Download - Balanced Living with Diabetes
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Balanced Living with Diabetes:A Community-based Lifestyle Intervention
Program for Improved Blood Glucose Control
Eleanor Schlenker, PhD, RDCarlin Rafie, PhD, RDMelissa Chase, PhD
Kathy Hosig, PhD, MPH, RDAssociate Professor
Director, Center for Public Health Practice and ResearchPopulation Health Sciences
Virginia Tech
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Outline Background
Challenges for health behavior change
Strategies for health behavior change
Balanced Living with Diabetes– Program description– Program history– Program tailoring and outcomes in Virginia
Elements of success
Next Steps– Expand VCE reach to Hispanic population (promotora)– BLD dissemination to rural Virginia
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Diabetes Prevalence and Risk
US adults > 20 years (2010-2012)– Overall US population: 9.6%– Non-Hispanic blacks: 13.2%– Hispanics: 12.8%
Rural communities– 17% higher risk for diabetes– Higher prevalence of diabetes risk factors
poverty, obesity, tobacco use, low health literacy
– Less likely to engage in recommended diabetes self-care except quarterly A1c
– Less likely to have health insurance– Live farther from healthcare facilities
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7th leading cause of death in US in 2010– Likely underreported
Health Complications– Heart disease and stroke
– Blindness
– Kidney failure
– Lower-limb amputation
Burden of Diabetes
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Chronic disease and diabetes
– 1.7 times higher risk for cardiovascular disease
– 71% have hypertension
– 65% have high LDL cholesterol
– 29% have diabetic retinopathy
– 60% of non-traumatic lower-limb amputations occur in people with diagnosed diabetes
– Diabetes listed as primary cause for 44% of new kidney failure cases
Burden of Diabetes
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Burden of Diabetes
2013
Per-capita healthcare costs without diabetes = $4,305Per-capita healthcare costs with diabetes = $14,000Out-of-pocket costs 2.5x higher with diabetes
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Source: American Association of Diabetes Educators
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American Diabetes Association recommendation:– A1c < 7.0%
Prevent complications
Reduce medical costs
For each 1% decrease in mean A1c:
– 21% decrease in risk of death related to diabetes
– 14% decrease in risk for myocardial infarction
– 37% decrease in risk for microvascular complications
Preventing Diabetes Complications
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Challenge:
Lifestyle Behavior Change
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Where does health behavior change fit in?
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Socioecological Model
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Challenge: Underserved
Services not available
Services not accessible
Target population may not take advantage of available services
Unique characteristics for each target population
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Strategies
Health Behavior Theory
Community-based Participatory Research– CBPR
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Health Behavior Theory
Is basic information (knowledge) important for health behavior change?– Is it enough?
Why do interventions that focus on providing information (i.e. “education”) often fail to produce change in behavior?
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Rationale for Theory-based Interventions
Health behavior interventions that are fully grounded in theory appear to be more effective in producing change in health behavior – why?
– Fidelity to theory components
– Processes involved in maintaining fidelity to theory
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Social Cognitive Theory Constructs
– Individual characteristics Self-efficacy Behavioral Capability Expectations Expectancies Self-control Emotional coping responses
– Environmental factors Vicarious (observational) learning Environment (social and physical) Situation (perception of environment) Reinforcement Reciprocal determinism
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Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR)
Involvement of communities in designing, implementing and evaluating community interventions, with an emphasis on sustainability
Community members and researchers partner to combine knowledge and action for social change to improve community health and often reduce health disparities.
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Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR)
Academic/research and community partners join to develop models and approaches to building communication, trust and capacity
CBPR equitably involves all partners in the research process and recognizes the unique strengths that each brings.
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Balanced Living with Diabetes
Program Description
Program History
Program Tailoring and Outcomes in Virginia
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Program Description
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Balanced Living with DiabetesAdapted from Dining with Diabetes (CBPR)
• Name developed through Project Advisory Board
• Entire curriculum completely revisedo Focus on interaction and application of basic conceptso Tested and revised 2 times
• Stronger fidelity to Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
• Refined assessments to include SCT variables
• Recipes tested by Virginia residents and Extension Agents for taste, ease of preparation
• Additional physical activity contento Aerobic, strength, stretchingo Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaireo Goal setting and trackingo Step log for use with pedometers
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Balanced Living with Diabetes
Social Cognitive Theory
• Curriculum content to address expectations
• Mastery experiences to increase self-efficacy
• In-class interaction for social support
• Emphasis on self-regulation
– Goal-setting
– Tracking
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Program Operation*
• Weekly 2-hour classes for four weeks
• Reunion class three months after last class
• Assessments at first and 3-month reunion classes:– A1c, height/weight– Diabetes self-management, SCT variables
• Encourage diabetes support group for class members and family
*Considered a research study; protocol approved by VT Institutional Review Board
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Class Structure
Power Point interactive lecture by qualified localhealth professional (CDE/RD)
Physical Activity Discussion
Food demonstration/tasting by local Virginia Cooperative Extension Educator
Personal goal-setting, sharing, and practice
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Sample BLD Slides
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Balanced Living with Diabetes
For People with Diabetes and their Families
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High Blood Sugar Causes Complications
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Complications of DiabetesDO NOT Have to Happen!!
