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Magnetism - Gravity
Working Model
Bart Leplae
12-Sep-2010hotmail: bartleplae
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Introduction The objective of this presentation is to share a working model that can explain the
physical nature of magnetism. Based on this working model we can explain: why magnetic monopoles cannot be
isolated, origin of Earth magnetic field (and reversals), Faraday rotation, LondonMoment
A major challenge for the suggested working model is that it assumes theexistence of an ether. This is why the presentation starts with an alternativeinterpretation of the Michelson-Morley experiment: not by questioning themeasurement (the famous null result) but by using a different conceptualframework for which the null result is the expected result.
This alternative interpretation of the MM experiment explains: the observedperiodic variations of speed of light, stellar aberration, pioneer anomaly, frame-dragging / gravitomagnetism
As a consequence, the curved spacetime and the nature of gravity need to obtainan alternative (more intuitive) interpretation.
The working model for magnetism allows to deduct the physical nature ofElectromagnetic Waves from the known mathematical representations.
From the physical representation of EM waves / wave packets we can put forwarda hypothesis for the particle-wave duality. This explains photoelectric effect anddouble slit experiment.
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MichelsonMorley experiment
Earth
Sun
A. Ether
Earth
Sun
B. No Ether
Conclusion: Ether cannot exist
Through the MM experiment, the speed of light was
observed to be the same from any direction.
Wikipedia:
Light traveling along with the motion of the Earth
would have a different speed than light traveling
backward, as they would both be moving against the
unmoving aether.
Even if the aether had an overall universal flow,changes in position during the day/night cycle, or
over the span of seasons, should allow the drift to be
detected
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MichelsonMorley experiment
Alternative explanation C: Ether rotates around the sun
Sun
Earth If the ether rotates around the sun with the same
speed as the planets, the speed of light is expected
to be the same from any direction.
Through the MM experiment, the speed of light was
observed to be the same from any direction.
This model is consistent with the observations of the
Michelson-Morley experiment
4
Neither the planetsdrag the ether,
nor does the ether drag
the planets
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Michelson-Gale experiment
Earth
Unlike the Michelson-Morley interferometer, this experiment did not produce nullresults -- a fringe shift was observed, and that fringe shift was closely related to
the rotational velocity of the earth
Earth
Sun
B. No Ether
Sun
Earth
C. Ether rotates around sun
Result can be explained:
If arm lengths l1 and l2 are
subject of different length contraction
(Lorentz transformation)No transformation needed to explain
the result
Rotational velocity
reflected in fringe shift
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Ether drift
Sun
Earth
Superposed upon the rotational ether motion around the sun,
the solar system is subject to an ether drift.
This ether drift is reflected through changes in the
measurements during the day/night cycle and over the span
of seasons.
This ether drift has been measured by:
-Dayton Miller:
- Long term measurements with improved version of Michelson-Morley interferometer
- Fringe Shift variations reflect sidereal day (relative to space) and seasonal effects
-Roland DeWitte:
- Phase comparison using two sets of atomic clocks connected through a 1.5km coaxial
cable
- Measured phase variations show periodicity corresponding to sidereal day.
- GPS Satellites: >> See appendix B
- GPS Satellite clock frequencies show variations with a harmonic close to orbit duration
relative to space (rather than the orbit duration relative to the sun)
- Annual GPS satellite variations reveal a draconitic harmonic (1 dy ~= 351.4 days) that is
equal to the rotation of the GPS orbit planes relative to the Sun (and the directiondirection of Ether Drift)
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Stellar aberration
Earth
Sun
B. No Ether
Sun
Earth
C. Ether rotates around sun
Stellar aberration occurs
when light enters the telescope
Stellar aberration occurs
when light enters the solar system
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Flow electrons
in wire Ether flowElectric
wire
Electrons in the electric wire move upwards.
Nearby the wire, ether particles are dragged in the direction
of the moving electrons.
