

Anabolic pathways use molecules directly from food or they can use them to make other materials through glycolysis or citric acid cycle.

Flexibility

1.What would be the reducing agent in this reaction?

C + O C+ O-2A. CarbonB. OxygenC. Carbon Dioxide D. None of theseE. All of these

Chapter 9 questions

2. What two processes occur in the cytosol?

A. Glycolysis and Citric Acid CycleB. Electron Transport Chain + GlycolysisC. Glycolysis and FermentationD. Electron Transport Chain and

ChemiosmosisE. Chemiosmosis and Fermentation

3. What process creates the most ATP?

A. GlycolysisB. ChemiosmosisC. FermentationD. Citric Acid CycleE. Electron Transport Chain

4. Which two carry electrons from process to process?

A. ADP and ATPB. NADH and ADPC. NAD+ and FADD. NADH and FADH2E. H+ and ATP

5. Carbon Dioxide is released during…?

A. GlycolysisB. ChemiosmosisC. FermentationD. Electron Transport ChainE. Citric Acid Cycle

6. About how many (maximum) ATP are produced through cellular respiration?

A. 3 ATPB. 34 ATPC. 43 ATPD. 38 ATPE. 44 ATP

7. What is glucose’s “life cycle” through cellular respiration?

A. Glucose pyruvate Acetyl CoAB. Glucose Fructose CornstarchC. Pyruvate Fructose GlucoseD. Fatty Acid Glucose PyruvateE. Glucose Acetyl CoA Pyruvate

8. What is the product of fermentation?

A. Alcohol and LactateB. NADHC. FADD. GlucoseE. Carbon

9. If there were no Oxygen available in a yeast cell, what would take place? Remember, yeast releases CO2

A. Citric Acid CycleB. Lactic Acid Fermentation C. Alcohol Fermentation D. Both B and CE. None of these

10.In the Citric Acid Cycle everything produced…

A. Is eaten.B. Is quadrupled because there are 4

pyruvates C. Can be completely disregarded in cellular

respirationD. Is used up immediately E. Is doubled because there are 2 pyruvates

11. What is a facultative anaerobe?

A. An organism that uses either fermentation OR respiration but NOT both

B. A form of glucoseC. The rod on ATP SynthaseD. An organism that can use BOTH

fermentation AND respiration

12. How many ATP molecules are produced in Glycolysis? (Net total)

A. 3 ATPB. 2 ATPC. 5 ATPD. 10 ATPE. None

13.How many ATP molecules are gained in the Citric Acid Cycle? (Net gain)

A. 2 ATPB. 4 ATPC. 6 ATPD. 8 ATPE. 10 ATP

14. Where does the ATP Synthase create ATP?

A. CytosolB. Cell wallC. Inner Mitochondrial Matrix D. Outer Mitochondrial MatrixE. Chloroplasts

15. Where does Glycolysis occur?

A. CytosolB. Cell wallC. Inner Mitochondrial Matrix D. Outer Mitochondrial MatrixE. Chloroplasts

16. ATP Synthase can be identified as a ______ because of the “ase” ending.

A. ElectronB. EnzymeC. OrganelleD. Organic MoleculeE. Inorganic Molecule

17. What molecule is the power source of ATP Synthase?

A. CO2B. NADHC. FADH2D. H+E. ATP

Describe the process of Cell Respiration. Remember to include Glycolysis, Electron Transport chain, Citric Acid Cycle, and Chemiosmosis.

Glycolysis takes a glucose molecule and splits it into 2 pyruvates. It produces a net total of 2 water, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 H+. The citric acid cycle takes the pyruvate, producing CO2, more NADH, ATP, and FADH2. Electrons gained from the citric acid cycle are carried to the electron transport. Then they are pumped across an H+ gradient. The gradient helps power ATP synthase which makes the most ATP in cell respiration.

Describe the process of respiration when no oxygen is present. Be sure to include the outcomes of both Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.

In alcohol fermentation, after glycolysis, the pyruvates release carbon dioxide. Acetaldehyde is formed and reduced by NADH, resulting in Ethanol.

In lactate fermentation, the pyruvate is directly reduced by NADH to produce lactate.

Chapter 10

Chloroplasts The green color from a plant is because of

chlorophyll the green pigment located in the chloroplasts.

Chloroplasts are mainly found In the mesophyll cell— tissue interior of the leaf.

The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2

+ 6 H2O

Van Niel discovered that plants split H2O to give a source of electrons and incorporating them into sugar molecules.

Photosynthesis is a redox reaction : H2O is oxidized while CO2 is reduced.