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How Can You Avoid Complications?
• Good blood sugar control
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Lifestyle to Control Type 2 Diabetes
Choose healthy foods
Be active
Stay at a healthy weight
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How Can Balanced Living with Diabetes Help You?
• Manage your diabetes
• Choose healthy foods
• Be more active
• Lower your blood sugar
• Prevent complications from diabetes
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Balanced Living with Diabetes
• Making Food Choices– Using the Plate Method– Learn foods to focus on
• Being Active– Walking or other moderate physical activity– Strength and stretching exercises
• Practicing What you Learn– Setting goals– Making plans– Keeping track
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The Plate MethodControl portion size
Control carbohydratesFocus on healthy foods
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Which Food Has the MostCarbohydrate?
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Finding Carbohydrate with Food Labels
• Compare carbohydrate in foods using the Nutrition Facts panel
Total carbohydrate = 13 g Dietary fiber = 3 g Sugars = 3g
Carbohydrate = fiber + sugar + starch
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Managing Type 2 Diabetes:Take Care of Yourself
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Can I safely become more active?
Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire
Fill it out now!
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Balanced Living with Diabetes Fitness
• Ways to be more active.• Tools to help you stick to it.• PAR-Q and your doctor
Use the PAR-Q and talk to your doctor before becoming much more active!
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Tools for an Active Life
• Pedometer
• add 250 steps/day each weekUse the PAR-Q and talk to your doctor before becoming much more active!
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Staying More Active
• 150 minutes a week• exercise like walking• slow enough to talk, but not sing!• build to 30 minutes at least 5 days a week
Use the PAR-Q and talk to your doctor before becoming much more active!
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Mastery Experiences
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Practice
• Use the blank plates in your handouts
• Plan 2 meals– 1 breakfast– 1 lunch or dinner
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Lunch or Dinner
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Practice:Finding Carbohydrate with Food Labels
• Use labels at your table or handouts• Find: Serving size Carbohydrate Dietary fiber Sugar
• Compare labels for the same types of food Yogurt Oat cereal Vegetables Wheat cereal
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Do You Have Some Tips for Us?
• Do you have ideas that you have used at home to make your recipes healthier?
• Please share with us!
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More Practice with Recipes
• Look at the recipes in the handouts
• Discuss with your group how to change these recipes to make them healthier
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Practice!
• Use the food labels at your table– Oils– Shortening, Butter and Margarine– Spreads– Milk– Ranch Dressing
• Talk to the people at your table about healthy choices using these labels
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Practice!• Use the food labels at your table
– Vegetable Soup– Chicken Noodle Soup
• Talk to the people at your table about healthy choices using these labels
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Practice!• Use the menus in your handouts or that
you brought
• Talk to the people at your table about healthy choices using these menus
• Use the Plate Method!– Write your choices on the blank
plate
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“Homework”
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Bring for Next Time
• Please bring somefood labels from home.
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Things To Do for Next Time
• Please bring menus from your favorite restaurants.
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Setting Goals
Keeping Track
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Setting Goals & Keeping Track
• Set goals– foods to focus on– use Plate Method – wear step counter
• Keep track– foods– Plate Method– Steps/Walks
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Let’s Set Goals for this Week!
• Where are you now?– Plate method?– Regular meals?
• Where do you want to go this week?– Build slowly
• Use your diary!
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Keep Track
• write down goals
• notice how you get enough steps on days you walk!
Use the PAR-Q and talk to your doctor before becoming much more active!
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Let’s Review!
• Starting Point– Plate method?– Regular meals?– Counting steps?– Adding mins of
walking?• Build slowly• Use your diary!