Further away from the wire, the ether particles experience less drag
Ether drag by moving electrons
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Flow electrons
in wire
Ether flow Resultant Magnetic Force
Electric
wire
Ether particles between the two wires move faster
because they are dragged by the electrons of both wires.
The wires are forced towards each other
because of the Bernouilli effect.
(analogy: lift of airplane wing)
Magnetism: 2 parallel wires
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Magnetic Coil
Ether particles rotate around the coil because of the drag
caused by the moving electrons.
Resultant Magnetic Field
Flow of
electrons
in wire
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Magnetic Coil
Ether particles rotate around the coils because of the drag caused by the electrons.
The Ether between the two coils rotates faster because it is dragged by the electrons of both wires.
The coils are forced towards each other because of the Bernouilli effect. (Analogy: lift of frisbee)
Resultant Magnetic ForceResultant Magnetic Force
Flow of
electrons
in wire
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Magnetic Monopoles
Magnetic North and South poles are no real physical properties but reflect the
direction of the resultant magnetic force caused by the Bernouilli effect.
This is the reason why magnetic monopoles cannot be isolated.
Wikipedia:
A magnetic monopole is a hypothetical particle in physics that is a magnet with
only one pole (see Maxwell's equations for more on magnetic poles).[1] In more
technical terms, it would have a net "magnetic charge.
Monopole detection is an open problem in experimental physics. Within
theoretical physics, some modern approaches assume their existence.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_polehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_monopolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_monopolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_polehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle -
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London Moment
Wikipedia:The 'London moment'is a quantum-mechanical phenomenon whereby
a spinning superconductor generates a magnetic field whose axis lines up
exactly with the spin axis.
The term may also refer to the magnetic moment of any rotation of a
ny superconductor, caused by the electrons lagging behind the rotation of the object.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum-mechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_symmetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_momenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_momenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_symmetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum-mechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum-mechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum-mechanical -
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London Moment
Electrons in the superconductorkeep their position relative to
the static ether surrounding the
superconductor.
The electrons lag behind the rotation of the
object and thereby induce an
electric current in the superconductor.
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Earth Magnetic Field
+Permanent magnetism Magnetism induced
by the Earth rotating in ether
The Earth magnetism is induced by the Earth rotating in a static ether.
This builds the permanent Earth magnetism
N
S
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Magnetic Field Reversals
+
N
S
Induces N
Induces S
Earth magnetic field caused by
Earth rotation is reversing
permanent magnetism from
N on geographic south pole to
N on geographic north pole
+
N
S
Induces N
Induces S
When both permanent magnetism
and ether induced magnetism have
their N and S poles pointing in the same
direction, the situation becomes unstable
and will ultimately result in permanent
magnetic N and S poles to flip bymovements of the liquid core
(at moments of strong magnetic fields).
N
S
Remark: The magnetic reversals on the sun are happening during solar maximum
and are characterised by highly twisted and contorded
magnetic lines. This is likely caused by the same effect as illustrated above. 16
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Faraday Rotation
Wikipedia: the Faraday effect or Faraday rotation is a magneto-optical
phenomenon, or an interaction between light and magneticfield in a medium. The rotation of the plane ofpolarization isproportional to the intensity of the component of the appliedmagnetic field in the direction of the beam of light.
The Faraday effect is a result offerromagnetic resonancewhen the permittivity of a material is represented by atensor. This resonance causes waves to be decomposed intotwo circularly polarized rays which propagate at differentspeeds, a property known as circular birefringence.
In the interstellar medium. the effect is caused by freeelectrons
Alternative explanation:
The Faraday rotation is caused
the ether that rotates
within a magnetic field
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optic -
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Gravity
Hypothesis:
When an ether particle hits a mass,
it will transfer its impulse to the mass.
Subsequently the mass will transfer the impulseto multiple ether particles, thereby distributing
the original impulse across multiple ether particles
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Gravity
Hypothesis:
The ether particles between the two masses
are slower than outside the two masses.
