Biennial Report2015/16
Commited to supporting private and public interventions for rural developmentCentre for Rural Development Studies
Biennial Report2015/16
Centre of RuralDevelopment StudiesSAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA · SEPTEMBER 2017
Centre of Rural Development Studies (CDR)
120 mts. South of Machu Picchu Restaurant.San Pedro de Montes de OcaSan José, Costa Rica
P.O. BOX 2031-2050Tels.: +506 2224 1990 | +506 2283 1062Fax: +506 2283 [email protected]
Layout and cover design:
Fidel de [email protected]
Contents
Preface 5
Introduction 7
The Transition Towards Renewable Energy in the CDR Office 9
Organization and Personnel 10
Achievements in 2015-2016 11
Execution by Country and Theme 14
Audit 14
Annex 1: Consultant-Researchers 16
Annex 2: Projects in 2015 20
Anexo 3: Projects in 2016 27
Alejandro PachecoProfessional friend and printing specialist.
Passed away in 2016.
5
Preface
The Foundation CDR (Rural Development Consult, according to its official name) was created in 1989 in order to contribute to the development of the region through research, knowledge generation and reflec-tion.
With twenty-eight years of experience, more than six hundred projects executed and a network of over twenty consultants and researchers, CDR is now fir-mly rooted in Central America, the Caribbean and the Andean Region, working in different areas of rural development.
The CDR team, as from 2017 integrated by six con-sultant-researchers, operates mainly from its offices in San José, Costa Rica, and four other countries in Central America, Europe and the Caribbean. It is also supported by other consultants who operate from different countries around the world. This highlights the adaptability of the Foundation and its flexibility to achieve its objectives, and reflects that over its track record, it has grown in terms of the number of pro-jects carried out, linkages, networks, methods and methods to communicate its findings.
In 2015 and 2016, CDR’s experiences, as well as its learnings, have been varied. It has pro-gressively increased the number of value chains, sectors and countries of interest analysed. Its activities show an ever closer convergence of the local development with economic and social trends in the wider Western Hemisphere. The methods of investigation have beco-me technically more elaborate, and adapted to the globalization of the knowledge. CDR’s challenge at this time is to strike a balance between consulting assignments and academic research in a geographical area covering Central America, the Andean Region and the Cari-bbean.
The Foundation strives to remain independent of the specific interests of donor agencies, as well as the institutions receiving its counselling and services. This has made it possible to improve the quality of its research results and also the cooperation policies. Research and
CDR continues to have its view
set to the future, with a solid
base of twenty-seven years of
evaluations, assessments,
projects and built
experiences
6
advice converge in such a way that establishing an appropriate institutional environment is the key to success in development efforts.
CDR continues to have its view set to the future, with a solid base of twenty-seven years of evaluations, assessments, projects and built experiences, and is committed to continue offe-ring a balanced range of reflection and programming services for the coming years. Its loca-tion, experience and multidisciplinary approach form the basis for serving the public interest.
There is a constant need to support public and private intervention with knowledge based on field research and professional autonomy. This is what defines our operational agenda, on the road to an equitable and fair development process.
We invite you to discover more about the CDR Foundation, its work and its interests. We look forward to contributing to you and your organization in the near future.
The CDR Team
7
Introduction
CDR is an international foundation established in 1989 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and has been working independently since 2006. It has mostly operated from San Jose, Costa Rica, as the basis for all of its activities in Central America. It also conducts research and pro-vides advice in Caribbean and South American countries.
It also maintains partnerships with several research institutions, including universities in The Netherlands, as well as consulting and research firms in Europe, Central America and the Caribbean.
CDR’s consultancy services are based on extensive applied research, combining microeco-nomic studies with sectorial and macroeconomic analysis.
During the last decade, the work of the CDR has focused mainly on the following areas:
• Evaluation of direct and indirect effects of specific programmes and interventions.
• Research in rural production chains, marketing patterns and support to micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises.
• Evaluation of adapted financial services policies, specifically directed to MSMEs.
• Monitoring of sustainable development programmes, with emphasis on territorial dy-namics and equity.
• Implementation of public infrastructure (re) construction and urban planning projects.
Over the years, the gender focus has been integrated into development. This is reflected in CDR’s contributions to a service market that facilitates economic and social development in the region.
The Foundation’s current strength lies in the depth, specificity and flexibility of the com-mitments entrusted to it by bilateral and multilateral institutions. Its work aims at alleviating concerns about the scope and effects of development policies, through analytical and advi-sory methods in line with the needs of development actors. The goal is to create additional capacity, both in target groups and agencies.
With this biennial report, the reader is invited to learn more about the work of the CDR, its achievements and challenges in the last two years (2015-2016), and in particular about its contributions to the region’s development. After that, a description is given of the organiza-tion and its team of consultants, and the achievements of the last two years. In annex, details are provided on projects implemented in 2015 and 2016.
8
9
The Transition Towards Renewa-ble Energy in the CDR Office
In December 2016, the project of a photoelectric system was implemented at the CDR building in San Pedro Montes de Oca, San José. A total of ten panels, with a capacity of 3.2 kW, were installed on the roof at the beginning of the month, followed by a final inspection and authorization by the National Power and Light Company (CNFL). Since May 2016, new regulation is in force in Costa Rica, allowing households and individual companies to generate electricity and connect to the grid. This means that the consumer units can inject solar energy gene-rated in excess during the day, to consume it later, when there is no sunlight.
The system was installed by the company Purasol S.A., which was selected in a tender process which took into account parameters like equipment and installation cost, flexibility in case of a change in the scale of the system, as well as the cost of maintenance of the equipment. Purasol presented the most favourable offer, in the sense that its panels -of the model Canadian Solar 320- come with individual micro-inverters. This facilitates the detection of faults in individual panels and contributes to the computerized remote monitoring of the system. The cost of system mainte-nance is limited to only one revision per year.
First experience with the system is generally positive. In the first months of operation it genera-ted energy in the order of 400 KWh. The monthly cost of electricity has been reduced by more than 75%, which would allow to recover the investment in approximately ten years.
The system was commissioned in December 2016, with a gathering held in the presence of professional friends and neighbours. It was attended by representatives of the municipality of Montes de Oca, the Embassy of the Netherlands and neighbour associations active in different sectors. There was also the presence of the painter Ank Draijer, who gave an account of her recent works, with solar energy as a central theme of inspiration in at least two of her works. One of these is now present in the CDR’s office, while the other has been donated to the com-munity of Montes de Oca, represented by the district mayor’s office. The speeches given at the event are now at www.cdr.or.cr.
The monthly cost of electricity has
been reduced by more than
75%, which would allow to recover the investment
in approximately ten years
10
Organization and Personnel
Board of Directors2
The Foundation’s board of directors meets regularly in the Netherlands or Belgium, often twice a year. Since 2017, its members are:
Consultant-Researchers and Assistants
DR maintains an internal organization with direct lines of communication in accordance with its size. Since 2015 its team has six members, some residing in San José, Costa Rica. The office is under the direction of Hans Nusselder. The researcher-consultants are: Angelica Ra-mirez, Stervins Alexis, Alejandro Uriza and Paul Cloesen. Ariana Araujo and Adolfo Córdoba were team members during both years, resp. in 2015. Rosa León Conejo and Melanny Zúñiga Araya provided support in a number of studies in Costa Rica on “Financial Services for Sus-tainable Agriculture” (SEFAS), and the “Water Supply Management Associations (ASADAS)”, projects carried out in 2015-16.
The administrative team is made up of Esther Laureano, who serves as a general services assistant and Marta Valenzuela, secretary and bookkeeper.
Douglas Sánchez Fieuyean supports the team in the field of information technology. Martha Müller provided support in reviewing evaluation reports.
The team is further complemented by a group of associate consultants, including Melvin Ed-wards, Iris Villalobos, Milan Baez and Andrea Peña. They collaborated in the preparation and execution of projects over the two years.
1 Jos Vaessen ended his function as secretary of the Board in 2016.
Ruud Lambregts, President. Sociologist, former international programme manager at Oxfam-Novib.
�Rosien Herweijer, Treasurer. Economist, independent consultant.
Secretary. Vacant.1
Maja Haanskorf, Member. Journalist, editor-in-chief of the Dutch magazi-ne La Chispa.
�Marieke de Ruijter de Wildt, Member. Agro-economist, director of Agriplace, Amsterdam.
11
Achievements in 2015-2016
During the period, a number of projects which were innovative by methodology, thematic, geographical coverage or a combination of these aspects.
ASADAS
A first achievement has been the implementation of two consecutive studies in Costa Rica, con-tracted by UNDP, on the functioning of the Water Supply Management Associations (ASADAS), of which about 1,500 operate in the country. In a first phase in 2015, more than 300 ASADAS in the north of the country were surveyed in terms of organi-zation, administrative and financial management, service coverage, potential and operational bott-lenecks. Co-ordinated by CDR’s team, a group of ten interviewers visited the communities to collect the information in survey whose methodology allowed data to be uploaded online (cloud-based). The analysis provided both the UNDP and the na-tional autonomous institute for water supply and sewerage (AyA) with a broad and in-depth diagnosis of the environment and the factors that affect the performance of ASADAS in northern Costa Rica.
A second stage of the study was carried out in 2016 on 112 ASADAS, also in the north and nor-theast, which were visited by enumerators and also georeferenced by specialized. The work was carried out in close collaboration with AyA, based on a standardized questionnaire that will continue to be used in future studies in other parts of the country.
The resulting diagnosis is important in two ways: it does not only respond to the demand for information at the national level, regarding governance, and at the local level, on the adminis-tration of ASADAS, but it also contributes to the formulation of future public policies in the light of climate change. The importance of relevant and up-to-date information was confirmed at the end of November 2016, when Hurricane Otto seriously affected a total of 54 ASADAS whose infrastructures were damaged. The first hurricane so devastating in the history of the country explains the interest of the actors responsible for the water service in monitoring the ASADAS throughout Costa Rica.
More than 300 ASADAS were
surveyed in terms of organization, administrative
and financial management
12
Health Control Dashboard
A second achievement has been the dissemination of management tools for the monitoring of grants funded by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. The Global Fund partnership mobilizes and invests about $ 4 billion a year to fund programs that are executed by local experts in the countries and communities most in need. One of the tools installed in the Dominican Republic, Mozambique and Nicaragua, is the Principal Recipient (PR) Das-hboard. It is a tool to show the most important information managers and decision-makers need to monitor progress toward the objectives of the Global Fund-supported grants.
By using data from the dashboard, which consolidates key management indicators, users can identify a series of problems and bottlenecks in programme implementation. Managers and other executives of the PR, the Country Coordinating Mechanism (CCM) and the Sub-re-cipients (SR) can then take corrective action to improve grant performance. This way, the dashboard guides the analysis by PRs of their own performance and hence gives them an opportunity to detect problems in the use of the subsidy. In this way they can quickly adopt measures to make relevant corrections, based on a quarterly follow-up.
13
Study of Caribbean SMEs
In 2015 and 2016, a study was carried out on the medium-sized, small and micro-enterprises in twelve Caribbean islands. Never before an investigation of SMEs in the Caribbean had been conducted in a framework that compared between the English-, French- and Dutch or Papiamento-speaking islands. At the request of the Competitiveness of Enterprise and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Programme (EU-COSME), CDR was performed a profile and performance survey of nearly 900 enterprises on the islands covered by the programme. As a result, data are now available on recent levels of sales, employment, enterprise manage-ment, and access to financial services, electricity and water consumption, waste manage-ment and the interest of the owner in making use of training and advisory services.
The study on Caribbean SMEs also covered the role of Business Support Organizations (BSO). Most are business associations, founded by entrepreneurs under their own responsibility. However, particularly in the Dutch Caribbean, the Chambers of Commerce play a unifying role and promote the SME sector by virtue of national legislation which enables them to take the lead in service and support actions. The BSO component was implemented using a performance assessment tool, which captures the entity’s assessment of governance, ma-nagement, service delivery, and attention for environmental and climate change challenges.