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Program History Virginia Department of Health (Diabetes Prevention and
Control Program) funding:– Dining with Diabetes by Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE) with
local healthcare professionals, local health departments 13 counties in Southwest and Central Virginia (2006-2009)
Obici Healthcare Foundation grant:– VCE partnered with Virginia Diabetes Council
6 counties in Obici service area (2011)
National Institutes of Health grant:– Program adapted to Balanced Living with Diabetes– Partnering with Baptist General Convention of Virginia
27 churches in 9 Virginia locations (2010-2015)
Hispanic Balanced Living with Diabetes (unfunded)– VCE partnered with Catholic churches
5 churches in Southwest/Southside Virginia (2014-2015)
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BLD Tailoring and Outcomesin Virginia
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Dining with Diabetes Pilot (2006-2009)
N = 146 participants (8 locations analyzed)o 80% female
o 66% > 60 years old (mean age = 66.4 ± 10.3 years)
o 53% reported income of lower than $30,000
o Race/ethnicity representative of geographic regiono 77% Caucasiano 7% African Americano 3% Asiano < 1% Hispanic
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Dining with Diabetes Pilot (2006-2009)
A1c baseline to 3-month follow up:
Overall
o 7.36 ± 1.60 vs 7.27 ± 1.47 (paired t-test, p = 0.310)
> 7% A1c at baseline (n = 45)
o 8.50 ± 1.58 to 8.00 ± 1.54 (paired t-test, p < 0.001)
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Dining with Diabetes Pilot (2006-2009)
• Self-reported behaviors baseline to 3-month follow up:
• 5 times more likely to use a plan to control carbohydrate at least 3 days/week
o 38% vs. 74% (OR = 4.64, 95% CI = 2.50 – 8.61; t = 5.36, p < .01)
• ↑ 30 minutes physical activity at least 3 days/weeko 73% vs 82% (OR = 1.68; 95% CI=0.84¨C3.37; t=1.49, p=.07)
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Obici Foundation Project (2011)(used revised BLD)
39% lowered A1c
51% maintained appropriate A1c levels
65% increased days/week using a meal planning method
73% increased days/week with 30 minutes of walking or similar activity
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RCT with BLD Targeting Medically Underserved African Americans
5-year project funded by National Institutes of Health (National Institute for Nursing Research)
3 churches in each of 10 Virginia communities(n=30)– Churches randomly assigned to treatment condition BLD BLD plus technical assistance for monthly support
group meetings 12-month delayed intervention
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BLD with Medically UnderservedAfrican Americans
Location• African American Baptist Churches• Medically underserved areas of Virginia
Partners
• Baptist General Convention• Statewide association of black churches• Health ministry infrastructure
• Virginia Cooperative Extension• Virginia Department of Health
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BLD with Medically UnderservedAfrican Americans
Formative work (CBPR)
• Director of church health ministry involved from beginning (proposal stage)
• Recipe testing at member churches
• Pilot/feasibility programs at 2 member churches
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BLD with Medically UnderservedAfrican Americans
Community Advisory Board
• Key stakeholders• Members of target population• Members of partner agencies
• Administrative and staff• Designed consent documents/process• Chose recipes for testing• Designed/approved marketing/recruiting
materials• Continued involvement and formative evaluation
• Dissemination• Sustainability
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BLD with Medically UnderservedAfrican Americans
Preliminary Results
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BLD with Medically UnderservedAfrican Americans
• 264 participants completed 12-month assessments• 5 locations, 14 churches
• Demographics• 77% female; 23% male• 96% African American
• Retention rate• 82% at 3 months• 80% at 6 months• 77% at 12 months
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BLD with Medically Underserved African Americans
Change in A1c by Treatment Condition for Participants with Baseline A1c ≥ 7.0(n = 106)
Treatment Condition
Baseline A1c
(mean ± sd)
3-month A1c
(mean ± sd)
6-month A1c
(mean ± sd)
12-month A1c
(mean ± sd)
Control waiting 8.5 ± 1.5 8.1 ± 1.4 8.0 ± 1.0 7.8 ± 1.6
Standard program
8.8 ± 1.7 8.3 ± 1.3 8.1 ± 1.4 8.3 ± 1.8
Program + support groups
8.7 ± 1.7 8.2 ± 1.1 8.3 ± 1.2 8.2 ± 1.3
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Identifying and Exploring Capacity & Readiness of Faith-Based Organizations Implementing
Lifestyle-Related Chronic Disease Health Programs
Preliminary Research– Explore capacity and readiness factors that influence
partner experience implementing a collaborative lifestyle-related faith-based health program (BLD)
Formative and Culminating Research– Develop and pilot a tool to assess organizational
capacity and readiness of faith-based organizations to implement lifestyle-related health programs
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Results
50% did not have policies to promote physical activity
68% did not have policies related to healthy food/beverage options at church functions
Most common policy = “No Smoking”
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Results
57% had health and wellness mission statement
55% had health and wellness budget
57% had health ministry
– Larger churches more likely to have health ministry
– Churches with health ministry more likely to have at least one health-related policy that was enforced
