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LABORATORY
1.0TITLE
GENERATION OF AM SIGNALS.
2.0OBJECTIVE
1. To understand the characteristics of amplitude modulation (AM).2. To study AM modulation index and its effect on the system performance.
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3.0INTRODUCTION
For Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication. Its more
used for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. AM works by varying the strength of
the transmitted signal in relation to the information being sent. For example, changes in signal
strength may be used to specify the sounds to be reproduced by a loudspeaker, or the light
intensity of television pixels. Contrast this with frequency modulation, in which the frequency is
varied, and phase modulation, in which the phase is varied.
Modulation is a process of translating information signal from low band frequency to high
band frequency that is suits the transmission medium. Information signal is usually of low
frequency, so it cannot travel fat and needs a carrier signal of higher frequency for long distance
destination. Carrier and information(modulating) are the input while the output is called the
modulated signal.
Figure 1: Basic Block Diagram of A Modulator
There are several type of amplitude modulation such as Conventional Amplitude
Modulation (AM), AM-Double Side Band (AM-DSB) or Suppressed Carrier AM (SCAM) and
Single Side Band Modulation (SSB). Figure 2 show the different type of amplitude
modulation (AM). The top diagrams show the conventional AM which the frequency
spectrum is composed of the carrier frequency (fc), upper sideband (fc + fm), lower sideband
(fc fm).
3.1 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) AM
An amplitude modulation with suppressed carrier is generated if the carrier amplitude
is influenced in a multiplier with a message signal without DC offset. This method used
when for example as an intermediate form for single sideband amplitude modulation or
for the stereo supplementary signal in FM broadcasting.
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3.2 Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM (SSBSC)
Power and bandwidth can saved by filtering one sideband and suppressing the carrier
when both sidebands contain the information. This method widely used for
communications applications, particularly within the HF portion of the radio spectrum.
Remarks : LSB = Lower Side Band
USB = Upper Side Band
fc = Carrier Frequency
fm = Information Frequency
Figure 2: Spectrum and Waveforms of Conventional-AM, DSBSC-AM and SSBSC-AM Signals
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3.3 Modulation Factor,m
The change in the carrier amplitude is proportional to the change in the modulation
signal amplitude Modulation factor (m) is known as the ratio of the change to the
unmodulated carrier amplitude. The highest value of m under ideal scenario is m = 1.
3.4 AM Power Performance and Efficiency
3.4.1 Full AM
Total transmitted power for full AM signal is combine from all three
frequency components such as carrier, upper and lower sideband. Its
efficiency, is equal to the ratio between the power to transmit useful
information signal, PSB to the total transmitted power, PT .
Figure 3: Equation for Total Power Transmitted,PT and Efficiency,
3.4.2 DSBSC-AM and SSBSC-AM
Power efficiency is equal to 100% where all the transmitted power used to
carry the information signal. The SSBSC more improves AM bandwidth
efficiency as both sidebands carry similar information signal where one
sideband is just the mirror image of the other.
Figure 4: Equation for Total Power Transmitted,PT DSBSC-AM and SSBSC-AM
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4.0METHOD
4.1 INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS
i. Modulation Board Type 4280
ii. Demodulation Board Type 4281
iii. Pico Scope
iv. Oscilloscope
v. Spectrum Analyzer
4.2PROCEDURE
There are two procedures to perform in this laboratory. There are:
4.2.1 Modulator
4.2.2 Demodulator
Figure 5: Circuit of modulator for amplitude-modulated signals
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Figure 6: Circuit of a single sideband modulator (SSB)
Figure 7: Circuit of demodulator by plugging the 2mm connecting plug
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4.2.1 MODULATOR
Modulator for amplitude-modulated signals already assemble by refers (see Figure 5).
Modulation factor of an AM modulator will determine. After that, the line diagrams (scope),
modulation trapezium and the frequency spectrum will appear in the software Pico scope
and then save the result in the computer. Make a folder to make sure its is easy to arrange
back for the result later. Change the VDC as shown in Table 1 for the following values, +1V
and +0.5V. The results for the output were recorded.
Then change the VDCto zero. The waveform, trapezoid and spectrum will sketch and explain
about the result. Compare the current findings to results for m=1. After that, assemble a
single sideband modulator (SSB) according to the filter method (see Figure 6). Output signal
with the oscilloscope at different information frequencies are examined and the frequency
of the sidebands are measured and the results are shown in Table 2.
4.2.2 DEMODULATOR
Continue the experimental setup by plugging the 2mm connecting plug (see Figure 7) and
the voltages asked are measured and draw the results in the Table 3.