The study results reveal, firstly, the enormous variety of activities carried out by SMEs, often in direct relation with the tourism sector, which dominates the region’s economy. At the same time, the typical SME operates on a modest scale, 60% of businesses having only three or fewer employees (the owner included) and report gross sales of less than USD 60,000.
Financial Services for Sustainable Agriculture (SEFAS)
The SEFAS programme continued its agenda in 2016, despite no longer receiving resources from the Dutch agency HIVOS. With the support of Root Capital, a new project was implemented to link groups of producers and financial institutions in Central America. Within this framework, tech-nical assistance was provided to financial entities in the development of financial services adap-ted to the needs of the rural agricultural sector in the region.
In Guatemala, working alliances were created with the National Coffee Association (ANACAFE) and the Foundation FUNDASISTEMAS to promote access to credit for small groups of coffee pro-ducts. This resulted in the drafting of a Practical Guide for financial institutions on how to operate in the rural finance market in coordination with Root Capital and sponsored by the IDB-FOMIN.
In general, SEFAS has developed a “package” of services to provide technical support, training and tools to (micro-) financial institutions as well as producer groups, marketing platforms or en-tities specializing in advisory services to producer groups. In this way, it is sought to expand small rural enterprises’ access to financial services.
Reconstruction of Léogâne, Haití
After the January 2010 earthquake in Haiti, the “Programme to Support the Reconstruction of the Municipality of Léogâne” (RELEO) was launched. It aimed to respond to the emergency
14
following the catastrophe that left thousands of victims and widespread material damage. In Léogâne the rubble of the destroyed houses was removed to improve the urban roads. Wor-ks to clean drainage and irrigation channels and street cleaning was performed. Twenty-one projects for the reconstruction of public services, such as municipal police commissaries, a cultural centre with a library, primary schools, a high school and the construction of the municipal park were launched under the RELEO Program. All projects were completed suc-cessfully. RELEO also allowed to strengthen fifteen municipal councils, eleven infrastructure maintenance committees and eighty schools with a teaching capacity and facilities for 4,500 students. All these activities have contributed to an improved spatial public infrastructure after the emergency in Léogâne.
Execution by Country and Theme
CDR’s work during 2015 and 2016 focused on a wide range of research activities, evaluations and project advisory services. Figure 1 shows projects carried out in each of the years by country and region. The execution of projects at regional level in this period is maintained, especially with projects in Central America and at a regional level.
During the period 2015-16, the proportion of work requests with European and North American funding represented more than half of the cases. Important customers were the European Union (delegations in Central America and the Caribbean), the German bank KfW, as well as Root Ca-pital and Grant Management Solutions (both from Massachusetts, USA). In Costa Rica, UNDP was confirmed as a significant client in both years. A new client in Costa Rica was Banco Popular, keenly interested in strengthening the production infrastructure of the country’s rural sector.
Clients of Belgian and Dutch bilateral cooperation operate mainly through the non-govern-mental sector, such as the Federation of Development Cooperation NGOs (ACODEV/NGO Fe-deratie) in Belgium, and the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy and HIVOS. With these three agencies, CDR was able to work with actors in a variety of countries, which is part of its strategy, aiming at exchange of views and strategies between countries and sectors.
As for projects in a single country, unlike previous periods in which the number of projects in Nicaragua was important, in this period more projects were developed in Costa Rica and Haiti. In both cases with more projects in 2015 than in 2016.
Regarding the thematic areas covered, as in the previous period, the importance of Program-ming, Monitoring and Evaluation projects is maintained. For the period 2015-2016, there is an increase in projects in Markets and Value Chains (specifically in 2015) and projects in the sectors of Environment and Natural Resources in 2016. The latter theme stands out with the projects related to the management of rural water supply, developed in Costa Rica.
Audit
The financial statements for 2015 and 2016 were audited in accordance with generally ac-cepted accounting principles. The external audits in Costa Rica were carried out by Lic. Is-mael Acosta (CPA 3115) for the year 2015, followed by Lic. Abraham Vargas who completed the exercise over 2016.
15
Figure 1. Number of Projects Implemented by CDR per Country/Region (2015-2016)
Figure 2. Number of Projects Implemented by CDR per Theme (2015-2016)
Transcontinental
South America
Latin America
Caribbean
Central America
Ecuador
Mexico
Haiti
Nicaragua
Honduras
Guatemala
Costa Rica
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2015 2016
Environment & Natural Resources
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2015 2016
8 9 10
Human Development
Markets &Value Chains
Programming, Monitoring & Evaluation
Finance & Management
16
Annexes
Annex 1. Consultant-Researchers
Core Staff
Hans Nusselder
MSc. Hans Nusselder (1957) was trained in both eco¬nomics and non-western sociology at the Vrije Univer¬siteit, Amsterdam. He joined CDR after carrying out research in Southeast Asia and working with several international organisations in Latin America, West Af¬rica and the Netherlands. His areas of specialization include formulation of programmes for produc-tive and human development, training and institutional support to producer organisations and international trade; the strengthening of financial structures in Cen¬tral America and the Caribbean; analysis and policy formulation on the private sector, civil society and sustainable development of international border areas supported by technical cooperation and local ins-titu¬tions. He is currently involved in the analysis of non-bank financial sector development in Latin Ameri¬ca and Africa, as well as impact studies, agro-commercialisation and formu-lation of regional development assistance programmes.
Paul Cloesen
MSC. Henri-Paul Cloesen (1959) is an agronomist (Plant management; tropical and subtro-pical crops) graduated from the University of Leuven, Belgium. He has broad experience in Management, Monitoring and Evaluation of Cooperation projects in agriculture and rural de-velopment in general. He worked on Economic Diversification, Agricultural Marketing, Rural Finance, SME Support, Information Systems, Emergency preparation, Biodiversity Conserva-tion and Environmental Protection. He also provided administrative and accounting support to rural Producers’ Associations. His work covers a wide range of tropical food and industrial crops, including the respective agro-industries, where he performed economic, social and environmental feasibility studies. He served as a consultant in various programs of bilateral and multilateral cooperation as well as for several NGOs.
Angelica Beatriz Ramírez Pineda
Ing. Angelica Beatriz Ramirez Pineda (1983) obtained a degree in Socioeconomic Development and Environment at the Pan American Agricultural School, Zamorano in Honduras. She has worked on projects related to microfinance and socio-economic monitoring in Central Ameri-
17
ca, mainly developing research tools, collecting field information, performing statistical analyses and systematizations. Angelica has experience in designing projects for product diversification in the area of exports, as well as development of value chains and management of alliances. She has executed various missions in Latin America for the CBI, an agency of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. She has more than five years’ experience working with MSMEs in Latin America and has worked as a trainer in capacity building programmes to promote exports for nearly three years. She also has experience in building market information tools such as sector studies, product research and export guidelines.
Stervins Alexis
Dr. Stervins Alexis (1967), a Civil Engineer from the Institut Supérieur Technique d’Haiti, ob-tained his Ph.D. degree in Global Change and Sustainable Development from the University Alcalá de Henares in Madrid. He has fifteen years of experience in formulation, management and monitoring of plans, programmes and projects in regional, local and rural development, social infrastructure, natural resource management and support to organisation building. He specialised in local development processes, natural resource management, risk prevention and management, and disaster relief. These areas include assignments in hydrographic basin and territorial planning, research in tropical ecosystems and assessment of natural and an-thropogenic impact. He studied the effects of climate change, pollution and habitat fragmen-tation in the course of long-term consultancies and research in various Caribbean countries.
Alejandro Uriza
Lic. Alejandro Uriza (1977) studied Agricultural Economics at the National University of Ni-caragua (UNAN), subsequently specialising in Marketing and Publicity at the Technological Institute of Monterrey and the American University in Nicaragua. He has more than ten years of experience in various fields such as formulation and evaluation of regional, national and community projects in rural areas, development of business plans, quantitative and in-dep-th evaluations at community level, technical assistance and training for organizations and businesses. He worked with Zamorano University in studies on the environmental impact of pesticides and post-Mitch projects of USAID. For five years he has served as head of commu-nications for the Federation Red NicaSalud, being in charge of a communications and tech-nical assistance program to 29 national and international organizations with community work in the country. In recent years he performed a series of consultancies for project evaluations and programs at national and regional levels and advised on the development of business plans, financial sustainability strategies and marketing plans.
Associate Consultants
Ariana Araujo Resenterra
Msc. Ariana Araujo Resenterra (1981) is an anthropologist from the University of Costa Rica and she obtained her master’s degree in Development Studies with a specialization in Local and Regional Development from the Institute of Social Studies in The Hague (ISS). She has ample knowledge and professional experience in the field of local and regional development, natural resource management, gender, agriculture, and in the formulation, implementation
18
and evaluation of projects. Her professional experience also includes the analysis of develo-pment policy and programs financed by international cooperation or governments. She has become specialized in action-research processes using participatory methodologies with diverse social groups and organizations in the context of the Central American region.
Milán Baez
Milán Báez (1975) obtained his degree as an economist (Universidad Nacional), MBA, with specialization in finance from the Technological Institute of Costa Rica. His record includes 15 years of professional experience, of which 11 years in the financial sector as a senior corpora-te analyst with various banking institutions in the financial sector. He has a long track record in due diligence assessments for financial institutions, in structuring operations within the SME sector and larger sized corporations. Over the last years, he has worked in financial training programmes as well as in linking training to financial services offered to small farmer organi-zations, microfinance institutions as well as banks in the Central American region.
Arie Sanders
Ir. Arie Sanders (1966) is an agro-economist trained at Wageningen Agricultural University. He made a solid trajectory in the CDR, with a combination of applied academic research and su-pport for evaluation programs and missions in Central America. His areas of expertise include the financial sustainability of rural financial intermediaries, the impact of credit at the level of the rural producer family and the interacting models of credit, production, and migration in several Central American countries. His geographical experience as a consultant covers the Central American Isthmus, the Caribbean, the Andes and the Southern Cone of Latin Ame-rica, enriched by assignments sponsored by various multilateral organizations. He currently works for the Zamorano University, Honduras.
Iris Villalobos
Lic. Iris Villalobos (1956) graduated in Business Administration from the Universidad Nacional of Costa Rica. She is an advanced specialist in financial education in Central America, linked for over fifteen years to the development of numerous financial intermediaries in the region, has assumed financial management responsibilities and conducted external appraisal and evaluation missions. She possesses an integral knowledge of sophisticated appraisal techni-ques accumulated during her work with various financial institutions, providing training and advice during their process of incorporation into the formal financial sector. Recently she has been involved in the formulation of financial business plans and evaluation of the credit com-ponents of NGOs and multilateral development programmes.
Koen Voorend
MSc. Koen Voorend (1981) holds a master’s degree in International Economics Studies from the University of Maastricht, The Netherlands, and a Masters in Development Studies, spe-cializing in Development Economics from the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague. He has experience in the study of trade and its economic impact in developing countries, specifi-cally in South Africa and Central America. He has worked on rural development issues in countries in transition, mostly in the Caucasus and Central Asia and has experience in urban
19
development studies, particularly with a focus on the development of informal settlements and labour market studies, specifically on paid domestic work. Currently he holds a position as researcher at the Institute of Social Research at the University of Costa Rica, and is spe-cializing in the study of welfare, gender, labour markets, trade and economic policies and participates as lecturer of the School of Communication of the University of Costa Rica.