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Results
Most churches had not partnered with colleges/universities for health programming
Only ~50% had partnered with local/state agencies
Assessment tool is promising– Self-assessment tool for churches– Research tool
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Hispanic BLD
Background• Growing minority population in US
• Increased risk for type 2 diabetes
• Disproportionate suffering from complications from diabetes
• ↓ access to care• Potential for undocumented participants• Unique influences on access to care
• Majority of Hispanic population is Catholic
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Hispanic BLD
Location• Catholic Churches with services in Spanish• Identified via communication with Richmond diocese
Partners
• Richmond Diocese and 4 regional Catholic churches• St. Mary’s Catholic Church in Blacksburg (support)• Virginia Cooperative Extension• Virginia Department of Health• VT Center for Public Health Practice and Research
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Hispanic BLD
Formative work• Doctoral student from El Salvador worked
with BLD for MPH practicum and then……
• Interpreted BLD materials into Spanish
• Obtained permission from state Catholic diocese to work with local churches
• Established relationship with local Catholic churches for formative work
• Identified importance of promotora-navigator
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Hispanic BLD
Formative work
• Recipe testing at two local churches• Another local Catholic church helped prepare foods
and provided resources for pilot/feasibility programs
• Health fair/ A1c screening at same churches
• Pilot feasibility programs at the same churches• Prefer Sundays after mass
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Sample HBLD Slides
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Vida Balanceada con Diabetes
Para personas con Diabetes y sus familiasSesión 1
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Lo siguiente para hoy es:• Deguste comida deliciosa y saludable
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Formative A1c Screening Results(2 Catholic Churches)
Of 60 participants screened:
• 100% self-identified as Hispanic
• 68% were female
• 64% were 40 years old or younger
• 64% did not have a high school degree or higher
• 75% did not have medical insurance
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Formative A1c Screening Results(2 Catholic Churches)
• 54% had A1c > 5.7%
• Of these, 72% had never been told that they had pre-diabetes, diabetes or high blood sugar
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2-Group Randomized Control Trial
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HBLD Pilot RCT Results
A1c-Baseline A1c- 3 months
HBLD (n=11)
6.4 ± 0.9 6.4 ± 0.9
HBLDd(n=10)
6.0 ± 0.5 6.2 ± 0.7
Baseline and 3-month Follow Up A1c for Intervention and Delayed Control Churches*
* No differences for change from baseline to 3-month follow up between churches (Kruskal Wallis, p > 0.05)
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Considerations and Lessons Learned
High enthusiasm from churches Documented need Opportunity to reach severely underserved
Church dissemination infrastructure weaker Work more closely with individual churches Must have approval from State Diocese
Greater flexibility from Extension needed for timing of classes (Sundays)
Bilingual educator required
Promotora navigator to improve access to care
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AcknowledgmentsJ Elisha Burke, DMin (Director, Health Ministry - BGCVA)Eleanor Schlenker, PhD, RD (Extension Nutrition Specialist - VT)Eileen Anderson Bill (Research Assistant Professor, Psychology – VT)Ann Forburger, MEd, CHES (Project Coordinator - VT)Monica Motley, MPH (almost PhD)Ivette Valenzuela, MPH (almost PhD)Deborah Jones, MPH (Extension Specialist, Virginia State University)Carlin Rafie, PhD, RD (Extension Nutrition Specialist - VT)Melissa Chase, PhD (Consumer Food Safety Program Manager - VT)
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Common Elements
Know your target population
CBPR– Builds trust, empathy, capacity
Go where the people already come together
Work with people who are connected to the target population
Honor and embrace differences in perspective
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Next Steps
Explore promotora model for Virginia Cooperative Extension programs– MPH practicum/capstone (Karina Chavez)
Impacting Rural Community Health Through Evidence-based Program Implementation in the Cooperative Extension Network– USDA: National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2 yrs)
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USDA-NIFA Rural BLD Dissemination
Expand BLD to all qualifying rural counties/cities in Virginia with a Family and Consumer Sciences Extension Agent.
Conduct process evaluation to facilitate program sustainabilty
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US Cooperative Extension Service
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USDA-NIFA Rural BLD Dissemination
Goal 1: Create capacity to use Master Food Volunteers to assist with BLD implementation
Goal 2: Create sustained capacity for implementation of BLD in rural Virginia counties
Goal 3: Produce a BLD curriculum kit to be made available to other state and local Extension programs
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Target Counties and Cities
Brunswick OrangeDickenson PageEmporia City PatrickGreensville RussellLee ShenandoahLouisa SurryMadison TazewellNottoway Wise
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Discussion