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5.0RESULTS
Table 1
Vdc=+2V
Waveform
Spectrum
Trapezoid
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Vdc=+1V
Waveform
Spectrum
Trapezoid
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Vdc=+0.5V
Waveform
Spectrum
Trapezoid
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Vdc=+0V
Waveform
Spectrum
Trapezoid
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Table 2
fm=2kHz
Em=2V
Waveform
Spectrum
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fm=1kHz
Em=2V
Waveform
Spectrum
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fm=500Hz
Em=2V
Waveform
Spectrum
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Table 3
Vam
V1
V2
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Vdem
Vout
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6.0DISCUSSION
MODULATION
1. On what variable does the shape envelope curve depends?
By refer to the modulation frequency V peak-peak voltage
2. How are different amplitudes of the message signal represented in the output signal?
The change in the carrier amplitude is proportional to the change in the modulation signal
amplitude.
M=Em
EcBy method measuring modulation factor, sine wave display voltage with constant amplitude
is very rarely transmitted.
3. How can the modulation factor be determined from the frequency spectrum?
By calculate the bandwidth of the sideband to the carrier frequency.
4. How great is the amplitude of the lower sideband oscillation when the modulation factor is
60% and the carrier has an amplitude of 10V?
0.6 =
6 + =
= 10 6
=
= 2.5V
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DEMODULATION
1. Compare the waveform of VDEM and VOUT.
VDEM VOUT
-Combine with demodulation
-Vpeak more than Vout
- Only information signal
- Vpeak less than VDEM
2. In your opinion, can AM techniques in which the carrier is suppressed (DSBSC and SSBSC)
being demodulated using the above technique.
In my opinion, Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) is being demodulated because
in DSBSC, the signal is mirror. It is similar or same to the experiment that we done.
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7.0CONCLUSION
In a conclusion, the objective of this experiment were fulfilled. The amplitude modulation is
reliable, important and popular used in the industry. Amplitude modulation(AM) also is one of
the most straightforward ways of modulating a radio signal or carrier. The process of
demodulation, where the audio signal is removed from the radio carrier in the receiver is also
quite simple as well. The easiest method of achieving amplitude demodulation is to use a simple
diode detector. This consists of just a handful of components such as a diode, resistor and a
capacitor. The advantages of amplitude modulation (AM) are it is simple to implement, it can be
demodulated using a circuit consisting of very few components and AM receivers are very
cheap as no specialised components are needed.
The disadvantages are it is not efficient in terms of its power usage, not efficient in terms of
its use of bandwidth, requiring a bandwidth equal to twice that of the highest audio frequency
and is prone to high levels of noise because most noise is amplitude based and obviously AM
detectors are sensitive to it. The important part of amplitude modulation (AM) is the measuring
of the modulation depth, double sideband, single sideband, and the carrier signal. The trapezoid
display is more exactly, it is because the modulation depth is directly readable from the
oscilloscopes screen.
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8.0REFERENCES
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation
2. http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/amplitude-modulation
3. http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/am-amplitude-
modulation/single-sideband-suppressed-carrier-ssbsc.php
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6.6 GHz RF Instrumentation for PXI
NI PXI-5690
Amplitude Modulation17 Ratings | 4.00 out of 5
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Overview
This tutorial is part of the National Instruments Measurement Fundamentals series. Each tutorial in this series
teaches you a specific topic of common measurement applications by explaining the theory and giving practicalexamples. This tutorial covers an introduction to RF, wireless, and high-frequency signals and systems.
For the complete list of tutorials, return to theNI Measurement Fundamentals main page, or for more RFtutorials, refer to theNI RF Fundamentals main subpage. For more information about National Instruments RFproducts, visitwww.ni.com/rf.
Table of Contents
1. Amplitude Modulation2. Mathematical Background3. Types of AM Modulation4. Reality Check5. Related Products
6. Conclusion
Amplitude Modulation
Modulation is the process of varying a higher frequency carrier wave to transmit information. Though it istheoretically possible to transmit baseband signals (or information) without modulating it, it is far more efficient tosend data by modulating it onto a higher frequency "carrier wave." Higher frequency waves require smallerantennas, use the available bandwidth more efficiently, and are flexible enough to carry different types of data.AM radio stations transmit audio signals, which range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz, using carrier waves that range from500 kHz to 1.7 MHz. If we were to transmit audio signals directly we would need an antenna that is around10,000 km! Modulation techniques can be broadly divided into analog modulation and digitalmodulation.Amplitude modulation (AM) is one form of analog modulation.
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Figure 1. Basic Stages of AM
Mathematical Background
The carrier signal is generally a high-frequency sine wave. There are three parameters of a sine wave that canbe varied: amplitude, frequency, and phase. Any of these can be modulated, or varied, to transmit information. Asine wave can be mathematically described by a sine or cosine function with amplitudeAc, frequency fc, andphase .