Gustavo Novillo
Ing. Gustavo Novillo (1961) is a commercial engineer with a specialization in Marketing obtained in Machala, Ecuador. As a specialized professional, he has experience and vision for sustaina-ble development, which is reflected in a career marked by leadership skills and experiences in development management, strategic planning, management of various NGOs, specialized consultancies and management of public and private programmes and projects. He has the capacity to propose alternatives and to apply solutions for the achievement of sustainable de-velopment. Mr. Novillo features a history of timely delivery, efficiency and effectiveness in large projects, both for participating groups and funding organizations. He has also directed and coor-dinated multidisciplinary teams.
Andrea Peña
Dr. Andrea Peña de Alexis (1966) is an agronomist from the Autonomous University of Santo Domingo. She holds a Ph.D. in Environment and Quality of Life of the University of the Bas-que Country, Spain, and has twenty years of experience with sustainable development and environmental education in local communities. She has also conducted research on forest ecology, especially in tropical forests and natural resource management in the biosphere of the Dominican Republic (clean energy generation) and has experience in environmental management, particularly in environmental and social auditing. Her specialization is in the coordination, execution, monitoring and monitoring of projects - especially bi-national - in the transboundary region with Haiti, covering management of watersheds and environmen-tal impact. At present, she teaches at universities in Spain and the Dominican Republic on topics such as ecology and restoration of ecosystems.
20
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t d
eca
de
.
UE
-NIR
AS
15-0
3P
ME
Re
con
stru
ctio
n o
f Lé
og
âne
Ste
rvin
s A
lexi
s, F
ina
l Rep
ort
HA
IJa
n.-
May
20
15T
his
mis
sio
n p
rovi
de
d s
up
po
rt to
the
reg
iona
l offi
ce o
f FA
ES
und
er
the
REL
EO p
rog
ram
me,
fina
nce
d b
y K
fW: T
ech
nica
l rev
iew
and
ap
pro
val o
f ten
der
s u
p to
US
$ 1
00
,00
0, m
oni
torin
g th
e im
ple
-m
enta
tion
of w
ork
s an
d c
oo
rdin
atio
n of
sp
eci
aliz
ed
ser
vice
s.
Ver
ifica
tion
of te
nder
s ab
ove
$ 1
00
,00
0 a
nd fo
llow
-up
of t
he N
o
Ob
ject
ion
pro
cess
. Qua
lity
cont
rol a
nd v
erifi
catio
n of
co
mp
lianc
e
with
reg
ulat
ions
, inc
lud
ing
sei
smic
resi
stan
ce. S
up
po
rt to
the
Mu-
nici
pal
ity a
nd c
oo
rdin
atio
n w
ith o
ther
act
ors
in th
e re
cons
truc
tion
of
Lé
og
âne.
KfW
15-0
4F
IGTe
chn
ical
ass
ista
nce
to
SH
AR
E
No
pub
lica
tion
GU
AJa
n.-
Feb
. 20
15S
HA
RE
is a
dev
elo
pm
ent
org
aniz
atio
n w
ork
ing
on
cre
atin
g
op
po
rtu
nitie
s in
ed
uca
tion
in h
eal
th, n
utrit
ion,
ag
ricu
ltura
l pro
du
c-tio
n, a
dm
inis
trat
ion
and
fina
nce,
with
a fo
cus
on
sust
aina
bili
ty, i
n
the
mo
st v
uln
era
ble
are
as o
f Gu
ate
mal
a. In
ad
diti
on,
the
org
ani-
zatio
n p
rovi
des
fina
ncia
l se
rvic
es to
var
iou
s se
cto
rs. S
EFA
S-C
DR
su
pp
ort
ed
the
mar
ket s
tud
y an
d d
esig
n of
a fi
nanc
ial p
rod
uct
for
smal
l gro
up
s of
ve
get
able
pro
du
cers
in w
este
rn G
uat
em
ala.
Hiv
os/
SE
FAS
*Th
emes
: PM
E: P
lan
nin
g, M
on
itori
ng
an
d E
valu
atio
n; M
CV
: Mar
kets
an
d V
alu
e C
hai
ns;
MR
N: E
nviro
nm
en
t an
d N
atu
ral R
eso
urc
es;
FIG
: Fin
ance
s; D
HU
: Hu
man
De
velo
pm
en
t.+C
ou
ntr
ies:
CR
: Co
sta
Ric
a; H
ON
: Ho
nd
ura
s; H
AI:
Hai
tí; G
UA
: Gu
ate
mal
a; C
A: C
en
tral
Am
eri
ca; E
CU
: Ecu
ado
r; M
UN
: Wo
rld
; SL
E: S
ierr
a L
eo
na;
RP
: Do
min
ican
Re
pu
blic
; AL
: Lat
in A
me
-ri
ca; N
IC: N
icar
agu
a; C
OL
: Co
lom
bia
; MO
Z: M
oza
mb
iqu
e; C
AR
: Car
ibb
ean
; ME
X: M
exi
co.
21
No
Them
e* Ti
tle
& Re
por
t(s)
Ctr
y.+
Dat
eSu
mm
ary
Clie
nt15
-05
MC
VFo
rmu
latio
n o
f th
e
PR
OC
AG
ICA
pro
gra
mm
e
Ha
ns N
usse
lder
y M
aur
o M
inel
li, In
sum
os p
ara
el
Do
cum
ento
de
Acc
ión
y la
s D
isp
osic
ione
s Té
cnic
as
y A
dm
inis
tra
tiva
s d
el P
rog
ra-
ma
de
Co
mb
ate
Inte
gra
l de
la R
oya
en
Cen
tro
am
éric
a
y el
Ca
ribe
(PR
OC
AG
ICA
). S
an
José
/M
ana
gua
, 3/1
5.
CA
Jan
.-M
ar.
2015
Th
e s
pre
ad o
f co
ffee
ru
st (H
em
ileia
vas
tatr
ix) i
n C
ent
ral A
me
-ri
ca a
nd
th
e C
arib
be
an d
urin
g 2
010
-13
bru
tally
str
uck
in t
he
e
con
om
y o
f th
ou
san
ds
of
smal
l pro
du
cers
in t
he
re
gio
n. B
eh
ind
th
is p
he
no
me
no
n t
he
re a
re t
ren
ds
of
loss
of
qu
ality
an
d c
om
-p
etit
ive
ne
ss o
f th
e c
offe
e p
lant
atio
ns,
so
a c
on
cert
ed
re
spo
n-
se in
th
e C
arib
be
an b
asin
is r
eq
uire
d. T
he
Eu
rop
ean
Un
ion
is
com
mitt
ed
to
a s
trat
eg
y o
f ap
plie
d r
ese
arch
, a r
eg
ion
al e
arly
w
arn
ing
sys
tem
, re
nov
atio
n o
f co
ffee
pla
ntat
ion
s, t
ech
nic
al e
x-te
nsi
on
an
d c
oo
rdin
ate
d s
ect
ora
l po
licie
s in
a n
ew p
rog
ram
me
u
ntil
2020
. Th
is p
rog
ram
me
will
pro
mo
te t
he
re
spo
nsi
ven
ess
of
farm
ers
in 3
foca
l bo
rde
r ar
eas
.
UE
-Ge
o-
test
15-0
6D
HU
Man
age
me
nt D
ash
bo
ard
E
cuad
or
No
pub
lica
tion
EC
UFe
b. 2
015
Th
e G
lob
al F
un
d to
fig
ht A
IDS
, tu
be
rcu
losi
s an
d m
alar
ia, i
nve
s-tin
g a
bo
ut U
S $
4,0
00
mill
ion
a ye
ar u
nd
er
a n
ew fu
nd
ing
mo
de
l, re
qu
ires
that
th
e C
ou
ntry
Co
ord
inat
ing
Me
chan
ism
s (C
CM
) me
et
req
uire
me
nts,
incl
ud
ing
go
od
gov
ern
ance
pra
ctic
es.
Fo
r e
ach
re
cip
ient
, elig
ibili
ty, p
erf
orm
ance
an
d fu
nct
ion
ality
we
re a
sse
s-se
d a
nd
a d
iag
no
sis
was
mad
e to
faci
litat
e s
elf-
asse
ssm
ent
.
Fon
do
M
un
dia
l
15-0
7M
CV
Su
rvey
of p
rofe
ssio
nal c
a-ca
o p
lant
atio
ns w
orld
wid
e
Paul
Clo
esen
, Inq
uiry
am
ong
p
rofe
ssio
nal c
aca
o p
lant
a-tio
ns w
orld
wid
e. A
gro
nom
y,
soci
al i
ssue
s a
nd la
nd te
nu-
re.
Ha
rdm
an
Ag
ribus
ines
s,
Lond
on, S
epte
mb
er 2
015.
MU
NJa
n.-
Oct
. 20
15C
oco
a is
a t
ypic
al p
rod
uct
of
smal
l far
me
rs, m
ain
ly in
Afr
ica.
T
hey
pro
vid
e m
ore
th
an 9
5% o
f w
orl
d p
rod
uct
ion
. In
spire
d b
y fe
ars
that
th
is p
rod
uct
ion
mo
de
l will
no
t b
e a
ble
to
su
stai
nab
ly
sup
ply
gro
win
g d
em
and
, esp
eci
ally
fro
m A
sia,
th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
se
gm
ent
of
the
ind
ust
ry w
as s
tud
ied
th
rou
gh
ou
t th
e w
orl
d. T
he
la
rge
st n
um
be
r o
f la
rge
pla
ntat
ion
s w
as fo
un
d in
Bra
zil,
bu
t th
e
cent
er
of
the
pro
fess
ion
al d
eve
lop
me
nt o
f th
e c
rop
ap
pe
ars
to
be
in E
cuad
or.
Har
dm
an
& C
o.
15-0
8D
HU
Ru
ral w
ate
r su
pp
ly a
nd
sa
nita
tion
se
rvic
es
Ang
élic
a R
am
írez,
Ad
olfo
C
órd
ob
a, R
osa
Leó
n a
nd
Mel
ann
y Zú
nig
a, “
Info
r-m
e fin
al s
ob
re e
l Cen
so a
la
s A
SA
DA
S d
e la
reg
ión
Cho
rote
ga
y H
ueta
r N
ort
e”,
Nov
. 201
5.
CR
Mar
.-N
ov.
2015
The
role
of t
he c
om
mu
nal a
sso
ciat
ions
of w
ate
r su
pp
ly a
nd s
ani-
tatio
n (A
SA
DA
S) i
n C
ost
a R
ica
is p
aram
ou
nt in
the
man
age
me
nt
of w
ate
r in
rura
l are
as.
In th
e fr
amew
ork
of t
he p
rog
ram
me
to
stre
ngth
en
AS
AD
AS
in th
e fa
ce o
f clim
ate
chan
ge
in c
om
mu
nitie
s w
ith w
ate
r sho
rtag
es in
the
No
rth
of th
e co
unt
ry, 3
07 A
SA
DA
S
in 1
0 m
uni
cip
aliti
es w
ere
cha
ract
eriz
ed
. In
a la
rge
num
be
r of
AS
AD
AS
, an
ade
qu
ate
man
age
me
nt w
as p
erc
eiv
ed
, and
a s
mal
l nu
mb
er w
ith ri
sks
of w
ate
r ava
ilab
ility
.
PN
UD
22
No
Them
e* Ti
tle
& Re
por
t(s)
Ctr
y.+
Dat
eSu
mm
ary
Clie
nt15
-09
MC
VEv
alu
atio
n o
f o
il p
alm
p
lant
atio
ns
Pa
ul C
loes
en, E
valu
atio
n of
th
e S
ierr
a L
eone
Ag
ricul
tu-
re p
roje
ct, P
ort
Lo
ko, S
ierr
a
Leo
ne, M
arc
h 20
15.
