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Prepared by: Mohamad Izzat bin Rozali
Training Guide: Mr Rengaraj C.
Manager: Mr Gokul Jothiraman
Setpoints of
Individual Steps
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Batching steps that require
setpoints
Pressure tests
Sterilization-in-Place (SIP)
Empty SIP
Full-Vessel SIP
• Media Sterilization
• Disinfection
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Pressure Test
Initial Pressure Test, Vessel Pressure Test I (VPI) &Vessel Pressure II (VP II)
Test SP 1.40 bar
Test Time 30 min
Dep SP 0.1 bar
Air Flow SP 30 LPM
Test Hyst 0.1 bar
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Sterilization
ESIP and FSIP
Heating 1 90 °C
Heating 2 121 °C
Cooling 1 90 °CCooling 2 30 °C
Holding Time 1 (FSIP) 30 min
Total Holding Time (FSIP) 60 min
Sterilisation Time (ESIP) 60 minBack Pressure SP 1.3 bar
Air Flow SP 30 LPM
Dep SP (ESIP) 0.1 bar
Heating Hyst 0.1 °C
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pH, Temperature,
Pressure and LevelTransmitter – Basic
Principles of Operation
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pH Transmitter
Probe consists mainly of measuringelectrode and reference electrode
The measuring electrode developsa potential (voltage) directly
related to the hydrogen ionconcentration of the solution.
The reference electrode provides astable potential against which themeasuring electrode can be
compared.
Both electrode contain KCL buffersolution that has constant H+ concentration
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pH Transmitter (cont’d)
If:
H+ conc. inside solution > H+ conc. insideelectrode
Potential difference = Positive
Acidic
H+ conc. inside solution < H+ conc. insideelectrode
Potential difference = Negative
Basic
H+ conc. inside solution = H+ conc. insideelectrode
Potential difference = Zero
Neutral
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Temperature Transmitter
Using a thermocouple
consists of two wires of dissimilarmetals or alloys joined at theirends, with a potentiometer (or
a voltmeter) connected in oneside of the circuit.
Measuring junction
Reference junction
measuring junction in the environment whose
temperature is to be measured.
reference junction
kept at a fixed, known
temperature
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Temperature Transmitter
(cont’d) Works by the difference in the conductivities of
the two wire materials at a measuredtemperature
Difference of the temperature between themeasuring junction and reference junction willcreate an electric current
Increase in temperature – increase voltage
Decrease in temperature – decrease voltage
Temperature of the medium can be determinedfrom the current voltage strength.
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Pressure Transmitter
Via a pressure transducer
device which converts an appliedpressure into a measurableelectrical signal
2 main parts
elastic material which will deformwhen exposed to a pressurizedmedium (diaphragm)
a electrical device which detectsthe deformation.
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Pressure Transmitter (cont’d)
Types of transducers:
Resistive pressure transducer
strain gauges bonded to thesurface of the diaphragm
any change in pressure will causea change in the electricalresistance of each strain gauge
Variable capacitance pressuretransducer
capacitive plate bonded to oneside of the diaphragm andanother capacitive plate bondedto an unpressurized surface.
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Level Transmitter
Using principal of RF signalapplied to capacitance circuit
An insulated electrode acts asone plate of capacitor and
the tank wall acts as the otherplate.
Capacitance is dependent onthe amount of product inside
the tank: an empty tank has lower
capacitance
a filled tank has higher
capacitance.
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Level Transmitter (cont’d)
Measures by applying an RF signalbetween the conductive probe andthe vessel wall.
The RF signal results in a very lowcurrent flow through the dielectricprocess material in the tank from theprobe to the vessel wall.
When the level in the tankdrops/increase, the dielectric
constant drops/increase causing adrop/increase in the capacitancereading.
The capacitance reading will thenbe translated into a certain level
unit.
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DO Transmitter
Probe has thin organic membranecovering a layer of electrolyte andtwo metal electrodes.
Oxygen diffuses through themembrane at a rate proportional toits partial pressure
Higher oxygen partial pressure will increase
the diffusion rate
Oxygen is reduced at the cathode
and the current is measured converts measured current into
concentration units.
Diffusion current is directlyproportional to the concentration of
dissolved oxygen
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References http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/pressure-
sensors-types-working?page=2
http://www.sensorsone.co.uk/pressure-measurement-glossary/pressure-transducer.html
http://www.sensorland.com/HowPage037.html
http://enggyd.blogspot.in/2011/01/ph.html
http://coep.vlab.co.in/?sub=33&brch=91&sim=449&cnt=1
http://www.endress.com/eh/home.nsf/#products/~level-measurement-principle-capacitive
http://www.smartec.nl/pdf/SPDprinciples.pdf
http://en-co.wika.de/upload/OI_A_10_en_de_fr_es_6240.pdf
https://controls.engin.umich.edu/wiki/index.php/Temp
eratureSensors