Both masses are pushed to each other because of
the stronger impluses coming from the opposite directions.
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Gravity
Sun
EarthHistoric models (Le Sage) that explainedgravity based on an ether where rejected
because ofAbberation:
Wikipedia:
As shown by Laplace, a possible
Le Sage effect is orbital aberration due to finite speed of gravity.
Unless the Le Sage particles are moving at speeds much greater than the speed of light, as Le Sageand Kelvin supposed, there is a time delay in the interactions between bodies (the transit time).
In the case of orbital motion this results in each body reacting to a retarded position of the other,
which creates a leading force component. Contrary to the drag effect,
this component will act to accelerate both objects away from each other.
In order to maintain stable orbits, the effect of gravity must either propagate much faster
than the speed of light or must not be a purely central force.
Not applicable
when ether impulses hit the Earth
perpendicular due to rotating ether.
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Gravity
Sun
Earth
Historic models that explained
gravity based on an ether where rejected
because ofDrag:
Wikipedia:According to Le Sage's theory, an isolated body is
subjected to drag if it is in motion relative to
the unique isotropic frame of the ultramundane flux
(i.e., the frame in which the speed of the ultramundane corpuscles
is the same in all directions).
This is due to the fact that, if a body is in motion, the particles
striking the body from the front have a higher speed (relative to the
body) than those striking the body from behind this effect will act
to decrease the distance between the sun and the earth.
Not applicable
when ether rotates
around the Sun with same
speed as planets.
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Pioneer Anomaly
Sun
Earth
Wikipedia:
The Pioneer anomaly or Pioneer effect is the
observed deviation from predicted trajectories and
velocities of various unmanned spacecraft visiting the
outer solar system, most notably Pioneer 10 and
Pioneer 11.
Both Pioneer spacecraft are escaping from the solar
system, and are slowing down under the influence ofthe Sun's gravity. Upon very close examination,
however, they are slowing down slightly more than
expected.
The effect can be modeled as a slight additional
acceleration towards the Sun.
The anomaly has no universally accepted explanation.
The explanation may be mundane, such asmeasurement error, thrust from gas leakage or
uneven radiation ofheat. However, it is also possible
that current physical theory does not correctly
explain the behaviour of the craft relative to the sun.
Drag:
The particles striking the satellite fromthe front have a
higher speed (relative to the satellite)
than those striking the satellite from behind
this effect will act to decrease the distance
between the sun and the satellite in motion.
Outside the perimeter of
Solar system, the ether is
no longer rotating around the sun
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_solar_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_solar_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectory -
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Frame-draggingWikipedia:
The theory ofgeneral relativity predicts that rotating bodies drag spacetime around
themselves in a phenomenon referred to as frame-dragging. More generally,
the subject of field effects caused by moving matter is known as gravitomagnetism.
Rotational frame-dragging (the Lense-Thirring effect) appears in
the general principle of relativity and similar theories in the vicinity of rotating
massive objects. Under the Lense-Thirring effect, the frame of reference in which a
clock ticks the fastest is one which is rotating around the object as viewed by a
distant observer. This also means that light traveling in the direction of rotation
of the object will move around the object faster than light moving against the
rotation as seen by a distant observer.
Earth
The rotating Earth
induces a small drag
In the surrounding ether
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Gravitomagnetism
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Rotating bodies that rotate in the same
direction:
Ether particles between the bodies rotate at aspeed that is more close to the speed of the
bodies.
The ether particles at the oppositie ends
rotate faster relative to the speed of the
bodies.
The bodies are pushed awayfrom each other because of
the Bernouilli effect
Rotating bodies
drag the surrounding ether
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Gravitomagnetism
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Rotating bodies that rotate in different
direction:
Ether particles between the bodies rotate at a
speed that is relatively faster than the speed
of the bodies.
The ether particles at the oppositie ends
rotate more similar relative to the speed of
the bodies.