SL
EM
ar. 2
015
Sie
rra
Leo
ne'
s cl
imat
e is
no
t o
ptim
al fo
r th
e d
eve
lop
me
nt o
f o
il p
alm
du
e t
o a
pro
no
un
ced
dry
se
aso
n. A
gro
no
mic
po
tent
ial o
f th
e s
ite a
nd
man
age
me
nt w
ere
eva
luat
ed
in a
pro
po
sed
dev
e-
lop
me
nt o
f 40
,00
0 h
ect
are
s o
f o
il p
alm
ne
ar P
ort
Lo
ko, c
ulm
i-n
atin
g in
a r
eas
on
ed
est
imat
e o
f p
ote
ntia
l yie
ld .
SL
A
15-1
0P
ME
Su
pe
rvis
ion
of
the
co
nst
ruct
ion
of
sch
oo
ls
Ste
rvin
s A
lexi
s,
Fina
l Rep
ort
HA
IJa
n.-
Se
pt.
2015
As
a p
art o
f its
pro
gra
mm
e to
su
pp
ort
the
rest
ruct
urin
g o
f the
e
du
catio
n se
cto
r, fin
ance
d b
y th
e IA
DB
, the
Fu
nd fo
r Te
chni
cal
and
So
cial
Ass
ista
nce
(FA
ES
) bu
ilt 3
7 sc
hoo
ls in
5 d
ep
artm
ent
s of
the
cou
ntry
. T
hese
pro
ject
s, im
ple
me
nte
d b
y a
Hai
tian
and
a
Sp
anis
h fir
m, e
mp
loyi
ng a
tota
l of 1
9 ci
vil e
ngin
ee
rs, a
re s
up
erv
i-se
d b
y H
ydro
pla
n.
Thi
s m
issi
on
coo
rdin
ate
d th
e ac
tiviti
es, v
erifi
ed
th
e q
ual
ity o
f the
de
live
rab
les
and
pro
du
ced
pe
riod
ic re
po
rts.
Hyd
ro-
pla
n/
BID
15-1
1D
HU
Mo
nito
ring
of
he
alth
No
pub
lica
tion
RP
Ap
r.-A
ug
. 20
15A
fte
r th
e d
eve
lop
me
nt a
nd
su
cce
ssfu
l pilo
t te
st o
f th
e m
ana-
ge
me
nt d
ash
bo
ard
for
its g
rant
s, t
he
Glo
bal
Fu
nd
ag
ain
st A
IDS
, Tu
be
rcu
losi
s an
d M
alar
ia, a
s p
art
of a
pu
blic
-priv
ate
par
tne
rsh
ip
with
Gra
nt M
anag
em
ent
So
lutio
ns
(GM
S) a
nd
SA
P A
G, t
ech
nic
al
assi
stan
ce w
as p
rovi
de
d to
th
e m
ain
re
cip
ient
s o
f th
e T
ub
erc
u-
losi
s p
rog
ram
(Min
istr
y o
f He
alth
) an
d in
th
e H
IV-A
IDS
co
mp
o-
ne
nt to
th
e In
stitu
te fo
r D
erm
ato
log
y an
d S
kin
Su
rge
ry (I
DC
P).
GM
S/
US
AID
15-1
2M
CV
Str
ate
gic
Pla
n fo
r A
gri
cult
ura
l Co
op
era
tive
s
No
pub
lica
tion
AL
Ap
r.-D
ec.
20
15T
he
ag
ricu
ltu
ral c
oo
pe
rativ
e s
ect
or
of t
he
Am
eric
as c
om
pris
es
mo
re t
han
8,0
00
co
op
era
tive
s, w
ith m
ore
th
an 4
mill
ion
me
m-
be
rs, a
nn
ual
sal
es
of m
ore
th
an U
SD
30
0 m
illio
n a
nd
ge
ne
ratin
g
mo
re t
han
50
0,0
00
job
s. It
is k
ey to
eco
no
mic
an
d s
oci
al p
erf
or-
man
ce o
f th
e r
eg
ion
and
th
ere
fore
re
qu
ires
the
est
ablis
hm
ent
o
f in
itiat
ive
s th
at e
nco
ura
ge
its
dev
elo
pm
ent
. CD
R s
up
po
rte
d
the
form
ula
tion
of a
Str
ate
gic
Map
for
the
Ne
two
rk a
nd
he
lpe
d
form
ula
te t
he
fram
ewo
rk o
f a p
roje
ct to
be
su
bm
itte
d to
inte
rna-
tion
al c
oo
pe
ratio
n ag
en
cie
s.
Co
op
. o
f th
e
Am
eri
cas
15-1
3F
IGA
ssis
tan
ce t
o P
rod
uce
rs’
Org
anis
atio
ns
and
F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns
No
pub
lica
tion
CA
May
-De
c.
2015
Ro
ot C
apita
l is
an in
tern
atio
nal e
thic
al fi
nanc
ing
inst
itutio
n th
at h
as
a C
apita
l Mo
bili
zatio
n p
roje
ct fu
nde
d b
y th
e ID
B to
pro
mot
e le
n-d
ing
to th
e ag
ricul
tura
l se
cto
r in
Cen
tral
Am
eric
a. T
og
ethe
r with
C
DR
-SEF
AS
fou
r mic
rofin
ance
inst
itutio
ns in
Gua
tem
ala,
Ho
ndu
ras
and
Nic
arag
ua w
ere
sup
po
rte
d d
evel
op
ing
fina
ncia
l pro
duc
ts fo
r g
rou
ps
of s
mal
l far
mer
s (m
ainl
y in
the
coffe
e an
d v
eg
etab
les
sec-
tors
), as
wel
l as
crea
ting
str
ate
gic
alli
ance
s w
ith m
arke
ting
pla
tfo
r-m
s an
d p
rovi
sio
n of
co
mp
lem
enta
ry te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e.
Ro
ot
Cap
ital
23
No
Them
e* Ti
tle
& Re
por
t(s)
Ctr
y.+
Dat
eSu
mm
ary
Clie
nt15
-14
MC
VTo
uris
m S
ME
s
No
pub
lica
tion
CR
May
-Nov
. 20
15To
uris
m is
on
e o
f th
e s
ect
ors
with
th
e g
reat
est
eco
no
mic
co
n-
trib
utio
n t
o t
he
co
unt
ry, a
nd
mu
ch is
do
ne
th
rou
gh
MS
ME
s, t
he
va
st m
ajo
rity
of
wh
ich
hav
e n
o k
now
led
ge
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
an
d fi
nan
ce t
o e
nab
le t
he
m t
o o
ptim
ize
th
e e
nte
rpris
e's
op
e-
ratio
n. T
his
pro
ject
tra
ine
d 4
6 e
nte
rpris
es
in t
he
se
cto
r in
th
e
bas
ic fi
nan
cial
pro
cess
es.
It a
lso
he
lpe
d d
eve
lop
ing
bu
sin
ess
p
lan
s. T
he
re
sult
s w
ill b
e r
efle
cte
d d
irect
ly in
pe
rfo
rman
ce a
nd
sa
vin
gs.
Rai
nfo
rest
A
llian
ce
15-1
5P
ME
Eval
uat
ion
of
the
PA
PP
SA
N p
rog
ram
me
Ha
ns N
usse
lder
and
Be-
nici
a A
gui
lar,
“Eva
lua
ció
n Fi
nal d
el P
roye
cto
PAP
S-
SA
N”,
Sa
n Jo
sé/
Ma
nag
ua,
Aug
ust 2
015.
NIC
Jun
.-O
ct.
2015
Foo
d s
ecu
rity
stra
teg
ies
are
incr
eas
ing
ly b
ase
d o
n t
hre
e li
ne
s o
f ac
tion
: Firs
t, d
ece
ntra
lizat
ion
of
the
man
age
me
nt o
f se
ed
st
ock
s fr
om
nat
ion
al le
vel t
o m
un
icip
aliti
es
and
co
mm
un
itie
s.
Se
con
d, t
he
co
nse
rvat
ion
of
ge
ne
tic d
ive
rsity
, wh
ich
is c
on
si-
de
red
incr
eas
ing
ly im
po
rtan
t to
en
sure
th
e a
uto
no
my
of
the
p
rod
uce
rs a
nd
th
eir
abili
ty t
o c
om
bin
e g
oal
s o
f e
ffici
en
cy a
nd
n
utr
itio
nal
qu
ality
. Th
ird, t
he
re
laxa
tion
of
the
crit
eria
for
see
d
cert
ifica
tion
, wh
ich
co
ntrib
ute
s to
str
en
gth
en
ing
pro
du
cers
in
term
s o
f m
arke
ting
of
see
d in
ru
ral a
reas
. Th
e s
trat
eg
ic p
rem
i-se
s w
ere
exa
min
ed
in t
he
re
leva
nt E
U p
rog
ram
/ IN
TA s
ince
20
10.
UE
/N
I-R
AS
15-1
6M
CV
Inve
nto
ry o
f fa
rmla
nd
va
lue
in M
eta
Pa
ul C
loes
en, P
rice
of
farm
s fo
r sa
le in
Met
a,
June
201
5.
CO
LJu
n. 2
015
As
par
t o
f th
e a
sse
ssm
ent
of
an a
gro
-in
du
stria
l pro
ject
in t
he
M
eta
De
par
tme
nt, a
su
rvey
of
the
se
llin
g p
rice
of
agri
cult
u-
ral l
and
in t
he
sav
ann
ah o
f th
e C
olo
mb
ian
eas
tern
pla
ins
was
m
ade
, in
fu
nct
ion
of
acce
ssib
ility
, th
e p
roxi
mity
of
oth
er
dev
e-
lop
me
nts,
th
e t
ype
of
lan
d t
itle
an
d s
uita
bili
ty. M
any
farm
s in
th
is a
rea
hav
e la
nd
titl
e p
rob
lem
s as
a r
esu
lt o
f th
e c
ivil
war
. Th
e
pre
do
min
ant
fact
ors
de
term
inin
g t
he
un
it p
rice
we
re t
he
siz
e o
f th
e f
arm
an
d it
s lo
catio
n w
ith r
esp
ect
to
oth
er
dev
elo
pm
ent
s ra
the
r th
an t
he
dis
tan
ce f
rom
Vill
avic
en
cio
, acc
ess
ibili
ty a
nd
te
nu
re.
Har
dm
an
& C
o.
15-1
7P
ME
Follo
w-u
p o
n t
he
bas
elin
e
stu
dy
of
two
org
anis
atio
ns
No
pub
lica
tion
HA
IM
ay-J
un
. 20
15A
fte
r p
rep
arat
ion
of
the
bu
dg
et
and
th
e in
qu
iry
form
s, t
he
m
eth
od
olo
gic
al r
evie
w, t
he
tra
inin
g o
f su
rvey
ors
an
d t
he
dat
a re
cord
er
and
th
e fi
eld
te
st, t
his
mis
sio
n p
rovi
de
d t
ech
nic
al a
s-si
stan
ce in
th
e a
pp
licat
ion
of
the
su
rvey
.
Wo
ord
en
D
aad
15-1
8P
ME
Re
con
stru
ctio
n o
f Lé
og
âne
Ste
rvin
s A
lexi
s, F
ina
l Rep
ort
HA
IJu
n.-
N
ov. 2
015
Se
e p
roje
ct 1
5-0
3.K
fW
24
No
Them
e* Ti
tle
& Re
por
t(s)
Ctr
y.+
Dat
eSu
mm
ary
Clie
nt15
-19
MR
NIn
teg
ral m
anag
em
ent
o
f so
lid w
aste
s
Ang
élic
a R
am
írez,
Ca
ract
e-riz
aci
ón d
e re
sid
uos
sólid
os
del
ca
ntón
de
Tala
ma
nca
en
Cos
ta R
ica
/ A
dol
fo
Cór
dob
a y
Ros
a L
eón,
E
stud
io d
e p
re fa
ctib
ilid
ad
d
e la
s a
ltern
ativ
as
pa
ra e
l tr
ata
mie
nto
y d
isp
osic
ión
fina
l de
los
resi
duo
s só
lidos
or
din
ario
s g
ener
ad
os e
n el
ca
ntón
de
Tala
ma
nca
. N
ov. 2
015.
