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BMPs for the Control of
Summer Patch on Annual Bluegrass Turf
Bruce B. Clarke, Ph.D.
Rutgers University
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Summer Patch
Causal Organism :
Magnaporthe poae
Susceptible Hosts :
Annual Bluegrass Poa annua
Kentucky Bluegrass Poa pretensis
Fine Fescue Festuca spp.
Bentgrass Agrostis spp.
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PATCH DISEASES
Caused by Ectotrophic
Root-Infecting (ETRI)
Fungi
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PATCH DISEASES / ROOT
PATHOGENS
Bermudagrass Decline
Kikuyugrass Decline
Necrotic Ring Spot
Spring Dead Spot
Summer Patch
Take-All Patch
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Peter Dernoeden
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Richard Smiley
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IDENTIFICATION
AND
BIOLOGY OF THE
FUNGUS
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Conditions Favoring
Summer Patch
Hot, Humid Weather
Excessive Soil Moisture
Low Mowing Height
Soil Compaction / Poor Drainage
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Impact of Cultural Practices on
Summer Patch Development
Compaction
Nitrogen fertility
Soil and rhizosphere pH
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COMPACTION
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Effect of Compaction/Aerification on
Summer Patch Severity
Compaction
Aerificatio
n
HVY (4X) HVY
(2X)
MOD (4X) MOD (2X) Non
Comp
Dp: S 3.5 4.3 3.8 3.5 2.0
Dp: S & F 4.8 4.3 3.5 3.5 2.8
Dp: F 5.0 5.5 4.5 4.8 3.3
Sh: S 7.3 5.5 6.0 3.0 2.8
Sh: S & F 6.3 5.8 5.8 3.8 3.3
Sh: F 9.4 10.4 9.5 6.8 4.3
None 17.5 15.0 13.7 10.7 7.1
Mean Significant Difference = 3 inches
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Sources of Nitrogen
Urea
Sulfur - Coated Urea
Ammonium Sulfate
Ammonium Chloride
Calcium Nitrate
Potassium Nitrate
Nutralene
Nitroform
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0
5
10
15
20
25
9-Jul 22-Jul 7-Aug 22-Aug
Rating Date
Patc
h S
everi
ty
AmoniumSCUNitrateMeth. UreaUreaUTC
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No N
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4 lb N/M
Ca NO3
Thompson, et. al.,
1998
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4 lb N/M
AS
Thompson et. al, 1998
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Acidification of Soil by Nitrogen Source
4 lb N/1000 sq. ft / year
5 5.5 6 6.5 7
Amm. Sulfate
Amm. Chloride
SCU
Nitroform
Nutralene
Urea
No Nitrogen
Ca. Nitrate
Pot. Nitrate
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Suppression of summer patch symptoms with
Ammonium Sulfate - Rutgers University
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Aug. 30 Sep. 14 Sep. 21
Untreated Ammonium sulfate 0.2 lb N at onset of symptoms
2004
Baron Kentucky Bluegrass – 1.5 inch height
Dis
ease
sev
eri
ty I
nd
ex (
dia
. X
in
ten
sity
)
*
* = Means are significantly different according to the Waller-Duncan k-ratio t-test (k=100).
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Summer Patch Management
Aerify and Improve Drainage
Raise Mowing Height during Heat Stress
Overseed with Perennial Ryegrass, Tall Fescue, or Bentgrass
Fertilize with Ammonium Sources, SCU; Avoid using Nitrate Source
Maintain pH at or Below 6.0
Apply Pentrant Fungicides (2 - 4 gal water)
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Question :
Can acidifying nitrogen fertilizers
reduce fungicide rate ?
Answer :
Yes. It may, however, can take two to
three years to occur.
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Influence of N Form and Fungicide Rate on
Summer Patch Severity
Lynx
Check
Sentinel
Banner
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
High Rate
Low Rate
Lynx
Check
Sentinel
Banner
Urea
AS
% Disease
Lynx 25DF 1.32/0.66; Banner 1.1E 4/2 fl oz; Sentinel 40WG 0.25/0.12 oz.
Bent/Poa Green, Little Mill, CC, Marlton, NJ.
