Download - Bacteria Structure - Weebly
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Bacteria Structure
• Essential Pieces? Movement?
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Bacterial Structures
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EndosporesEndospore: A defensive structure that enables the bacteria to live in harsh conditions
Contains DNA and ribosomes
Bacteria can survive in difficult temps, pH, and dry places
Resistant to antibiotics (Harmful to humans)
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Classification of Bacteria• Shape
• Coccus- spherical
• Bacillus- rod
• Spirilla- spiral
• Arrangement
• Diplo- pairs
• Strepto- chains
• Staphylo- clusters
Measured in micrometers
= 10-6
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Bacterial Shapes
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Naming BacteriaName = Arrangement + Shape
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Naming Bacteria
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Bacterial EnvironmentsBest growth conditions (depends on bacteria)
1. Need a form of nutrition
2. Moisture for absorption
3. Suitable pH
4. Temperatures close to human body temps
1. Freezing water temp: 0ºC
2. Boiling water temp: 100ºC
3. Body temp: ~37ºC
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Bacterial Reproduction- REVIEW!!
Asexual reproduction- No genetic variation, do not need two opposite gametes
Binary Fission
1. DNA uncoils and replicates
2. Bacteria grows as DNA is pulled to opposite ends
3. Wall/membrane closes forming two IDENTICAL cells
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Bacterial Reproduction- REVIEW!!
Very fast
No genetic variation
Identical cells
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Isolating Colonies
• Take observations — Any more growth?
• Isolate colonies, give procedure
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Beneficial Uses of Bacteria
• Yogurt and cheese
• Digestion
• Used to make insulin
• Bioengineering
• Septic tanks and wastewater treatment
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Identification of Infectious Diseases
1. Physical symptoms and x-rays
2. Gram stained and examined under a microscope
3. Cultured (grown) and treated with antibiotics in a petri dish
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Treatment of Bacterial Infections
Discovery of antibiotics one of the biggest medical breakthroughs of all time
Broad spectrum vs. specific antibiotics
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How do antibiotics work?
Interfere with cellular activities
Breakdown cell wall
Halt creation of proteins
Bacterial cell dies
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Why are some bacteria difficult to treat?
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What is antibiotic resistance?Definition: Evolution of bacteria strain that antibiotics are unable to kill
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How does it happen?
Two main ways:
1. A mutation in the DNA sequence during binary fission leads to a more fit bacteria; survive and reproduce
2. Conjugation causes switch of plasmid (circular piece of DNA), which leads to a mutated bacteria
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ConjugationExchanging bacteria’s DNA with another
Can be a section of the DNA (plasmid) or all of it
DNA transfers through pilus connection
Leads to genetic diversity and greater chance of mutation/evolution
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Nonresistant vs. Resistant
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Sources of EnergyAll living things need energy
Autotrophs- Photosynthetic, energy from sun
Cyanobacteria
Chemoautotrophs- Energy from chemicals
Many archaebacteria
Heterotrophs- Energy from other organisms
Saprotrophs- Carbon from decaying sources
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Archaebacteria• Methanogens
• Produce methane gas
• Can be found in animal gut
• Halophiles
• Found in high salinity (salt)
• Ex. Dead Sea halophiles
• Thermophiles
• Found in higher temperatures
• Ex. Hydrothermal vents underwater
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Examples of Bacterial Infections
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Tetanus• Cause: Clostridium tetani
• Spores (can survive for years) in dust, soil, and animal waste
• Symptoms:
• Muscle cramps, weakness, lockjaw, respiratory distress, death
• Treatment: Vaccine, antibiotics, treat symptoms
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Baby with Tetanus
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Staph Infection (skin)• Cause: Staphylococcus aureus
• Commonly found on skin, but spread through open wounds
• Symptoms: Starts as small red bumps, turns into deeper abscesses, penetrates rest of body—> heart, lungs (fever, shortness of breath)
• Treatment: Antibiotics (sometimes intravenous)
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Staph Infection on Skin
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Tuberculosis• Cause: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Spread through air with infectious cough, sneeze, spit, etc.
• Symptoms: Affects lungs, chronic bloody cough, night sweats, fever, death if untreated
• Treatment: 6-12 months of antibiotics
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Tuberculosis
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E. coli Food Poisoning• Almost all food poisonings are bacterial
• Most types of E. coli are harmless and beneficial (over 700 types total)
• Cause: Escherichia coli
• Spread through eating undercooked or raw foods that are contaminated
• Symptoms: severe cramps, bloody diarrhea, vomiting, kidney failure, death
• Treatment: Rehydration
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Lyme Disease• Cause: Borrelia burgdorferi
• Transmitted to humans through infected deer ticks (vector)
• Symptoms: fatigue, pain, blurred vision, headache, memory loss, stiff joints, bullseye rash
• Treatment: antibiotics if caught early
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Toxic Shock Syndrome
• Cause: Staphylococcus aureus, Group A strep
• Associated with tampon use, open wounds, surgery
• Symptoms: sudden high fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle aches, confusion, headaches, death
• Treatment: IV antibiotics
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Gram Staining• Lab technique use to identify the composition of
a cell wall —> helps identify bacteria
Gram Positive (+) • Cell Wall =
Peptidoglycan • Absorbs stains; purple • Usually easier to treat
Gram Negative (-) • Cell Wall = Lipid layer
around thin cell wall • Does not absorb well; pink • Usually harder to treat
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Gram Stain Result
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Gram Stain Result
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Gram Staining
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Gram Staining Procedure1. Prepare smear - Sterilize loop, water on slide, sterilize
loop, place bacteria on slide, let dry.
2. Heat fixation- Run slide quickly over flame
3. Crystal Violet- Cover smear, let stand, DI water
4. Gram’s Iodine- Cover smear, let stand, DI water
5. Ethyl Alcohol- Decolorize, DI water
6. Safranin- Cover, let stand, rinse
7. Gently blot dry
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Micrococcus Roseus= gram
positive staphylococcus
E. coli = gram negative
staphylobacillus