Download - B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011
![Page 1: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Molecules of Life
Part A: Review of essential chemistry• Elements• Electronegativity• Bonds• Organic molecules
All images are from Wikimedia Commons, unless otherwise noted.
![Page 2: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
elemental abundance: human body ocean water
Element Proportion (by mass)
Oxygen 65% 86%
Carbon 18% 0.0028%
Hydrogen 10% 11%
Nitrogen 3% 0.0016%
Calcium 1.5% 0.04%
Phosphorus 1.2% 0.000006%
Potassium 0.2%
Sulfur 0.2%
Chlorine 0.2%
Sodium 0.1%
Magnesium 0.05%
Iron < 0.05%
Cobalt < 0.05%
Copper < 0.05%
Zinc < 0.05%
Iodine < 0.05%
Selenium < 0.01%
Fluorine < 0.01%
![Page 3: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Periodic table of the elements
![Page 4: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
What determines what kind of bond forms between atoms?
Element Electro-negativity
O 3.44
N 3.04
S 2.58
C 2.55
H 2.20
![Page 5: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
How do molecules behave in water?
![Page 6: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Which of these are organic molecules?
A. methane B. carbon dioxide
C. carbonic acid D. formic acid
![Page 7: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
What is the difference, then, between organic carbon and inorganic carbon?
“The purpose of life is to hydrogenate carbon dioxide” – Sean Carroll
“The purpose of life is to hydrogenate carbon dioxide” – Sean Carroll
![Page 8: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Molecules of Life
Part B: Four major kinds of molecules make up the bulk of a cell
• Carbohydrates• Nucleic acids• Lipids• Proteins
![Page 9: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
E. coli E. coli dry mass Human cell dry mass
Plant cell dry mass
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Chemical composition of cells
Inorganic
Other organic
Polysaccharides
Lipids
DNA
RNA
Proteins
WaterPe
rce
nt
of
tota
l ma
ss
Sources: Watson JD: Molecular Biology of the Gene, 2nd ed., Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1972Freitas RA Nanomedicine, 1998, http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Ch03_1.htmlUshiyama K: Plant Cell Culture in Japan, p. 97 (1991). Eds. Komamine, A., CMC Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
![Page 10: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Macromolecules (very large molecules)• What are the major types of biological
macromolecules and their subunits (building blocks)?
• What physico-chemical forces or interactions affect the structure and function of each type of macromolecule (particularly proteins)?
• How do variations in structure/composition of macromolecules affect their function and the adaptation of the organism to its environment?
http://jchoigt.wordpress.com/2010/10/01/biomolecules/
![Page 11: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Carbohydrates, glycans, polysaccharides
lactose
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glucose_Fisher_to_Haworth.gif
![Page 12: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
![Page 13: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Phosphodiester bonds T
![Page 14: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Glycans (polysaccharides)
Proteins (polypeptides)
Nucleic acids(DNA and RNA)
Subunits monosaccharides Amino acids Nucleotineds
Elemental Composition
C H O (N) C, H, N, O, S CHONP
Bonds between subunits
Glysosidic Peptide Phosphodiester
Structure Branhed Complex 3d folded linear hain of aas
Linear chain dna=duplexCan fold
Cellular functions
![Page 15: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Salt Ionic Bonds
Vinegar Hydrogen Bonds, Ionic Bonds
Soap, organic solvent Hydrophobic interactions
Alcohol Hydrogen
Heat Vanderwalls, hydrogen bonds
Biology 1510
![Page 16: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Molecules of Life
Part C: Protein structure• Amino acids• Peptide bonds• Levels of protein structure• Hemoglobin example
![Page 17: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Proteins (polypeptides) are made as linear chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
![Page 18: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Nonpolar amino acids - hydrophobic
![Page 19: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Polar amino acids - hydrophilic
Dan Cojocari, Dept Medical Biophysics, U. Toronto 2011 Wikimedia Commons
![Page 20: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Protein structure
![Page 21: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Secondary structure: alpha-helix
![Page 22: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Secondary structure: beta-sheet
![Page 23: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
What holds the tertiary structure together?
Campbell Biology, 8th ed.
![Page 24: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Protein structure and function example – sickle cell hemoglobin
http://gingi.uchicago.edu/hbs2.html
![Page 25: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Hemoglobin S differs from Hemoglobin A at what levels of protein structure?
http://www.carnegieinstitution.org/first_light_case/horn/lessons/sickle.html
![Page 26: B1510 Module3 1a Biomolecules 2011](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052701/55cf9cad550346d033aaa877/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Georgia Tech School of Biology
Fall 2011Biol 1510
Wikipedia
Valine 6 causes additional interactions
http://www.carnegieinstitution.org/first_light_case/horn/lessons/sickle.html