The bodies are pulledtowards each other because
of the Bernouilli effect
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Gravity Impact on Atomic Clocks
Sun
Earth
Ether particles nearby a mass are slower
This causes a reduced speed of light.
This slows down the frequency of atomic clocks nearby the mass
because the frequency of atomic clocks depends on the speed of light.
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Speed Impact on Atomic Clocks
Sun
Earth
Ether particles nearby a body moving through the ether are slower becauseof the front wave created in front of the moving body:
This slows down the frequency of atomic clocks nearby the moving mass
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Curved Spacetime
Height represents
the speed of light
Speed of light determines
the atomic clock frequency
The speed of light
is determined by the
average speed of theether particles
Gravitational force
is the result of thedifference in average speed
of ether particles at both sides
of a body
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Gravity Bending of Light
Sun
Earth
Ether particles nearby a mass are slowerThis slows down the propagation of light nearby the mass.
This is what makes the light to bend towards a mass
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Dark Matter / Energy
Earth
Sun
B. No Ether
Sun
Earth
Determining the nature of
this missing mass is one of the
most important problems
in modern cosmology and particle physics.
Ether is part of what constitutes
Dark matter / Energy
Wikipedia: Dark matter is matter that is inferred to exist from gravitational effects
on visible matter and background radiation,but is undetectable by emitted or scattered electromagnetic radiation.[
C. Ether rotates around sun
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Propagation of light/gravity
Ether particles move randomly through space
Light is a series impulses (increased energy) carried
by ether particles
Gravity is a series of missing impulses (decreasedenergy) carried by ether particles
Ether particles collide elasticly with each other and
thereby transfer the original impulse, thereby
preserving the momentum and direction of the
original impulse
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Flow electrons
in antenna
Ether flowDirection
Magnetic Force
---- -
+
+++
+
+++
---- -
+
+++
---- -
Electric
Charge
Antenna
1. Electrons in the antenna move upwards.
Nearby the antenna, ether particles are dragged in the direction
of the moving electrons.Further away from the antenna, ether particles flow back in opposite direction.
The circular ether flow creates a magnetic force
2. Antenna is charged negatively at the top
because of the increased density of electrons
3. Electrons in the antenna move downwards.Nearby the antenna, ether particles are dragged in the direction
of the moving electrons.
Further away from the antenna, ether particles flow back in opposite direction.
The circular ether flow creates a magnetic force
4. Antenna is charged negatively at the bottom
because of the increased density of electrons
Induction of electromagnetic waves
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Flow electrons
in antenna Ether flowDirection Magnetic Force
Pattern moves left with speed of light Pattern moves right with speed of light
---- -
+
+++
+
+++
---- -
+
+++
---- -
+
+++
---- -
---- -
+
+++
---- -
+
+++
+
+++
---- -
---- -
+
+++
+
+++
---- -
+
+++
---- -
---- -
+
+++
---- -
+
+++
+
+++
---- -
Electric
ChargeAntenna
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+
+++
+
+++
---- -
---- -
+
+++
---- -
+
+++
+
+++
---- -
---- -
+
+++
---- -
Combined wave pattern
1 wavelength
1 wavelength
+
+++
+
+++
+
+++-
--- - ---- - -
--- -
+
+ +++
+ ++
+
+ ++---- - ---- - ---- -
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Photons
Photon has an angular momentum
Moves with the speed of light
Direction of flow determines the
polarization state of the photonPhoton has no mass
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Photons form wave packets
Moves with the speed of light
The angular momentum of the initial photon
is distributed across multiple photons and thereby forms
a wave packet
Initial Single
Photon
Resultant
wave packet
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Wave packet: EM wave
37
Photons
have
a different
wavelength:
Smaller in
the center,
larger at theboundary.