There are two stages in Photosynthesis:

Light reactions: the photo part of photosynthesis

Calvin Cycle: the synthesis part. Light reactions split water releasing

O2, produce ATP, and form NADPH. Calvin cycle makes sugar from CO2, uses ATP and NADPH

for reduction

Pigments absorb visible lights There are three types of pigments in

chloroplasts: Chlorophyll a: participates directly in light

reactions Chlorophyll b: accessory pigment Carotenoids: a group of accessory

pigments

The absorption of a photon increases an electron to an orbital of higher energy. The excited state is unstable and the electrons tend to fall back to a ground state, giving off heat or light.

Light Reactions

Photosystems are composed of a protein complex called a reaction center complex surrounded by several light-harvesting complexes.

They funnel photon energy to the reaction center complex

A special pair of chlorophyll a absorbs energy and transfers the electron to a primary electron acceptor

Photosystems

Linear Electron Flow

Occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis

Pigment molecules get excited, energy is relayed to the P680 pair and energy and water’s electrons are accepted from the Primary acceptor. Electrons go through the electron transport chain creating ATP. The electrons hit the P700 pair. More photon energy is absorbed and given to the P700. Electrons are given to the primary acceptor, they pass through another electron transport chain, and the enzyme NADP+ reductase produces NADPH from NADP+ and H+

Only uses photosystem 1 and not photosystem 2. It produces ATP but not NADPH or O2

Cyclic electron flow

Both include redox reactions of electron transport chains that generate of an H+ gradient across a membrane. ATP synthase is also used in both chloroplasts and mitochondria.

However, in mitochondria organic molecules supply the electrons and in chloroplast water supplies the electrons.

Chloroplasts vs. Mitochondria

The Calvin Cycle

Occurs in the Stoma. Uses the electrons from NADPH and the

energy from ATP. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) exits

when three CO2 are fixed and converted to glucose.

Carbon fixation occurs when CO2 is combined with a five-carbon sugar, or Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

C3 plants - first organic product of carbon fixation is a three compound.

Photorespiration: occurs in the light and consumes O2 while producing CO2

Photorespiration

Preface the Calvin Cycle with and alternate form of carbon fixation that forms a four carbon compound as it’s first product.

Unique leaf structure:◦ bundle-sheath cells are arranged into tightly

packed sheaths around the vein◦ Mesophyll cells are loosely arranged between

the bundle sheath and the leaf surface

C4 Plants

Open their stoma at night. Incorporates CO2 into organic acids and

they are stored in mesophyll cells In the day the stoma close and CO2 is

released from the organic acids for the Calvin cycle.

CAM Plants

1. What does the light reactions supply the Calvin Cycle with?

A. FAD and H2O B. ATP and O2C. ATP and NADPHD. CO2 and H2O E. CO2 and light energy

Chapter 10 Questions

2.What is consumed by the light reactions?

A. Light energy and H2O B. H2O and glucoseC. Glucose and CO2D. CO2 and light energy E. FAD and H2O

3. What does the Calvin Cycle produce?

A. G3PB. H2O C. ATPD. CO2E. NADPH

4. Which of the following phrases is NOT true?

A. Carbon fixation occurs in the Calvin Cycle.B. ATP synthesis occurs in both mitochondria

and chloroplasts C. C4 plants only use the Calvin Cycle.D. Oxygen is released in the Calvin Cycle.E. Light reactions need light energy.

5.Photorespiration is when…

A. Organic acids are stored during the nightB. O2 is consumed and CO2 is released. C. H2O is consumed and O2 is releasedD. ATP is made and sugar is storedE. None of these

6. Where does the Calvin Cycle occur in C3 plants?

A. Mesophyll cellsB. CytosolC. Both A and BD. Thylakoid membrane E. Bundle Sheath cells

7. Where does the Calvin Cycle occur in C4 plants?

A. Mesophyll cellsB. CytosolC. Both A and BD. Thylakoid membrane E. Bundle Sheath cells

8. These plants use this process to open their stomata at night and close them during the day, avoiding water loss.

A. Calvin CycleB. TranspirationC. CAM PlantsD. Cyclic Electron FlowE. None of these

9. Which is a benefit of a C4 plant?

A. More efficient gathering of photonsB. More efficient electron transport chainC. More uptake of CO2 D. More efficient carbon fixationE. None of these

