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Becoming DEEP Green with
Just One Project: Cogen Tom Davies –
Director Design & Construction, Amherst College
Todd Holland –
Energy Manager, Amherst, Mount Holyoke & Smith Colleges
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The Bottom Line(s)
Reasonable pay-back Huge CO2 reduction Fuel flexibility and standby power But . . .
. . . Large first cost
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Why Go Green?
Many flavors of climate commitment: Kyoto Protocol Clean Air/Cool Planet
a.k.a. The New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers’ Climate Change Action Plan
Step It Up Presidents Climate Commitment
a.k.a. American College & University Presidents Climate Commitment
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Greenhouse gas auditAmherst Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trend
(linear regression)
0
5,000
10,000
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40,000
1990
1991
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eC
O2
(to
ns
)
slope = 343 tons per year (1.2% growth)
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Greenhouse gas model
Greenhouse Gas Emissions History: 1.2% Growth
0
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ea
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growth
baseline
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Climate Change Commitments
0
5,000
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to
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ea
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growth
baseline
Climate Change Commitments
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
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35,000
40,000
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O2
to
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ea
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CA/CP
growth
baseline
Climate Change Commitments
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
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35,000
40,000
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O2
to
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r y
ea
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Kyoto
CA/CP
growth
baseline
Climate Change Commitments
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
1990
1992
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Step It Up
Kyoto
CA/CP
growth
baseline
Climate Change Commitments
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
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1992
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President's
Step It Up
Kyoto
CA/CP
growth
baseline
Flavors of climate commitment
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Many ways to go green – How do they compare?
Purchasing REC’s Building improvements Operational changes Behavioral changes Cogeneration
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Offsets, Programs, and Projects
GHG Reduction Strategies
0
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to
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ea
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growth
baseline
GHG Reduction Strategies
0
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1992
1994
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2000
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O2
to
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pe
r y
ea
r
Programs
growth
baseline
GHG Reduction Strategies
0
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30,000
35,000
40,000
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1992
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eC
O2
to
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r y
ea
r
Projects
Programs
growth
baseline
GHG Reduction Strategies
0
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to
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Offsets
Projects
Programs
growth
baseline
GHG Reduction Strategies
0
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40,000
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eC
O2
to
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ea
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Offsets
Offsets
Projects
Programs
growth
baseline
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GHG Reduction Strategies
0
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30,000
35,000
40,000
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1992
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eC
O2
to
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ea
r
Offsets
Offsets
Projects
Programs
growth
baseline
Offsets, vs. Projects and Cogen
GHG Reduction Strategies
0
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eCO
2 to
ns
per
yea
r Offsets
Offsets
Projects
Programs
growth
baseline
GHG Reduction Strategies
0
5,000
10,000
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35,000
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1992
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eCO
2 to
ns
per
yea
r
Offsets
Cogen
Projects
Programs
growth
baseline
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Offsets, vs. Projects and Cogen
GHG Reduction Strategies
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
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30,000
35,000
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1991
1992
1993
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2020
eC
O2
to
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pe
r y
ea
r
Projects
Programs
growth
baseline
GHG Reduction Strategies
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
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30,000
35,000
40,000
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1991
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2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
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2018
2019
2020
eC
O2
to
ns
pe
r y
ea
r
Offsets
Projects
Programs
growth
baseline
GHG Reduction Strategies
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
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35,000
40,000
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1991
1992
1993
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1995
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2001
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2004
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2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
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2018
2019
2020
eC
O2
to
ns
pe
r y
ea
r
Cogen
Projects
Programs
growth
baseline
GHG Reduction Strategies
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
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1998
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2000
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2005
2006
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2009
2010
2011
2012
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2014
2015
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2018
2019
2020
eC
O2
to
ns
pe
r y
ea
r
Offsets
Cogen
Projects
Programs
growth
baseline
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Cogen by the numbers
of GHG emissions from fuel for heat and purchased electricity
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Cogen by the numbers
of the energy we buy is electricity
of our GHG emissions are from electricity
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Where does electricity come from?
Electrical Energy Generation by SourceUS Total
51%
19%
19%
3%6% 2%
Coal
Nuclear
Natural Gas
Petroleum
Hydro
Renewables
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Cogen by the numbers
of the energy used to generate electricity is wasted as heat
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Cogen by the numbers
efficiency of the nation’s electric grid
overall efficiency of a small cogen system
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Comparison of conventional systems vs. Cogen
CO2 reduction 7000 tons, 23%
NOx (smog) reduction 27 tons, 60%
SOx (acid rain) reduction 93 tons, 62%
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OK, you convinced me.So what is this Cogen?