This gives
the wave packet
a constrained
size
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Wave packets collapse to a single
photon
If energy is taken away from a single photon within a wave packet,
then (all) energy contained within the wave packet will flow to that
photon and will cause the combined wave packet to collapse instantly to
a single photon
Initial
Wave Packet
Resultantsingle photon
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Wave Packet: gearbox analogy
39
Single photontransforms
to wave packet
of photons
Wave packet
collapses
Momentum
distributes
across all
photons
Momentum
felt at point of
collision = combined momentum
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Photoelectric Effect
Wave-Particle Duality
40
The impacted electron feels the impact of the total momentum of the wave
packet immediately. So it does not need to 'gather up' energy over a period of
time, and then be emitted.
The total momentum contained in a wave packet is larger when the
wavelength decreases (assuming speed at boundary of photons = speed of
light)
Therefore, momentum available to impacted electron is higher when
frequency increases.
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Double slit experimentWave Packet
reconstructsbehind the double slit
with interference
First photon within
wave packetthat hits the detection wall
obtains all energy
embedded in wave packet
Wave packet
collapses to
a single photon
Initial
photon
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2 wave packets:
Merge to 1 wave packet
42
When 2 identical wave packets overlap each
other, they create an interference pattern.This causes the wave packets to twist towards each other
and to form a new wave pattern with a different topology.
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2 wave packets:
Merge to 1 wave packet
43
The force that causes the twist
of the wave packets is themagnetic field alignment
of all the photons in both wave packets.
This only works if photons in both
wave packets are at the same position.
When two magnets are almost
on top of each other, they will beforced to align with each other.
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3 slit experiment
44
Once 2 identical wave patterns have merged
into a new wave pattern, the 3th wave pattern
cannot merge with the new wave pattern
because of the difference in topology.
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Double slit experiment:
with photon detector
Photon
detector
Detector takes energy andtherefore causes wave packet
to be collapsed to a single photon
Initial
photon
Photon
detector
Photon
detector
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Wave refraction
Higher speed of light
Longer wavelength
Lower speed of light
Shorter wavelength
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Summary
The rejection of the ether as the consequence of the Michelson-Morleyexperiment does not account for the observed siderial day variations.
The model whereby the ether rotates around the sun with the samevelocity as the planets accounts for both the outcome of the MMexperiment and the observed siderial day variations.
Magnetism / Gravitomagnetism are similar in nature: both are caused by
the Bernouilli effect applied to ether particles. Gravitation is caused by a difference in velocity of the ether particles at
either side of a body. The speed of light is related to the velocity of theether particles. Time measurements (e.g. through atomic clock) aredependent on the speed of light: this explains differences in measuredtime depending on speed relative to ether and strength of gravity field.
Maxwell equations are applicable to ether model (Maxwell assumed theether model)
Formulas of Relativity are applicable to the ether model when taking intoaccount that these include a mathematical transformation (transformingconstant time/variable speed of light to constant speed of light/variabletime)
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APPENDIX AADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
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Exoplanets with tilted orbits
The ether that rotates around any star acts a largegravitomagnet.
Through the influence of another gravitomagnet (rotatingether of Galactic Plane / other star), the plane of the starsystem can be tilted. This may explain why some exoplanets
have orbits that are very titled relative to the rotation oftheir star.http://spacefellowship.com/news/art15607/an-exoplanet-with-an-extremely-tilted-orbit.html
The Earths climate may have been changed by a different
tilt of the ecliptic plane:http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7093/abs/nature04668.html
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Electron spin
Electron spin makes the
surrounding ether to rotate
around the electron.
Electron
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Superconductivity
Electron
Electr
on
Electr
on
Flow
of
electronsElectrons are interconnected
through their magnetic dipole
moment
Ether keeps rotating
between two moving electrons
(by keeping a rotational momentum)
Ether rotation forms a pipe though
which the electrons flow.
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Superconductivity
Electron
Electr
on
Electr
on
Flow
of
electrons
Electr
on
Electr
on
Electr
on
Number of free electrons
must exactly match the
space available on the
electron train.