CR
Jun
.-N
ov.
2015
Th
e s
ituat
ion
of
pro
cess
es,
sys
tem
s, r
ule
s an
d r
eg
ula
tion
s o
f w
aste
man
age
me
nt in
th
e M
un
icip
ality
of
Tala
man
ca h
as b
ee
n
stu
die
d c
are
fully
in r
ece
nt y
ear
s. T
his
pro
ject
to
ok
up
th
ese
st
ud
ies
up
dat
e o
f th
e s
ituat
ion
if In
teg
rate
d S
olid
Was
te M
ana-
ge
me
nt in
th
e c
anto
n o
f Ta
lam
anca
. Th
e a
nal
ysis
focu
sed
on
fo
ur
are
as: 1
) an
alys
is o
f th
e e
con
om
ic, p
rod
uct
ive
an
d s
o-
cio
-de
mo
gra
ph
ic c
ont
ext,
2) v
olu
me
, ge
og
rap
hic
al d
istr
ibu
tion
an
d c
har
acte
ristic
s o
f so
lid w
aste
ge
ne
rate
d in
th
e c
anto
n, 3
) re
sou
rce
s, s
tru
ctu
re a
nd
op
era
tion
al c
apac
ity a
t th
e m
un
icip
al
leve
l an
d 4
) cu
rre
nt p
roce
sse
s an
d a
cto
rs r
ela
ted
to
th
e t
reat
-m
ent
an
d d
isp
osa
l of
was
te.
Co
rre
do
r B
ioló
gic
o
Tala
man
-ca
Car
ibe
15-2
0M
CV
Stu
dy
of
coffe
e c
ost
s
Ang
élic
a R
am
irez,
Inve
nta
-rio
de
cost
os p
ara
reno
-va
ció
n y
reha
bili
taci
ón
de
cafe
tale
s: u
n es
tud
io p
ara
C
entr
oa
mér
ica
y M
éxic
o.
Sa
n P
edro
Sul
a, H
ond
ura
s.
Aug
. 201
5.
CA
Jul.-
Au
g.
2015
In th
e as
sess
men
t of r
eq
uest
s fo
r cre
dit
in th
e ag
ricul
tura
l se
cto
r, it
is im
po
rtan
t to
know
the
cost
str
uctu
re in
the
giv
en v
alue
cha
in,
as w
ell a
s its
var
iant
s in
func
tion
of a
pp
lied
tech
nolo
gy
or p
rod
uc-
tion
syst
em.
In th
e fr
amew
ork
of R
oot
Cap
ital's
Coff
ee
Farm
ers'
R
esili
ence
Initi
ativ
e, a
n in
vent
ory
of a
vera
ge
cost
s in
the
Cen
tral
A
mer
ican
coff
ee
chai
n w
as d
evel
op
ed
, bas
ed
on
seco
ndar
y in
for-
mat
ion
and
inte
rvie
ws
with
farm
ers
and
pro
duc
ers'
org
aniz
atio
ns.
The
stu
dy
show
s a
larg
e va
riab
ility
in c
osts
in e
ach
cou
ntry
, as
a re
sult
of: 1
) diff
eren
ces
in m
anag
emen
t in
each
of t
he p
rod
uctiv
e
pha
ses,
usi
ng m
ore
or l
ess
inp
uts
in fu
nctio
n of
the
nee
ds
of th
e
cro
p, 2
) diff
eren
t lev
els
of p
urc
hasi
ng p
ower
and
real
inve
stm
ent i
n
the
farm
and
3) v
aria
tion
in p
rofit
mar
gin
.
Ro
ot
Cap
ital
15-2
1M
CV
Pro
fess
ion
al s
erv
ice
s fo
r C
offe
e F
arm
ers
’ Re
silie
nce
In
itiat
ive
No
pub
lica
tion
CA
Jul.
2015
Ro
ot
cap
ital s
up
po
rts
its c
lient
s id
ent
ifyin
g a
nd
mo
nito
ring
ris
k fa
cto
rs in
th
eir
pla
ntat
ion
s. I
n t
he
cas
e o
f co
ffee
, un
de
r its
Co
-ffe
e F
arm
ers
' Re
silie
nce
Initi
ativ
e, i
t co
-fac
ilita
ted
th
e w
ork
sho
p
"Me
tho
do
log
y an
d t
oo
ls fo
r th
e m
anag
em
ent
of
the
bas
elin
e
and
ag
ron
om
ic m
on
itorin
g" w
ith a
sso
ciat
ive
co
ffee
ent
erp
rise
s,
asso
ciat
es
of
Ro
ot
Cap
ital i
n t
he
No
rth
of
Nic
arag
ua.
As
a re
sult
o
f th
e w
ork
sho
p, a
sp
ace
for
inte
rch
ang
e o
f te
chn
ical
kn
owle
d-
ge
, as
we
ll as
pra
ctic
al t
oo
ls fo
r th
e m
anag
em
ent
of
ind
icat
ors
an
d m
on
itorin
g w
ere
pro
mo
ted
.
Ro
ot
Cap
ital
25
No
Them
e* Ti
tle
& Re
por
t(s)
Ctr
y.+
Dat
eSu
mm
ary
Clie
nt15
-22
DH
UD
eve
lop
me
nt o
f as
trat
eg
ic
pla
n fo
r fu
nd
rais
ing
No
pub
lica
tion
NIC
Au
g.-
De
c. 2
015
So
me
of
the
ch
alle
ng
es
face
d b
y ci
vil s
oci
ety
org
aniz
atio
ns
in
Nic
arag
ua
is t
he
de
par
ture
of
dev
elo
pm
ent
co
op
era
tion
do
no
rs
and
th
e s
ub
seq
ue
nt d
ecr
eas
e o
f av
aila
ble
fu
nd
s am
on
g t
ho
-se
wh
o s
till c
ont
inu
e t
he
ir p
rog
ram
me
s. It
is v
ital t
o d
eve
lop
fu
nd
rais
ing
str
ate
gy
skill
s an
d d
ive
rsify
do
no
rs. A
fu
nd
rais
ing
st
rate
gy
was
dev
elo
pe
d fo
r th
e T
HE
SIS
Ass
oci
atio
n, b
ase
d o
n a
Te
am C
oac
hin
g a
pp
roac
h.
Tesi
s
15-2
3P
ME
Pre
par
atio
n o
f P
RO
CA
GIC
A P
rog
ram
me
Ha
ns N
usse
lder
, “D
ocu
-m
ento
de
Acc
ión
PR
OC
A-
GIC
A” (
incl
. Bud
get
and
S
ubco
ntra
ct fo
r im
ple
men
-ta
tion)
, Aug
. 201
5
CA
Jul.-
Au
g.
2015
Th
e in
teg
rate
d P
rog
ram
me
for
the
Co
mb
at o
f Co
ffee
Ru
st in
C
ent
ral A
me
rica
(PR
OC
AG
ICA
) is
a b
road
bas
ed
initi
ativ
e s
u-
pp
ort
ed
by
gov
ern
me
nts
in t
he
Car
ibb
ean
Bas
in. A
fte
r th
e e
ar-
lier
ph
ase
of c
on
sult
atio
n an
d d
raft
ing
of t
he
ove
rall
pro
gra
mm
e
app
roac
h (1
5-0
5), a
dd
itio
nal
su
pp
ort
was
pro
vid
ed
with
a v
iew
to
fin
aliz
e t
he
EU
Act
ion
Do
cum
ent
, th
e P
rog
ram
me
bu
dg
et
and
th
e le
gal
do
cum
ent
atio
n re
qu
ired
for
the
sta
rt o
f PR
OC
AG
ICA
in
2016
. IIC
A is
env
isag
ed
as
the
Pro
gra
mm
e E
xecu
ting
Ag
en
cy, i
n
line
with
th
e r
esu
lts
of t
he
Fo
ur
Pill
ar A
sse
ssm
ent
by
the
EU
.
IICA
15-2
4D
HU
Sta
rt o
f m
anag
em
ent
d
ash
bo
ard
No
pub
lica
tion
MO
ZJu
n.
2015
-Mar
. 20
16
Aft
er
the
dev
elo
pm
ent
an
d s
ucc
ess
ful p
ilot
test
of
the
man
a-g
em
ent
das
hb
oar
d fo
r its
gra
nts,
th
e G
lob
al F
un
d a
gai
nst
AID
S,
Tub
erc
ulo
sis
and
Mal
aria
, as
par
t o
f a
pu
blic
-priv
ate
par
tne
r-sh
ip w
ith G
rant
Man
age
me
nt S
olu
tion
s (G
MS
) an
d S
AP
AG
, te
chn
ical
ass
ista
nce
was
pro
vid
ed
to
re
cip
ient
s o
f th
e f
un
d in
M
ozam
biq
ue
(MIS
AU
Min
istr
y o
f H
eal
th-a
nd
Fu
nd
ação
par
a o
D
ese
nvo
lvim
ent
o d
a C
om
un
idad
e-F
DC
).
GM
S
15-2
5D
HU
Wo
rksh
op
s o
n f
un
dra
isin
g
(3th
ro
un
d)
No
pub
lica
tion
NIC
y
GU
AD
ec.
20
15K
ind
erp
ostz
egel
s, s
tren
gth
enin
g a
nd c
ontin
uing
its
pas
t act
ions
, p
rovi
des
tech
nica
l ass
ista
nce
to p
artn
er o
rgan
izat
ions
in G
uate
ma-
la a
nd N
icar
agua
. In
this
tim
e o
ccas
ion,
wor
k se
ssio
ns w
ere
held
to
ana
lyse
sce
nario
s an
d u
pd
ate
fund
rais
ing
pla
ns o
f the
org
aniz
a-tio
ns a
tten
ded
in p
revi
ous
year
s.
Kin
-d
er-
po
st-
zeg
els
15-2
6M
CV
Car
ibb
ean
SM
E s
urv
ey
and
ne
ed
s as
sess
me
nt
Ha
ns N
usse
lder
and
Mel
vin
Edw
ard
s, S
ME
ba
selin
e st
udy
and
BS
O a
sses
smen
t. In
cep
tion
Rep
ort
, Dec
. 201
5.
CA
RN
ov.-
De
c.
2015
Fost
erin
g th
e d
evel
op
men
t of m
icro
- an
d s
mal
l bu
sine
sses
in
twel
ve O
vers
eas
Co
unt
ries
and
Ter
rito
ries
(OC
Ts) i
s th
e m
ain
ob
-je
ctiv
e of
the
EU s
po
nso
red
CO
SM
E P
rog
ram
me
in th
e C
arib
bea
n.
How
ever
, the
co
nditi
ons
and
op
erat
ions
of S
ME
s va
ry p
er is
land
, in
fluen
ced
by
dem
og
rap
hic,
leg
al, s
oci
al a
nd te
chni
cal f
acto
rs.
The
stu
dy
of th
e sm
all b
usi
ness
se
cto
r, th
roug
h b
oth
a su
rvey
am
ong
clo
se to
3.5
00
ent
erp
rises
and
an
asse
ssm
ent o
f Bu
sine
ss
Ser
vice
Org
aniz
atio
ns, w
as s
tart
ed
by
the
end
of 2
015
. The
pro
ject
w
ill re
sult
in b
asel
ine
info
rmat
ion
as a
bas
is fo
r fut
ure
tech
nica
l su
pp
ort
.
