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BI 101: Bryophytes, Lycopyhtes, Ferns & Fern Allies
Announcements
• Quiz # 5 Friday
– Fungi
• Scavenger Hunt: Due Mon May 20th
• Weekend field trip: Sat. may 18th?
– Extra credit: make-up lab
– Meet at the top of Mary’s Peak
– Doodle poll email today
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Adaptation to Land
For a Plant: What are the differences between life on land and life in the water?
• Variation in temperature - fluctuation, not buffered by water
• Variation in moisture - no longer continuously bathed in water
• Nutrient availability - differences between water and soil and how nutrient uptake occurs
• Gravitational force - floating at the surface was sufficient to get to the sun
• Substrate - differences between water and soil
Adaptation to Land
What types of adaptations are needed to move from water to land habitat? • Protection against water loss
– Cuticle to prevent water loss
– stomata for regulation
• Ability to tolerate variation in temperatures
• Roots for anchoring to substrate and nutrient absorption
• Protection for gametes: specialized structures
• Gametes (sperm) do not require water
• Development of vascular tissue
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Vascular tissue Stomata
Land plants Origins
Shares most recent common ancestor with Green algae (Chlorophyta) Aquatic origin 476 million years ago
Researchers have identified green algae called charophyceans as the closest relatives of land plants. Common name: - stoneworts
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Bryophytes
• True organs lacking
• thallus (unspecialized cells in plant body)
• rhizoids (root hair like structures)
•anchorage function only
•Pores: allow gas exchange; don’t close
•Surface covered in waxy cuticle
• conducting tissues absent or primitive
• water required for fertilization
• Gametophyte generation dominant
Bryophytes: pores
• Bryophytes like moss and liverworts lack true stomata
• Have pores that are always open
Cross section of liverwort thallus
(Conocephalum)
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Why so tiny?
Gametophyte
(Green & leafy)
Brown capsule
Sporophyte
Hairy-cap moss
Bryophytes have life cycles dominated by gametophytes
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Cellular reproduction
• Mitosis
– Asexual
– Genetically identical offspring (clones)
– Produces diploid cells (2n)
• Meiosis
– Sexual reproduction
– Genetic variation
– Produces gametes (sperm & egg)
– Produces haploid cells (1n)
Bryophytes: Non vascular plants: Moss
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21-6 Life cycle of a moss
4
6
3
1
2
5
female gametophyte
male gametophyte
sperm
capsules
egg
haploid (n)
diploid (2n)
FERTILIZATION
MEIOTIC CELL DIVISION
Following fertilization, a sporophyte develops and begins to grow upward from the gametophyte
Mitotic cell division produces sperm in an antheridium and an egg in an archegonium
Sperm swim through water to reach the egg
At maturity, the sporophyte will produce haploid spores within a capsule
Haploid spores are liberated from the capsule and disperse
The spores germinate and develop into gametophytes
Bryophytes: non vascular plants: Liverworts
9,000 species
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Gemmae cups
Create liverwort Clones!
Hornworts!
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stem of a giant lycophyte
(Lepidodendron)
seed fern (Medullosa), one of the early
seed-bearing plants
stem of giant
horsetail
(Calamites)
Fig. 23-13c, p.380
Carboniferous ~300 mya
Vascular plants: Derived adaptations
• Vascular tissue: conducts water and nutrients throughout the plant
• Plant organs: roots, stems, leaves
• Stomata for gas exchange
• Sporophyte generation dominate (plant spends more of its life in the sporophyte (2n) generation
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Lycophytes: “club mosses”
Lycophytes: “club mosses”
Strobilus: where spores are produced via meiosis
strobilus
11,500 species
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Lycophytes: “club mosses”
Strobilus: where spores are produced via meiosis
11,500 species
Pterophytes (ferns and allies)
• 12,000 extant species, mostly in
the tropics; many extinct
• roots, stems & leaves present
• sporangia variable in Sori, not
strobilus
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Pterophytes (ferns and allies)
Psilotales: whisk ferns • Often lack roots & leaves
Equisetales: horsetails • Contain silica
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Pterophyte: Fern Life cycle
Alternating Generations In more advanced plants, the sporophyte generation
dominant.
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Ancestral Derived
Mosses & Liverworts Non-vascular Gametophyte-dominant Sperm require water Homospory
Club mosses,horsetails, whisk ferns & ferns Vascular Sporophyte-dominant Sperm require water Some use heterospory
Plants we’ll cover next week… Vascular Sporophyte-dominant Sperm don’t need water Seeds!
TRENDS THROUGH TIME
Gametophyte
-dominant
Vascular tissue
Sporophyte-dominant
Heterospory
Roots and leaves
Chlorophyta Motile sperm
Cuticle Green algae
Ex: Chara
Gammae cups
Sori
Strobili
Bryophyta
Lycophyta
Pterophyta
Hepatophyta
Motile sperm
Gametophyte-dominant
Cuticle
Motile sperm
Gametophyte-dominant
Cuticle
Gemmae cups
Vascular tissue
Motile sperm
Sporophyte-dominant
Cuticle
Roots and leaves
Strobili
Vascular tissue
Motile sperm
Sporophyte-dominant
Cuticle
Roots and leaves
Sori