10. What is the source of oxygen in photosynthesis?

A. CO2 B. PyruvateC. GlucoseD. RubiscoE. H2O

11. Photons lift the electrons to higher energy levels. Where do these electrons come from?

A. RuBPB. H2OC. CO2 D. Both B and CE. None of these

12. Which of the following occur in Linear Electron Flow?

A. ChemiosmosisB. Splitting of H2O for electronsC. Electron transport chainD. None of theseE. All of these

13. Oxygen that is released in photosynthesis comes from what molecule?

A. H2OB. CO2C. GlucoseD. ATP E. None of these

14. How many carbons are in one molecule of RuBP?

A. FiveB. ZeroC. OneD. Ten

15. How many carbons are needed to make one G3P?

A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4E. 5

16. By looking at this diagram, how many ATP and NADPH would be needed to fix 9 Carbons?

A. 12 ATP and 30 NADPHB. 27 ATP and 18 NADPHC. 30 ATP and 12 NADPHD. 18 ATP and 27 NADPHE. None of these

17. Light is necessary for light dependent reactions because…

A. It excites electrons in pigmentsB. It splits waterC. It’s the source of all electronsD. It makes ATPE. None of these

Describe what Cyclic Electron Flow is.

Photoexcieted electrons are occasionally shunted back to chlorophyll via the Cytochrome complex . This supplements the supply of ATP only.

response

Describe what happens in the Calvin cycle. Be sure to define carbon fixation.

A carbon goes through the cycle attaches to ribulose bisphosphate because of rubisco, an enzyme. The resulting molecule receives a phosphate from ATP. NADPH comes along and reduces and G3P results from it. In the regeneration of carbon, carbon skeletons of 5 G3P are rearranged into three molecules of RuBP and RuBP can receive CO2 again.

response

Lab 2Enzyme Catalysis

Observe conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas by enzyme catalysis.

Measure the amount of oxygen generated and calculate the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

Overview

Base line Calculation

Final reading of Burette

1.2 ml

Initial reading of Burette

5.0 ml

Base line 3.8 ml

Uncatalyzed hydrogen peroxide decompositionFinal reading of Burette

3.2 ml

Initial reading of Burette

10.0 ml

Amount of KMnO4

6.8 ml

Expected data:

Expected Data cont.KMnO4 Time (seconds)

10 30 60 90 120 180Base line 4.3 ml 4.3 ml 4.3

ml4.3 ml

4.3 ml

4.3 ml

Final Reading 1.8 ml 1.8 ml 2.0 ml

2.0 ml

2.4 ml

3.0 ml

Initial Reading 5.0 ml 5.0 ml 5.0 ml

5.0 ml

5.0 ml

5.0 ml

Amount of KMnO4 consumed

3.2 ml 3.2 ml 3.0 ml

3.0 ml

2.6 ml

2.0 ml

Amount of H2 O2 used

1.1 ml 1.1 ml 1.3 ml

1.3 ml

1.7 ml

2.3 ml

Time intervals (seconds)

0-10 10-30 30-60 60-90 90-120

120-180

Rates*

.11 ml

0.00ml

0.00667 ml

0.00 ml

0.0133 ml

0.01 ml

Reaction most certainly did begin quickly and slow as the time moved on.

Lab conclusion

Lab 5Cell Respiration

Measure oxygen consumption during germination

Measure change in gas volume in respirometer containg either germination or nongermination pea seeds

Measure the rate of respiration of these peas at two different tempeatures.

Overview

Beads Alone Germinating Peas Dry Peas and BeadsTime (min)

Reading at ime X

Diff. Reading at time X

Diff. Corrected diff.

Reading at time X

Diff. Corrected Diff.

Initial-0

1.38 1.35 1.47

0-5 1.38 0 1.16 .19 .19 1.46 .01 .015-10 1.38 0 1.04 .31 .31 1.44 .03 .0310-15 1.38 0 .93 .42 .42 1.43 .04 .0415-20 1.38 0 .57 .78 .78 1.42 .05 .05Initial-0

1.40 1.32 1.40

0-5 1.39 .01 1.20 .12 .11 1.40 0 .015-10 1.38 .02 1.11 .21 .19 1.40 0 .0210-15 1.38 .02 1.00 .32 .30 1.39 .01 .0115-20 1.38 .02 .95 .37 .93 1.38 .02 0

Expected data:

Expected Data cont.

It showed that the rates of cellular respiration are greater in germinating peas than in non-germinating peas. It also showed that temperature and respiration rates are directly proportional; as temperature increases, respiration rates increase as well. Because of this fact, the peas contained by the respirometers placed in the water at 10C carried on cellular respiration at a lower rate than the peas in respirometers placed in the room temperature water. The non-germinating peas consumed far less oxygen than the germinating peas.

conclusion