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Evaluation of Fungicides
for the Control of
Summer Patch
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Control of Summer Patch
I DMIs :
- Banner, Bayleton, Eagle,
Trinity, Triton, Tourney, Torque
II Benzimidazoles :
- Cleary 3336
III Strobilurins (QoI):
- Compass, Disarm, Heritage, Insignia
- Headway and Tartan
IV Carboximides: Xzemplar (fluxapyroxad)
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Summer Patch Control: (QoI left & Check right) on
Kentucky bluegrass
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Control of Summer Patch on Kentucky
Bluegrass
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2-Aug 17-Aug 28-Aug 9-Sep
Rating Date
% D
ise
as
e
Banner 2.0 fl oz 14dHeritage 0.2 oz 14dHeritage 0.4 oz 28dInsignia 0.5 oz 28dAmmonium Sulfate 0.2 lb N onceDaconil Ultrex 3.2 oz 14dUntreated Check
Rutgers 2002
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Effect of Fungicides on Summer Patch – Kentucky Bluegrass :
Rutgers, 2011*
*Fungicides applied from May 27 to August 15 (Pillar = (Insignia + Trinity)
Dis
ease
sev
erit
y i
nd
ex /
plo
t
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Suppressing Summer Patch with Selected fungicides on
Kentucky Bluegrass : Rutgers University : 2011
Lexicon Intrinsic 4.17SC = Insignia + fluxapyroxad, Xzemplar 2.5SC = fluxapyroxad; Interval = 28
day
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Suppression of Summer Patch by the Biological Control
Product Companion on Kentucky Bluegrass Turf
Companion microbial inoculant contains Bacillus subtilis GB03 (> 1.5 x 1010
CFU/L); Heritage 50WG (azoxystrobin) @ 0.4 oz / 1,000 sq ft every 14-d; 3.9
cm cutting ht
1999
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Summer Patch Gallonage Study
2 gallons water / 1000 sq ft
5 gallons water / 1000 sq ft
10 gallons water / 1000 sq ft
Fairway Study – 3 yrs
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Banner Fungo 50 Tersan
1991
Cleary
3336
Control
2 Gal Water
10 Gal Water
Summer Patch Control%
Dis
ease
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Impact of Irrigation
on
Fungicide
Effectiveness
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Impact of Water Volume and Post- treatment
Irrigation on Summer Patch in Kentucky Bluegrass
Fungicide
Amount of
Water Carrier
Amount of
Irrigation
Bayleton 2 gal/1000 0
Banner 5 gal/1000 ¼ inch
Sentinel 10 gal/1000 ½ inch
Rubigan 1 inch
Tersan 1991
B.B. Clarke & D.C. Thompson Rutgers University
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Summer Patch Chemical Control
DMIs, Benzimidazoles, Strobilurins,
and certain Carboximides
Use full label rates – 3 times / season in
areas with a history of summer patch
Apply in 2 - 4 gal water / 1000 ft2 or
Irrigate mmediately after spraying
Timing – Soil temp. 65o F @ 2” depth for 5
to 7 consecutive days
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TAKE-ALL PATCH
Causal Agent: Gaeumannomyces graminis
var. avenae
Hosts: Agrostis stolonifera (creeping
bentgrass)
A. tenuis (colonial bentgrass)
A. canina (velvet bentgrass)
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Dernoeden (Univ. MD)
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Poa annua
Dernoeden (Univ. MD)
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IDENTIFICATION
AND
BIOLOGY OF THE FUNGUS
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Take-all Decline of Bentgrass
♦ Generally, Take-All Decline (TAD) starts within
3-5 Years after the disease first appears
♦ In wheat, TAD has been linked to a buildup of producing fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and other Bacteria
♦ Root colonizing bacteria inhibit growth of the pathogen on root surfaces (i.e. antagonism) and eventually brings about TAD
Dernoeden (Univ. MD)
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Factors Believed to
Enhance Take-All Patch
Cool Temperatures (40 - 60 0 F)
Ample Soil Moisture
High Soil or Rhizosphere pH (>6.5)
Sandy, Light-Textured Soils
Fumigated or Recently Cleared Land
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Take-All Patch Control
Question : What is the impact of soil
pH and nitrogen source on
disease severity ?
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Relationship Between Take-all
Severity and Soil pH
٠positive correlation between rhizosphere
pH and take-all severity in wheat and
bentgrass
٠suppressive effect of NH4 fertilizers
related to reduction in rhizosphere pH
Smiley & Cook. 1973. Phytopathology 63:882
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Effect of N-Sources on Take-all Patch in
Colonial Bentgrass
N-Source* Rate % Diseased Area
Ib/M kg/ha 12 Jul 12 Oct. 22 Nov
Ammonium Phos. 0.4 20 27 3 1
Ammonium Sulfate 0.7 35 26 6 3
Untreated -- -- 39 33 28
*Applied 12 July and 8 August SMITH, 1956
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Roles of Mn in Take-all
Manganese
٠G. graminis oxidizes Mn2+ to Mn3+ or Mn4+,
rendering it unavailable to the plant
٠Results in a localized deficiency of Mn
٠Weakens plant’s resistance
٠Mn applications reduces take-all severity
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Influence of Mn and Cu on Take-all Patch
on a Bentgrass Fairway
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 Mn
0 Cu
0 Mn
0.7 Cu
1 Mn
0 Cu
1 Mn
0.7 Cu
2 Mn
0 CU
2 Mn
0.7 Cu
Year 1
Year 2
% D
isease I
ncid
en
ce a
aba
bcb
d
b
bc
d d cd
a
lb / A96
Heckman et. al.,
2003, 2004
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R E D U C I N G
P L A N T
S T R E S S
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Take-All Management For Greens
● Increase mowing height and reduce the mowing
frequency in the summer symptoms are
apparent
● Use acidifying fertilizers during cool weather to reduce burn potential
● Apply foliar applications of Mn (2 lb Mn/A)
● Syringe frequently / hand water and suspend core aeration when symptoms are present
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Integrated Management of
Take-all Patch
Resistant Species / Cultivars
٠Fescues, bluegrasses, and ryegrasses are
not affected by take-all patch
٠Little known about relative susceptibility of
bentgrass species and cultivars
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0 10 20 30 40 50
ProvidencePenn G-2Penn A-1
SR7200Putter
Seaside IIPenn A-4
SouthshorL-93
PenneaglePenn G-6
SR1020SR7100
CrenshawPrincevillePenncross
Percent Disease
Take-all Patch Resistance: Rutgers University
20ºC, GgaMat5
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Take-All Control: Past Research
1956 J. D. Smith Limestone application
enhances disease.
1958 Jackson Organo-mercury fungicides
effective.
1981 Dernoeden PMAS (1 fl oz)
Bayleton 25DF (4 oz). (green)
1989 Chastagner Fall applications of
& Staley Rubigan, Bayleton, and
Banner most effective.
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Management of Take-All Patch with Fungicides
Fungicides reduce TA but do not eliminate it
Preventive Treatments are best
- Timing: Oct. + Nov. + Apr. + May
Products*
- azoxystrobin (Heritage)
- pyraclostrobin (Insignia)
- fluoxastrobin (Disarm)
- propiconazole (Banner MAXX)
- fenarimol (Rubigan)
- triadimefon (Bayleton)
*Apply in 4 GPA with flat fan nozzles and high pressure
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Any Questions?