UE
-CO
S-
ME
Pro
-g
ram
me
26
No
Them
e* Ti
tle
& Re
por
t(s)
Ctr
y.+
Dat
eSu
mm
ary
Clie
nt15
-27
FIG
Wo
rksh
op
be
tte
r p
ract
ice
s in
fin
anci
ng
of
coffe
e
No
pub
lica
tion
GU
AN
ov. 2
015
Th
e fi
nan
cin
g o
f co
ffee
pro
du
ctio
n r
eq
uire
s a
ge
ne
ral a
nal
ysis
o
f th
e c
ont
ext
and
how
th
e s
ect
or
de
fine
s ad
eq
uat
e fi
nan
cial
p
rod
uct
s. T
he
SE
FAS
-CD
R P
rog
ram
, alo
ng
with
Ro
ot
Cap
i-ta
l, m
od
era
ted
th
e w
ork
sho
p "B
est
Pra
ctic
es
in fi
nan
cin
g t
he
co
ffee"
with
An
acaf
é (N
atio
nal
Co
ffee
Ass
oci
atio
n, G
uat
em
ala)
, re
pre
sent
ativ
es
of
the
IDB
Gu
ate
mal
a an
d t
he
Co
op
era
tive
S
yste
m M
ico
op
e, p
rese
ntin
g e
xpe
rie
nce
s an
d p
ract
ice
s an
d
gu
idin
g t
he
ide
ntifi
catio
n o
f ch
alle
ng
es
and
op
po
rtu
niti
es
in a
n
app
roac
h t
o t
he
co
ffee
se
cto
r.
Hiv
os
/
SE
FAS
15-2
8F
IGW
ork
sho
p fi
nan
cin
g o
f ag
ricu
ltu
re
No
pub
lica
tion
ME
XD
ec.
20
15F
inan
cin
g t
he
ru
ral s
ect
or
in M
exic
o p
rese
nts
inte
rest
ing
op
po
r-tu
niti
es
bu
t al
so g
reat
ch
alle
ng
es.
Th
e fi
nan
cin
g n
ee
ds
are
no
t so
lve
d a
nd
th
e c
urr
ent
co
nd
itio
ns
of
len
din
g a
re n
ot
suite
d t
o
the
co
nd
itio
ns
of
mo
st s
mal
l an
d m
ed
ium
pro
du
cers
. To
ge
the
r w
ith A
ND
E (A
spe
n N
etw
ork
of
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Ent
rep
ren
eu
rs)
and
Ro
ot
Cap
ital,
SE
FAS
he
ld t
he
wo
rksh
op
"Ru
ral F
inan
ce S
us-
tain
able
Ag
ricu
ltu
re: a
lte
rnat
ive
, op
po
rtu
nity
an
d in
nov
atio
n" t
o
shar
e s
ucc
ess
ful e
xpe
rie
nce
s w
ort
hy t
o b
e r
ep
licat
ed
.
Ro
ot
Cap
ital
15-2
9P
ME
Su
pe
rvis
ion
of
the
co
nst
ruct
ion
of
sch
oo
ls
Ste
rvin
s A
lexi
s, F
ina
l Rep
ort
HA
IO
ct.-
De
c.
2015
Se
e p
roje
ct 1
5-10
.B
ID/
FAE
S
/H
ydro
-p
lan
27
Ann
ex 3
. Pro
ject
s in
201
6
No
Them
e*
Titl
e &
Rep
ort(
s)C
try.
+D
ate
Sum
mar
yC
lient
16-0
1M
CV
Bas
elin
e t
o c
on
du
ct s
tud
y an
d
eval
uat
ion
of
SM
Es
serv
ice
s d
e-
man
ds
Ha
ns N
usse
lder
, Ang
élic
a R
am
írez,
P
aul
Clo
esen
and
Mel
vin
Edw
ard
s,
Ba
selin
e S
tud
y to
Con
duc
t an
SM
E
Sur
vey
& N
eed
s A
sses
smen
t and
a
Com
pa
rativ
e A
naly
sis
of B
SO
Ra
nge
of S
ervi
ces
in th
e C
arib
bea
n O
CTs
, S
ME
Sur
vey
and
Nee
ds
Ass
essm
ent
Rep
ort.
Sa
n Jo
sé, A
ug. 2
016
.
CA
RJa
n.-
Oct
. 20
16
Th
e E
U-C
OS
ME
Pro
gra
mm
e s
up
po
rts
Sm
all a
nd
M
ed
ium
Ent
erp
rise
s in
th
e E
uro
pe
an t
err
itori
es
of
the
C
arib
be
an. T
he
co
mm
issi
on
ed
stu
dy
focu
sed
on
th
e
offe
r o
f se
rvic
es
by
the
Bu
sin
ess
Su
pp
ort
Org
aniz
atio
ns
(OA
E),
and
th
e c
on
diti
on
s an
d s
tatu
s o
f th
e S
ME
s in
th
e
twe
lve
co
unt
rie
s an
d t
err
itori
es.
A s
urv
ey o
f n
ear
ly 9
00
S
ME
s o
n t
he
12
isla
nd
s id
ent
ifie
d t
he
ir ch
arac
teris
tics
and
bu
sin
ess
, em
plo
yme
nt o
f h
um
an r
eso
urc
es,
use
o
f p
ub
lic s
erv
ice
s (li
ght
, wat
er,
was
te d
isp
osa
l), a
s w
ell
as n
ee
ds
and
exp
ect
atio
ns
rela
ted
to
dev
elo
pm
ent
se
rvic
es.
EC
- C
OS
ME
16-0
2P
ME
Su
pe
rvis
ion
pro
ject
s sc
ho
ols
5
De
par
tme
nts
Hai
ti
No
pub
lica
tion
HA
IJa
n.-
Feb
. 20
16
Th
e c
on
stru
ctio
n o
f e
du
catio
nal
infr
astr
uct
ure
re
mai
ns
a w
ide
ly r
eco
gn
ize
d n
ee
d in
Hai
ti. T
his
ass
ign
me
nt
cove
rs t
he
su
pe
rvis
ion
of
the
wo
rks
of
seve
n n
atio
nal
sc
ho
ols
, exe
cute
d b
y th
e c
om
pan
ies
Ab
antia
an
d E
XE
-C
O. O
vers
ight
was
pro
vid
ed
with
re
gar
d t
o t
he
fin
ish
ing
o
f ce
ilin
gs,
pla
ste
r an
d p
aint
ing
wo
rk. G
ive
n p
revi
ou
s p
roje
cts
of
a si
mila
r n
atu
re, i
t is
re
aso
nab
le t
o e
xpe
ct
a lif
etim
e o
f th
e n
ewly
bu
ilt s
cho
ols
for
at le
ast
on
e
ge
ne
ratio
n.
IDB
/FA
ES
/H
YD
RO
-P
LA
N
16-0
3F
IGC
apita
l Mo
bili
zatio
n
SE
FAS
-Ro
ot
Cap
ital
No
pub
lica
tion
CA
Jan
.-D
ec.
20
16
Ro
ot
Cap
ital i
s an
eth
ical
fin
anci
er
that
has
ob
tain
ed
ID
B r
eso
urc
es
to p
rom
ote
fin
anci
ng
for
the
ag
ricu
ltu
ral
sect
or
in C
ent
ral A
me
rica
. To
ge
the
r w
ith C
DR
-SE
FAS
an
d m
icro
finan
ce in
stitu
tion
s in
Gu
ate
mal
a an
d H
on
-d
ura
s, w
ork
was
do
ne
on
th
e d
eve
lop
me
nt o
f fin
anci
al
pro
du
cts
for
gro
up
s o
f sm
all p
rod
uce
rs (m
ain
ly c
offe
e
and
ve
ge
tab
les)
, as
we
ll as
th
e c
reat
ion
of
stra
teg
ic
allia
nce
s fo
r m
arke
ting
pla
tfo
rms
and
th
e p
rovi
sio
n o
f Te
chn
ical
Ass
ista
nce
.
Ro
ot
Cap
ital
*Th
emes
: PM
E: P
lan
nin
g, M
on
itori
ng
an
d E
valu
atio
n; M
CV
: Mar
kets
an
d V
alu
e C
hai
ns;
MR
N: E
nviro
nm
en
t an
d N
atu
ral R
eso
urc
es;
FIG
: Fin
ance
s; D
HU
: Hu
man
De
velo
pm
en
t.+C
ou
ntr
ies:
CR
: Co
sta
Ric
a; H
ON
: Ho
nd
ura
s; H
AI:
Hai
tí; G
UA
: Gu
ate
mal
a; C
A: C
en
tral
Am
eri
ca; E
CU
: Ecu
ado
r; M
UN
: Wo
rld
; SL
E: S
ierr
a L
eo
na;
RP
: Do
min
ican
Re
pu
blic
; AL
: Lat
in A
me
-ri
ca; N
IC: N
icar
agu
a; C
OL
: Co
lom
bia
; MO
Z: M
oza
mb
iqu
e; C
AR
: Car
ibb
ean
; ME
X: M
exi
co.
28
No
Them
e*
Titl
e &
Rep
ort(
s)C
try.
+D
ate
Sum
mar
yC
lient
16-0
4P
ME
Ad
viso
ry fo
r th
e c
reat
ion
of
a re
-g
ion
al s
trat
eg
ic m
on
itorin
g m
e-
chan
ism
for
the
Glo
bal
Fu
nd
No
pub
lica
tion
AL
y
CA
RFe
b.-
De
c.
2016
The
Glo
bal
Fun
d a
ims
to c
ont
ribut
e to
a la
stin
g im
pro
ve-
men
t of h
ealth
co
nditi
ons
in d
evel
op
ing
co
untr
ies,
fig
h-tin
g th
e ep
idem
ics
of A
IDS
, tub
ercu
losi
s an
d m
alar
ia. T
o
ensu
re th
e eff
ectiv
e us
e of
the
fund
's re
sour
ces,
a re
gio
nal
mec
hani
sm is
req
uire
d fo
r ind
epen
den
t ove
rsig
ht, a
lign-
men
t of o
ngo
ing
inve
stm
ents
and
str
ateg
ic g
uid
ance
for
new
inve
stm
ents
. The
Reg
iona
l Sup
ervi
sing
Mec
hani
sm
(RS
M) i
s an
inst
rum
ent t
o m
oni
tor g
over
nanc
e an
d e
nsur
e
alig
nmen
t of t
he a
ctio
ns w
ith th
e g
ener
al g
uid
elin
es. T
he
tech
nica
l ass
ista
nce
pro
vid
ed fo
cuss
ed o
n th
e es
tab
lish-
men
t of t
he R
SM
in L
atin
Am
eric
a an
d th
e C
arib
bea
n.
Glo
bal
Fu
nd
16-0
5M
RN
Eval
uat
ion
of
citr
us
and
co
con
ut
pla
ntat
ion
s
Pa
ul C
loes
en, B
eliz
e P
roje
ct D
ue D
i-lig
ence
, Ag
rono
my
rep
ort
, Mo
ring
a
Pa
rtne
rshi
p, M
ar.
2016
.
BE
LFe
b.-
Mar
. 20
16
Th
ree
far
ms
acro
ss B
eliz
e, c
ult
ivat
ing
mai
nly
ora
ng
es,
g
rap
efr
uit
and
co
con
uts
, we
re e
valu
ate
d a
s p
art
of
du
e
dili
ge
nce
for
an in
vest
me
nt. C
ult
ura
l an
d p
hyto
san
itary
p
ract
ice
s w
ere
exa
min
ed
, as
we
ll as
th
e a
vaila
bili
ty o
f h
um
an r
eso
urc
es.
Pro
du
ctio
n p
ote
ntia
l an
d p
rod
uct
ion
co
sts
we
re e
stim
ate
d u
nd
er
the
th
reat
of
vari
ou
s p
est
s an
d d
ise
ase
s, in
clu
din
g n
ota
bly
citr
us
lep
rosi
s, H
uan
g
Lon
g B
ing
an
d m
ites
in c
oco
nu
ts.