Gas turbine, recip engine, steam turbine Types of plants where this it works What’s new: available to smaller campuses
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Cogen explained:
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DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (Eff. = 95%)
STEAM TURBINE (Eff. = 42%)
BOILER (Efficiency = 83%)
CONDENSER
72Units 22
Units25
Units
23
Units
High Pressure Steam
60 Units
72 Fuel Source units yields:
22 Units of Electricity
GENERATOR (Eff. = 92%)
35 Units
Electric Efficiency: 30%
Conventional Power Plant:
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73 Fuel Source units yields:
58 Units of Thermal Energy
73Units
Heat to Campus58 Units
BOILER (Efficiency = 80%)
Thermal Efficiency: 80%
Conventional Heating Plant:
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73Units
Heat to Campus58 Units
BOILER (Efficiency = 80%)
Overall Efficiency: 55%
145 Fuel Source units yields:
22 Units of Electricity
58 Units of Thermal Energy
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (Eff. = 95%)
STEAM TURBINE (Eff. = 42%)
BOILER (Efficiency = 83%)
CONDENSER
72Units 22
Units25
Units
23
Units
High Pressure Steam
60 Units
GENERATOR (Eff. = 92%)
Conventional Heat & Power:
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100 Fuel Source units yields:
22 units electricity
58 units thermal energy
Cogen = Combined Heat & Power:
58 Units
Overall Efficiency: 80%
GENERATOR (Eff. = 92%)
100Units
24
Units
22Units
GAS TURBINE (Efficiency = 24%)
HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR
Steam to Campus
76 Units
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Cogen explained:
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Cogen configuration
Fuel cost and availability: natural gas, diesel, or both
Year-round or seasonal operation Are you thermally or electrically rich? Steam and/or hot water for heat Summertime heat load Rate structure
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The Cogen Solution at Amherst Solar Saturn dual-fuel gas turbine and
HRSG with duct burner
Back-pressure steam turbine
Total capacity 1250 and 500 kW
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Cogen by numbers: Payback and other cost factors
Initial cost Operational savings Simple payback estimates Volatility in energy costs and what that
means for payback Rising energy prices = good news!
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Amherst Cogen First Costs
Construction 5,200,000 Equipment 3,500,000 Soft Costs 600,000 Total Cost 9,300,000
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Payback Calculations
This will be done live off a spreadsheet based on current gas, oil and electricity costs, and the audiences predictions of future gas, oil and electricity costs.
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Fuel
NG #2 #6 kWh Annual
$/mcf gal gal Svgs
1 $8.10 $3.29 $3.50 $0.14 $912,941
2 $8.00 $3.50 $3.50 $0.15 $936,592
3 $9.00 $3.50 $3.50 $0.15 $901,706
4 $10.00 $3.50 $3.50 $0.15 $866,821
5 $8.00 $3.50 $3.50 $0.16 $1,058,543
6 $9.00 $3.50 $3.50 $0.16 $1,023,657
7 $10.00 $3.50 $3.50 $0.16 $988,772
8 $8.00 $3.50 $3.50 $0.17 $1,180,494
9 $9.00 $3.50 $3.50 $0.17 $1,145,609
10 $10.00 $3.50 $3.50 $0.17 $1,110,723
11 $11.00 $3.50 $3.50 $0.17 $1,075,837
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Other benefits:
Stand-by power capabilities
Island mode operation
Demand reduction = payments from utility
Diversification of boiler equipment
Reduced reliance on #6 fuel oil
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Too good to be true?
Equipment availability
The reality of a seller’s market
Schedule volatility
Pricing volatility and change orders
It’s complex, so build a great team
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Evolution of costs & savings
Feasibility Project IncreaseProject Cost $5,100,000 $9,300,000 82%Utility Costs:
Electricity 41.03$ 46.89$ 14%Natural Gas 10.10$ 13.00$ 29%#2 Fuel Oil 9.66$ 25.36$ 163%#6 Fuel Oil 8.00$ 16.00$ 100%
Annual Savings $809,000 $1,018,000 26%Simple Payback 6.3 9.1Est. ROI 16% 11%
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Grid Operator Alphabet Soup ISO
RMR
FCM1
FCM2
ODR
Translation = $67,000 a year
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Cogen Team
In-house: D&C, Engineering, Ops,
Energy, Administration, Trustees
Consultants: Engineers, Commissioning
Agent, Testing, Permitting, Procurement
Vendor: Prime Mover(s) & Subs
Contractor: Builders, Commissioners
Become DEEP Green with Just One Project: Cogen
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The Bottom Line(s)
Reasonable pay-back
Fuel flexibility and standby power
Huge CO2 reduction
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Resources
CHP Application Centers www.northeastchp.org www.chpcenterma.org www.chpcenterse.org www.gulfcoastchp.org www.chpcentermw.org www.intermountainchp.org www.chpcenternw.org www.chpcenterpr.org