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Biochemical Cycles- closed circles or cycles of materials from nonliving to living organisms and back to nonliving.Examples : Water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus
Biology, Geology and Biology, Geology and ChemistryChemistry
Cycles Nutrients through Cycles Nutrients through the Ecosystemthe Ecosystem
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I. General InformationI. General Information
A. Biogeochemical cycles A. Biogeochemical cycles
materials cycle between the materials cycle between the living and physical (non-living) living and physical (non-living) parts of an ecosystemparts of an ecosystem
B. Types of cyclesB. Types of cycles
1. Water1. Water
2. Energy2. Energy
3. Carbon3. Carbon
4. Nitrogen4. Nitrogen
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II. Water CycleII. Water Cycle
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II. Water CycleII. Water Cycle
A.A. Driven by Driven by the Sunthe Sun
B. Steps of Water CycleB. Steps of Water Cycle1. 1. EvaporationEvaporation – –
a. Sun heats Eartha. Sun heats Earth
b. Hb. H22O evaporatesO evaporates
c. Hc. H22O goes into atmosphere asO goes into atmosphere as
HH22O vaporO vapor
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II. Water CycleII. Water Cycle
2. 2. CondensationCondensation
HH22O condenses O condenses
(goes from gas to liquid) (goes from gas to liquid)
to formto form
cloudsclouds
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II. Water CycleII. Water Cycle
3. 3. PrecipitationPrecipitation
HH22O leaves clouds, falls on EarthO leaves clouds, falls on Earth
E.g. rain, snow, sleet, E.g. rain, snow, sleet, hailhail
4. 4. Percolation /Percolation / InfiltrationInfiltration
HH22O enters soil, becomes O enters soil, becomes groundwatergroundwater
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II. Water CycleII. Water Cycle
5. 5. Run–offRun–off
Some HSome H22O moves on surface to O moves on surface to rivers, rivers, lakes & oceanslakes & oceans
6. 6. TranspirationTranspiration
HH22O released from plant O released from plant leaves,leaves,
returns to atmospherereturns to atmosphere
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II. Water CycleII. Water CycleC. Where is the HC. Where is the H22O on Earth?O on Earth?
1. Oceans1. Oceans97.2%97.2%
2. Glaciers2. Glaciers2.15%2.15%
3. Lakes3. Lakes0.009%0.009%
4. Soil4. Soil0.005%0.005%
5. Atmosphere5. Atmosphere0.001%0.001%
6. Streams6. Streams0.0001% 0.0001%
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II. Water CycleII. Water Cycle
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III. Carbon CycleIII. Carbon Cycle
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III. Carbon CycleIII. Carbon Cycle
A.A. How does carbon enter the How does carbon enter the living part of the cycle?living part of the cycle?
1. 1. PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Plants, algae, & cyanobacteria Plants, algae, & cyanobacteria use COuse CO22 to make to make organic compounds (sugars)organic compounds (sugars)
2. 2. Nutrients move C through trophic Nutrients move C through trophic levelslevels
Consumers move organic Consumers move organic compounds compounds
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III. Carbon CycleIII. Carbon CycleB. How does carbon get back into the B. How does carbon get back into the
physical part of the cycle?physical part of the cycle?
1. 1. Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration OO22 used used
to break down sugarsto break down sugars COCO22 released released into into
atmosphereatmosphere
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III. Carbon CycleIII. Carbon Cycle
2. 2. CombustionCombustion Fossil fuels & wood burned Fossil fuels & wood burned
CO (carbon monoxide) released CO (carbon monoxide) released to to atmosphereatmosphere
Factory & Auto emissions release Factory & Auto emissions release CO to CO to atmosphereatmosphere
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III. Carbon CycleIII. Carbon Cycle4. Decomposition of waste and dead 4. Decomposition of waste and dead
materialsmaterials Some dead organisms become fossil fuelsSome dead organisms become fossil fuels Some dead organisms and waste decay, Some dead organisms and waste decay,
returning nutrients to the soilreturning nutrients to the soil Erosion – Erosion –
– CaCOCaCO22 from shells from shells
returned to system returned to system as sediment as sediment – Shelled organisms dieShelled organisms die– Sediment returns C to ecosystem by erosion Sediment returns C to ecosystem by erosion
(wind & water)(wind & water)
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III. Carbon CycleIII. Carbon Cycle
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IV. Nitrogen CycleIV. Nitrogen Cycle
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IV. Nitrogen CycleIV. Nitrogen Cycle
A.A. General informationGeneral information
1. N needed to make proteins1. N needed to make proteins
Proteins = large molecules Proteins = large molecules that that perform almost all perform almost all of living of living organisms’ vital organisms’ vital f(x)s f(x)s (functions)(functions)
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IV. Nitrogen CycleIV. Nitrogen Cycle
2. N hard to convert into a form 2. N hard to convert into a form
usable by plantsusable by plants
3. Most steps of N cycle occur in the 3. Most steps of N cycle occur in the soilsoil
4. Bacteria very important to the N 4. Bacteria very important to the N cyclecycle
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IV. Nitrogen CycleIV. Nitrogen Cycle
B. Steps of the N cycleB. Steps of the N cycle
1. 1. Nitrogen fixationNitrogen fixation
Bacteria work with Bacteria work with
legumeslegumes
(peas, beans, peanuts)(peas, beans, peanuts)
to take Nto take N22 from atmosphere, from atmosphere,
put it into the soilput it into the soil
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IV. Nitrogen CycleIV. Nitrogen Cycle2. 2. AmmonificationAmmonification
Animals & plants Animals & plants deposit deposit
nitrogenous nitrogenous wastewaste
DecomposersDecomposers (bacteria & fungi) (bacteria & fungi)
convert convert organic Norganic N(proteins) to (proteins) to ammonia (NHammonia (NH33) )
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IV. Nitrogen CycleIV. Nitrogen Cycle3. 3. NitrificationNitrification
Another kind of bacteria convert Another kind of bacteria convert nitrogen compoundsnitrogen compounds
NHNH3 3 → → NHNH44 + + →→ NONO22- - + NO+ NO33
--
4. 4. DenitrificationDenitrification
Another kind of bacteria Another kind of bacteria
convert nitrites and nitratesconvert nitrites and nitrates
to nitrogen gasto nitrogen gas
NONO22- - + NO+ NO33
- - →→ NN22
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IV. Nitrogen CycleIV. Nitrogen Cycle
5. 5. Assimilation-Assimilation- the absorption the absorption
and incorporation of and incorporation of
Nitrogen into plant and Nitrogen into plant and
animal compounds animal compounds
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IV. Nitrogen CycleIV. Nitrogen Cycle