Har
dm
an
16-0
6P
ME
Re
mo
te t
ech
nic
al a
ssis
tan
ce fo
r p
erf
orm
ance
se
lf-ev
alu
atio
n
No
pub
lica
tion
PAY
Mar
.-A
pr.
20
16
Th
e G
lob
al F
un
d a
sks
cou
ntri
es
that
re
ceiv
e r
eso
urc
es
to c
on
du
ct a
n E
ligib
ility
an
d P
erf
orm
ance
Ass
ess
me
nt
(EPA
) of
the
ir C
ou
ntry
Co
ord
inat
ing
Me
chan
ism
(CC
M).
EPA
is a
man
age
me
nt t
oo
l th
at h
elp
s to
ide
ntify
str
en
g-
ths
and
we
akn
ess
es
and
th
en
pla
n s
pe
cific
act
ion
s th
at
will
imp
rove
th
eir
pe
rfo
rman
ce. I
t is
co
nd
uct
ed
an
nu
a-lly
, me
asu
ring
co
mp
lian
ce o
f C
CM
s w
ith t
he
elig
ibili
ty
req
uire
me
nts.
De
sig
ne
d t
o f
acili
tate
a m
ilest
on
e-d
rive
n
imp
rove
me
nt p
lan
, EPA
inco
rpo
rate
s ex
istin
g e
vid
en
ce
of
the
fu
nct
ion
ality
of
the
CC
M in
to a
fee
db
ack
loo
p
with
nat
ion
al s
take
ho
lde
rs.
Glo
bal
Fu
nd
16-0
7F
IGS
EFA
S C
oo
rdin
atio
n
No
pub
licat
ion
CA
Jan
.-D
ec.
20
16
Acc
ess
to
fin
anci
al s
erv
ice
s b
y su
stai
nab
le a
gri
cult
u-
ral p
rod
uce
rs in
th
e C
en
tral
Am
eri
can
re
gio
n is
lim
i-te
d, b
ut
the
y st
ron
gly
ne
ed
cre
dit
sup
po
rt in
ord
er
to
rem
ain
co
mp
eti
tive
. Th
e F
inan
cial
Se
rvic
es
for
Su
stai
-n
able
Ag
ricu
ltu
re P
rog
ram
(SE
FAS
) aim
s to
fac
ilita
te
linka
ge
s b
etw
ee
n lo
cal a
nd
inte
rnat
ion
al fi
nan
cial
se
rvic
e p
rovi
de
rs a
nd
su
stai
nab
le (c
ert
ifie
d) p
rod
uce
r g
rou
ps.
SE
FAS
has
be
en
imp
lem
en
ted
by
CD
R s
ince
20
08
, no
w in
volv
ing
ne
w p
artn
ers
an
d p
arti
cip
ants
.
CD
R
29
No
Them
e*
Titl
e &
Rep
ort(
s)C
try.
+D
ate
Sum
mar
yC
lient
16-0
8M
RN
De
mo
crat
ic D
ialo
gu
e fo
r E
nviro
nm
ent
al S
ecu
rity
(PP
DS
A)
Ha
ns N
usse
lder
and
Ste
rvin
s A
lexi
s,
“Eva
lua
ció
n fin
al d
el P
rog
ram
a
de
Rec
ons
truc
ció
n C
ord
aid
-NIM
D
(201
2-20
16).
Pro
gra
ma
Diá
log
o D
emo
crá
tico
pa
ra la
Seg
urid
ad
A
mb
ient
al (
PD
DS
A).
Eva
lua
ció
n fin
al”,
Sa
n Jo
sé, D
ec. 2
016
.
AL
y
CA
RM
ay-
Oct
. 20
16
Co
lom
bia
, Gu
ate
mal
a, a
nd
El S
alva
do
r fa
ce c
hal
len
ge
s in
em
erg
ing
fro
m in
tern
al c
ivil
con
flic
ts. A
t th
e s
ame
tim
e, t
he
ir g
ove
rnm
ent
s h
ave
be
en
imp
lem
ent
ing
new
p
ub
lic p
olic
ies
in t
he
env
iron
me
ntal
se
cto
r. T
he
PD
D-
SA
ass
iste
d p
olit
ical
par
ties,
civ
il so
cie
ty a
nd
wo
me
n
lead
ers
at
the
nat
ion
al a
nd
re
gio
nal
leve
ls, p
rom
otin
g
dia
log
ue
pla
tfo
rms
and
se
eki
ng
re
solu
tion
me
chan
ism
s fo
r p
rob
lem
s in
th
e m
inin
g s
ect
or
(Co
lom
bia
) an
d w
ate
r re
sou
rce
s m
anag
em
ent
(Gu
ate
mal
a an
d E
l Sal
vad
or
). In
eac
h o
f th
e t
hre
e c
ou
ntri
es
pro
gre
ss h
as b
ee
n m
ade
, al
tho
ug
h t
he
po
sitio
n o
f ci
tize
ns
and
wo
me
n in
par
ti-cu
lar
rem
ain
s th
reat
en
ed
aft
er
the
co
min
g in
to fo
rce
of
nat
ion
al p
eac
e a
gre
em
ent
s.
NIM
D-
Co
rdai
d
16-0
9M
RN
New
su
rvey
am
on
g A
SA
DA
S (1
12
in N
ort
he
rn C
ost
a R
ica)
Ang
élic
a R
am
irez,
Aria
na A
rauj
o a
nd
Ros
a L
eón,
“Inf
orm
e fin
al -
Ca
ract
eri-
zaci
ón d
e 11
2 A
soci
aci
ones
Ad
min
is-
tra
dor
as
de
los
Sis
tem
as
de
Acu
e-d
ucto
s y
Alc
ant
aril
lad
os C
omun
ale
s (A
SAD
AS)
de
los
cant
ones
de
Sa
n C
arlo
s y
Sa
rap
iquí
”. O
ct. 2
016
.
CR
Jul.-
Nov
. 20
16
In C
ost
a R
ica
the
re a
re a
bo
ut
150
0 lo
cal w
ate
r su
pp
ly
syst
em
op
era
tors
(A
SA
DA
S),
cove
ring
30
% o
f th
e p
op
u-
latio
n. T
he
se o
rgan
izat
ion
s ar
e e
xam
ple
s o
f co
mm
un
ity
man
age
me
nt o
f w
ate
r re
sou
rce
s. T
his
stu
dy
char
acte
-riz
ed
112
of
the
m, o
pe
ratin
g in
San
Car
los
and
Sar
apiq
uí,
and
rev
eal
ed
th
at a
lth
ou
gh
th
at r
eg
ion
do
es
no
t h
ave
ex
tre
me
wat
er
scar
city
pro
ble
ms,
me
asu
res
mu
st b
e
take
n t
o m
itig
ate
th
e e
ffect
s o
f cl
imat
e c
han
ge
. Sim
ilar
exe
rcis
es
are
war
rant
ed
in o
the
r re
gio
ns,
in o
rde
r to
d
efin
e a
dm
inis
trat
ive
an
d fi
nan
cial
ne
ed
s an
d p
oss
ible
p
roje
cts
that
re
spo
nd
to
th
em
.
UN
DP
16-1
0F
IGP
rep
arat
ion
of
ten
de
rs fo
r co
mp
u-
ter,
me
teo
rolo
gy
and
hyd
rolo
gy
eq
uip
me
nt
Edd
y W
elle
ns a
nd P
aul
Clo
esen
, te
nder
do
cum
ents
for
equi
pm
ent
and
inst
alla
tion
serv
ices
.
AFO
Mar
.-S
ep
t. 20
15
WA
SC
AL
(We
st A
fric
an S
cie
nce
Se
rvic
e C
ent
re o
n
Clim
ate
Ch
ang
e a
nd
Ad
apte
d L
and
Use
) is
an a
cad
em
ic
org
aniz
atio
n, m
ade
up
of
10 c
ou
ntri
es
in W
est
Afr
ica
plu
s G
erm
any,
wh
ich
pro
vid
es
gov
ern
me
nts
with
th
e
scie
ntifi
c in
form
atio
n n
ee
de
d t
o m
ake
clim
ate
ch
ang
e
de
cisi
on
s. T
he
su
pp
ort
co
nsi
ste
d in
en
surin
g a
co
rre
ct
ten
de
ring
of
rese
arch
eq
uip
me
nt (c
om
pu
ter
ne
two
rk,
sto
rag
e in
fras
tru
ctu
re a
nd
me
teo
rolo
gic
al a
nd
hyd
rolo
-g
ical
sta
tion
s), i
n a
cco
rdan
ce w
ith W
orl
d B
ank
pro
ced
u-
res.
Ed
dy
We
llen
s/G
ITE
C
30
No
Them
e*
Titl
e &
Rep
ort(
s)C
try.
+D
ate
Sum
mar
yC
lient
16-1
1M
RN
Faci
litat
ion
of
Wo
rksh
op
o
n R
en
ewab
le E
ne
rgy
No
pub
lica
tion
NIC
Jun
. 20
16R
en
ewab
le e
ne
rgie
s in
Ce
ntra
l Am
eri
ca r
ep
rese
nt a
lot
of
po
tent
ial,
bu
t al
so a
ne
ed
for
dia
log
ue
. Th
e w
ork
s-h
op
"Gre
en
er
and
mo
re in
clu
sive
en
erg
y tr
ansi
tion
in
Ce
ntra
l Am
eri
ca",
mo
de
rate
d a
t th
e r
eq
ue
st o
f th
e N
GO
H
ivo
s, w
as o
rgan
ize
d t
o in
form
an
d m
otiv
ate
act
ors
with
an
imp
act
on
en
erg
y p
olic
ies.
Th
e w
ork
incl
ud
ed
th
e
pre
par
atio
n o
f th
e m
eth
od
olo
gy
of
the
eve
nt, t
he
fac
i-lit
atio
n a
nd
eva
luat
ion
of
the
wo
rksh
op
an
d t
he
co
nso
-lid
atio
n o
f a
rep
ort
. Th
is e
vent
allo
we
d fo
r re
flect
ion
on
th
e jo
int
wo
rk t
owar
ds
a re
new
able
, gre
en
an
d in
clu
sive
e
ne
rgy
mat
rix t
hro
ug
ho
ut
the
re
gio
n.
HIV
OS
/S
ine
rgia
16-1
2M
CV
Su
pp
ort
to
dai
ry p
rod
uce
rs
in C
oto
Bru
s
No
pub
lica
tion
CR
Nov
. 20
16-
Jun
. 20
17
Th
e d
eve
lop
me
nt o
f M
SM
Es
that
ge
ne
rate
em
plo
yme
nt
and
ad
de
d v
alu
e in
ru
ral v
alu
e c
hai
ns
req
uire
s a
lon
g-
term
vis
ion
. In
ad
diti
on
, it
req
uire
s b
usi
ne
ss d
eve
lop
-m
ent
se
rvic
es
in t
he
so
cial
eco
no
my,
sp
eci
fical
ly t
he
L
imo
nci
to In
teg
ral D
eve
lop
me
nt A
sso
ciat
ion
(AD
I Li-
mo
nci
to),
own
er
of
the
ent
erp
rise
Lác
teo
s d
e C
oto
Bru
s.
Th
is m
issi
on
cov
ere
d fi
nan
cial
, co
mm
erc
ial a
nd
ad
mi-
nis
trat
ive
man
age
me
nt is
sue
s, w
hic
h p
rom
ote
gre
ate
r in
clu
sio
n, b
ett
er
bu
sin
ess
man
age
me
nt a
nd
acc
ess
to
fin
anci
al a
nd
no
n-fi
nan
cial
se
rvic
es.
Co
un
selli
ng
will
be
co
ntin
ue
d in
20
17.