Too few electrons >
no ether pipe /
electron train can be formed.
Excess electrons > will cause
resistance / normal currents
Distance determined by
opposite force of electron charges
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Superconductivity
Electron
Electr
on
Electr
on
Flow
of
electrons
External causes that break down
the ether pipe:
- Heat
- Strong magnetic fields
Electrons do not have the required
energy level to escape from the ether
pipe on their own.
An electron that tries to escape
will be immediately pulled back into the
ether pipe as result of magnetic forces.
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SuperconductivityEther pipe forms a closed
loop from which the
electrons cannot escape
Ether pipe
protects electrons
from hitting any
object
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Superconductivity
When all free electronsare locked into the ether pipe,
there are no more
electrons that can react
to an external magnetic field.
The superconductor becomes
perfectly diamagnetic: all
magnetism inside the conductor
is cancelled.
Meissner effect
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APPENDIX BGPS ANOMALIES
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GPS Satellite Deviations
Satellite orbit planes
rotate once per draconical year (1 dy ~= 351.4 days)
relative to space:
Correlates with yearly harmonic
Satellites in this orbit fly against ether drift
once per rotatation around the orbit (relative to space): 11.9672 h
this closely correlates with sub-daily harmonic in GPS Clock Frequency
(11.982-h)
Earth rotates once per day
relative to orbit planes
This GPS orbit is perpendicular to ether drift
and subject to a continuous force
caused by the ether drift
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Characterization of periodic variations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ConstellationGPS.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ConstellationGPS.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ConstellationGPS.gif -
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Characterization of periodic variations
in the GPS satellite clocks
Kenneth L. Senior Jim R. Ray Ronald L. Beard:
All the peaks can be understood as harmonics of a fundamental 11.982-h signal. While this
frequency is close to the average orbital period of the GPS satellites (namely, 11.9659 0.0007 h
according to Agnew and Larson 2007), the two differ in period by 0.016 0.006 h or 58 22 s
(for comparison, a halfsidereal day is 11.9672 h, which is about 9.7 s longer than the meanorbital periods; see Agnew and Larson 2007).
Since the most natural explanation for the twice-daily clock variations is insolation, thermal, or
other environmental changes driven by the orbital motion, a close correspondence in the
periods is expected.
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Variations in the GPS satellite clocks
Least impact
Satellites in Block IIA, Cs Clock
Correlation between GPS orbit and variation
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Anomalous harmonics in the spectra
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Anomalous harmonics in the spectra
of GPS position estimates
http://www.springerlink.com/content/8w20lp2741x66pj3/
Peaks are evident at harmonics of about 1 cycle per year (cpy) up to at least 6 cpy, but the peaks are not all at
strictly 1.0 cpy intervals. Based on the 6th harmonic of the N spectrum, which is among the sharpest and
largest, and assuming a linear overtone model, then a common fundamental of 1.040 0.008 cpy can explain all
peaks well, together with the expected annual and semiannual signals.
A flicker noise power-law continuum describes the background spectrum down to periods of a few months,
after which the residuals become whiter. Similar sub-seasonal tones are not apparent in the residuals of
available satellite laser ranging (SLR) and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) sites, which are both an order
of magnitude less numerous and dominated by white noise.
There is weak evidence for a few isolated peaks near 1 cpy harmonics in the spectra of geophysical loadings, but
these are much noisier than for GPS positions.
Alternative explanations related to the GPS technique are suggested by the close coincidence of the period of
the 1.040 cpy frequency, about 351.2 days, to the GPS year; i.e., the interval required for the constellation
to repeat its inertial orientation with respect to the sun. This could indicate that the harmonics are a type of
systematic error related to the satellite orbits. Mechanisms could involve orbit modeling defects or aliasing of
site-dependent positioning biases modulated by the varying satellite geometry.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/8w20lp2741x66pj3/http://www.springerlink.com/content/8w20lp2741x66pj3/