Figure 2. Carrier Wave
The carrier signal is modulated by varying its amplitude in proportion to the message, or baseband, signal. Themessage signal can be represented by
and the carrier signal can be represented by
To make the equations simpler, assume that there is no phase difference between the carrier signal and themessage signal and thus = 0.
The modulated signal can be represented by multiplying the carrier signal and the summation of 1 and themessage signal, as shown below.
With some basic trigonometric manipulation, the above waveform can be written as
Types of AM Modulation
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As described in the previous section, the modulated signal has waves at three frequencies: fc, fc fb and fc + fb.Transmitting at all three frequencies wastes power and bandwidth. To avoid that problem use a fil ter to removeone of the sidebands (usually the lower sideband, fc fb). Use a highpass filter to remove the lower sidebandsignal; this process is single sideband (SSB) modulation.
However, by removing one of the sidebands we lose some of the original power of the modulated signal. Tomaximize the power transmitted, transmit both the lower and the upper sideband. This process is doublesideband (DSB) modulation. The following figure i llustrates DSB.
Figure 3. Frequency Domain View of Double Sideband Full Carrier
One of the components of the modulated signal is the pure carrier wave. Because the carrier wave does not haveany information, we can remove the carrier wave component from the signal before we transmit it. This process iscalled single sideband/double sideband suppressed carrier (SSB-SC, DSB-SC) modulation. However, we needthe carrier when demodulating the signal. Special circuits can extract information about the carrier from one of
the sidebands; these circuits are used when demodulating SSB-SC or DSB-SC signals.
We can also use amplitude modulation to send digital data.Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)uses fourpredetermined amplitude levels to determine digital bits.
Reality Check
Although understanding AM is helpful to understand modulation, it is not the most efficient or useful way tomodulate a signal. Simple AM is slow and requires too much power. Because most communication today isdigital, far more complex methods are used. Generally, phase shift keying (PSK)a type of phase modulationis used to transmit digital data.
Related Products
NI PXIe-5663 6.6 GHz RF Vector Signal AnalyzerThe National Instruments PXIe-5663 is a modular 6.6 GHz RF vector signal analyzer with 50 MHz ofinstantaneous bandwidth optimized for automated test.
NI PXIe-5673 6.6 GHz RF Vector Signal GeneratorThe National Instruments PXIe-5673 is a 4-slot 6.6 GHz RF vector signal generator that delivers signalgeneration from 85 MHz to 6.6 GHz, 100 MHz of instantaneous bandwidth, and up to 512 MB of memory.
NI PXI-5660 2.7 GHz RF Vector Signal AnalyzerThe National Instruments PXI-5660 is a modular 2.7 GHz RF vector signal analyzer with 20 MHz ofinstantaneous bandwidth optimized for automated test.
NI PXI-5671 2.7 GHz RF Vector Signal GeneratorThe National Instruments PXI-5671 module is a 3-slot RF vector signal generator that delivers signal generationfrom 250 kHz to 2.7 GHz, 20 MHz of instantaneous bandwidth, and up to 512 MB of memory.
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NI PXI-5652 6.6 GHz RF and Microwave Signal GeneratorThe National Instruments PXI-5652 6.6 GHz RF and microwave signal generator is continuous-wave withmodulation capability. It is excellent for setting up stimulus response applications with RF signal analyzers.
NI RF SwitchesThe National Instruments RF switch modules are ideal for expanding the channel count or increasing theflexibility of systems with signal bandwidths greater than 10 MHz to bandwidths as high as 26.5 GHz.
NI LabVIEWNational Instruments LabVIEW is an industry-leading graphical software tool for designing test, measurement,and automation systems.
NI Modulation ToolkitThe National Instruments Modulation Toolkit extends the built-in analysis capability of LabVIEW with functionsand tools for signal generation, analysis, visualization, and processing of standard and custom digital and analogmodulation formats.
Conclusion
For the complete list of tutorials, return to theNI Measurement Fundamentals main page, or for more RF
tutorials, refer to theNI RF Fundamentals main subpage. For more information about National Instruments RFproducts, visit www.ni.com/rf.
17 Ratings | 4.00 out of 5
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Reader Comments | Submit a comment
In the amplitude modulation section, the time parameter has been omitted. Please correct [email protected] - Oct 28, 2010
Great
Nice revision to communication systems theory for any Engineer who would want some quick learning for his/herproject needs.- Apr 04, 2010
Recognition
Excellent brief introduction. NI taking care of the students, as always.- Carlos Cristiano Nunes, Ph.D.,Microserv.anon14215267 - Mar 05, 2010
BASIC VIEW
VERY NICE INTRODUCTION- SHANMUGAM,[email protected] - Jan 16, 2009
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Modulation is the process of varying a higher frequency carrier wave to transmit information.
Though it is theoretically possible to transmit baseband signals (or information) without modulating
it, it is far more efficient to send data by modulating it onto a higher frequency "carrier wave."