Fod
em
i-p
yme
16-1
3P
ME
Eval
uatio
n of
PR
ES
AN
CA
Pa
tric
k D
uma
zert
, Ism
alia
Aco
sta
, Jo
rge
Muñ
oz y
Pa
ul C
loes
en, “
Eva
-lu
aci
ón
Fina
l Ext
erna
del
Pro
gra
ma
R
egio
nal d
e S
egur
ida
d A
limen
taria
y
Nut
ricio
nal p
ara
Cen
tro
am
éric
a
(PR
ESA
NC
A II
) y d
el P
rog
ram
a R
e-g
iona
l de
Sis
tem
as
de
Info
rma
ció
n en
Seg
urid
ad
Alim
enta
ria y
Nut
ri-ci
ona
l pa
ra C
entr
oa
mér
ica
(PR
ESI-
SA
N II
)”, N
ica
rag
ua, O
ct. 2
016
.
GU
A,
HO
N,
NIC
, C
R y
PA
N
May
-O
ct.
2016
To d
ate
, lar
ge
se
gm
ent
s o
f th
e C
ent
ral A
me
rica
n p
op
u-
latio
n a
re s
till a
ffect
ed
by
foo
d in
secu
rity.
PR
ES
AN
CA
is
an E
U fi
nan
ced
pro
gra
mm
e t
hat
su
pp
ort
s th
e C
ent
ral
Am
eri
can
Inte
gra
tion
Sys
tem
(SIC
A) i
n m
atte
rs o
f Fo
od
an
d N
utr
itio
n S
ecu
rity.
PR
ES
ISA
N is
an
ind
ep
en
de
nt
pro
gra
mm
e b
ut
it fu
nct
ion
s as
th
e in
form
atio
n c
om
po
-n
ent
of
PR
ES
AN
CA
. A t
eam
of
fou
r co
nsu
ltan
ts e
valu
a-te
d t
he
se
con
d p
has
e o
f P
RE
SA
NC
A a
nd
bo
th p
has
es
of
PR
ES
ISA
N fo
r e
ach
co
mp
on
ent
. T
he
pro
gra
mm
e
de
serv
es
to b
e c
ont
inu
ed
.
EC
-Ag
ri-co
nsu
l-tin
g
31
No
Them
e*
Titl
e &
Rep
ort(
s)C
try.
+D
ate
Sum
mar
yC
lient
16-1
4P
ME
Mo
nito
ring
an
d e
valu
atio
n
No
pub
lica
tion
MU
NJu
n.-
De
c.
2016
Bas
ed
on
pas
t exp
erie
nce
in h
eal
th p
rog
ram
s, a
team
of
spe
cial
ists
dev
elo
pe
d a
too
l fo
r g
rant
man
age
me
nt in
d
iffe
rent
co
unt
ries.
Th
e m
on
itorin
g to
ol a
nd
das
hbo
ard
kn
own
as H
ER
MY
T s
tan
dar
diz
es
the
mo
nito
ring
by
Su
b
Re
ceiv
ers
, tra
ckin
g a
ctiv
itie
s an
d e
xpe
nse
s ag
ains
t th
e
bu
dg
et. T
his
he
lps
to id
ent
ify b
ott
len
eck
s, a
void
ing
the
lo
w a
bso
rptio
n o
f Glo
bal
Fu
nd
gra
nts.
Re
cent
ly, t
he
US
g
ove
rnm
ent
ap
pro
ved
the
bu
ildin
g o
f a g
en
eric
inte
rna-
tiona
l ve
rsio
n o
f HE
RM
YT.
GM
S
16-1
5F
IGF
inan
cin
g g
uid
e fo
r th
e
rura
l ag
ricu
ltu
ral s
ect
or
No
pub
lica
tion
AL
y
CA
RJu
l. 20
16-
Jan
. 20
17
Fin
anci
ng
pro
du
ctiv
e r
ura
l org
aniz
atio
ns
po
ses
gre
at
chal
len
ge
s to
mic
rofin
ance
inst
itutio
ns
wan
ting
to
ve
n-
ture
into
th
e a
gri
cult
ura
l se
cto
r. T
he
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
a te
chn
ical
gu
ide
bas
ed
on
th
e e
xpe
rie
nce
dev
elo
pe
d b
y C
DR
-SE
FAS
an
d R
oo
t C
apita
l in
th
e la
st y
ear
s, a
ims
to
offe
r co
nce
ptu
al t
oo
ls, a
lon
g w
ith g
oo
d p
ract
ice
s an
d
less
on
s le
arn
ed
in t
he
gra
ntin
g o
f cr
ed
it. T
his
allo
ws
to
adju
st t
he
offe
ring
of
serv
ice
s to
th
e n
ee
ds
and
ch
arac
-te
ristic
s o
f ru
ral a
sso
ciat
ive
ent
erp
rise
s. T
he
gu
ide
pro
-vi
de
s se
qu
ent
ial s
tep
s, p
ract
ical
exe
rcis
es
and
ad
vice
ap
plic
able
to
th
e a
sse
ssm
ent
of
a p
ote
ntia
l su
bje
ct o
f cr
ed
it.
Ro
ot
Cap
ital
16-1
6F
IGF
inan
cial
se
rvic
es
for
coffe
e g
row
ers
No
pub
lica
tion
GU
AA
ug
. 20
16-
Jan
. 20
17
Acc
ess
to
fin
anci
al s
erv
ice
s co
ntin
ue
s to
ch
alle
ng
e
farm
ers
in C
ent
ral A
me
rica
. CD
R's
SE
FAS
Pro
gra
mm
e
est
ablis
he
d a
co
nsu
ltat
ive
pro
cess
with
six
Gu
ate
mal
an
pro
du
cer
org
aniz
atio
ns
that
we
re s
ele
cte
d a
nd
su
-p
po
rte
d b
y A
NA
CA
FE
. Su
pp
ort
was
pro
vid
ed
un
de
r th
e
Ru
ral V
alu
e C
hai
ns
pro
gra
mm
e o
f U
SA
ID, c
oo
rdin
ate
d
by
FU
ND
AS
IST
EM
AS
. It
incl
ud
ed
to
pic
s su
ch a
s th
e
dia
gn
osi
s o
f b
anka
bili
ty o
f th
e g
rou
ps,
acc
om
pan
ime
nt
and
lin
kag
e, a
s w
ell
as t
rain
ing
of
AN
AC
AF
É t
ech
nic
ian
s in
th
e a
rea
of
finan
cial
se
rvic
es.
FU
N-
DA
-SIS
-T
EM
AS
32
No
Them
e*
Titl
e &
Rep
ort(
s)C
try.
+D
ate
Sum
mar
yC
lient
16-1
7M
RN
Eval
uat
ive
sys
tem
atiz
atio
n
of
ren
ewab
le e
ne
rgy
NIR
AS
Oy,
“Co
nsul
toría
pa
ra la
S
iste
ma
tiza
ció
n Ev
alu
ativ
a d
e la
s d
imen
sio
nes
técn
ico
-am
bie
nta
l, ec
onó
mic
o-fi
nanc
iera
y s
oci
al d
e so
luci
one
s en
erg
étic
as
imp
lem
en-
tad
as
po
r el
Pro
gra
ma
AE
A. P
ro-
duc
to 1
: Pla
n d
e Tr
ab
ajo
y M
eto
do
-lo
gía
”. Li
ma
-Va
nta
a, S
ept.
2016
.
AL
y
CA
RS
ep
t. 20
16“E
ne
rgy
solu
tion
s” r
efe
rs t
o t
he
tra
nsi
tion
tow
ard
s th
e
ge
ne
ratio
n a
nd
co
nsu
mp
tion
of
ren
ewab
le e
ne
rgie
s. In
P
eru
, Bo
livia
, Co
lom
bia
an
d E
cuad
or
the
Pro
gra
m fo
r th
e A
nd
ean
En
erg
y A
llian
ce w
as c
arri
ed
ou
t in
20
12. A
t th
e r
eq
ue
st o
f th
e M
inis
try
of
Fore
ign
Aff
airs
of
Fin
lan
d
(MA
EF
), a
mu
lti-
con
sult
ant
team
sp
ent
a m
ont
h in
Lim
a,
form
ula
ting
a w
ork
pla
n fo
r th
e e
valu
ativ
e s
yste
mat
i-za
tion
of
17 p
roje
cts.
Th
e r
evie
w o
f th
e d
ocu
me
ntat
ion
le
d t
o s
eve
ral fi
nd
ing
s an
d q
ue
stio
ns
in t
hre
e c
om
po
-n
ent
s: t
ech
nic
al-e
nviro
nm
ent
al, e
con
om
ic-fi
nan
cial
an
d
soci
al. T
he
re
spo
nse
s sh
ou
ld f
acili
tate
de
cisi
on
s o
n t
he
re
plic
atio
n o
f th
e s
olu
tion
s, b
ut
as y
et
they
are
pe
nd
ing
.
NIR
AS
- IIC
A
16-1
8P
ME
PR
Das
hb
oar
d
No
pub
lica
tion
NIC
Oct
.-D
ec.
20
16
Th
e G
lob
al F
un
d im
ple
me
nts
a ris
k m
itig
atio
n s
trat
eg
y,
in c
olla
bo
ratio
n w
ith G
rant
Man
age
me
nt S
olu
tion
s an
d
SA
P p
artn
ers
, bo
th o
f G
erm
any,
re
sult
ing
in a
to
ol t
o f
a-ci
litat
e t
he
wo
rk o
f p
olic
y m
ake
rs. A
t its
re
qu
est
th
e t
oo
l "R
P D
ash
bo
ard
(Mai
n R
ece
ive
r)" w
as in
stal
led
, allo
win
g
the
effe
ctiv
e m
anag
em
ent
of
gra
nte
d s
ub
sid
ies.
In t
he
ca
se o
f N
icar
agu
a, t
ech
nic
al a
ssis
tan
ce w
as p
rovi
de
d
un
de
r th
e m
alar
ia c
om
po
ne
nt, r
ela
ting
to
a U
SD
10
m
illio
n g
rant
for
the
pe
rio
d 2
016
-20
18. T
he
be
ne
ficia
ry
is t
he
Fe
de
ratio
n N
icaS
alu
d N
etw
ork
.
Glo
bal
Fu
nd
16-1
9D
HU
Eval
uat
ion
of
pro
po
sals
Ha
ns N
usse
lder
and
Pa
ul C
loes
en,
Eva
lua
tion
ma
tric
es o
f the
co
untr
y p
rog
ram
mes
201
7-20
21 o
f GEO
-M
OU
N, H
aití
and
AD
A, R
wa
nda
, N
ov. 2
016
.
MU
NN
ov.
2016
Th
e B
elg
ian
Offi
cial
Co
op
era
tion
is im
ple
me
ntin
g a
new
sy
ste
m o
f ev
alu
atio
n a
nd
se
lect
ion
of
cou
ntry
pro
-g
ram
me
pro
po
sals
su
bm
itte
d b
y N
GO
s. It
pro
cee
ds
in
colla
bo
ratio
n w
ith t
he
NG
O fe
de
ratio
ns
of
bo
th la
ng
ua-
ge
re
gim
es
(Du
tch
an
d F
ren
ch, t
he
mai
n la
ng
uag
es
in
Be
lgiu
m).
An
ind
ep
en
de
nt e
valu
atio
n w
as m
ade
of
two
co
unt
ry p
rog
ram
me
pro
po
sals
for
the
pe
rio
d 2
017
-20
21,
for
Hai
ti an
d R
wan
da
resp
ect
ive
ly.
Th
ey fo
cuse
d o
n
the
pro
tect
ion
of
vuln
era
ble
ch
ildre
n a
nd
ag
ricu
ltu
ral
dev
elo
pm
ent
, mai
nly
with
wo
me
n.
AC
OD
EV
SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA · SEPTEMBER 2017
Centre for RuralDevelopment Studies