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AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING LABORATORY
I
LECTURER
PROF.Dr. DEMIR BAYKA
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INTRODUCTION
APPROACH TO
EXPERIMENTATION
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THEORY & EXPERIMENTATION in ENGINEERING
PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACHES
• There are 2 fundamental approaches for problem solving in engineering
1. Theoretical
2. Experimental
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PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACHES
1. Theoretical : Physical / Mathematical Modeling
1. Experimental : Measurement
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PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACHES
Regardless of the Discipline( ME, EE, ChE, CE,.....)
• or the Engineering Function( Design, Development, Research, Manufacturing,
Maintenance, etc.,..)
either of these or more probably a judiciously chosen mix of these techniques is required
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PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACHES
• Some general characteristics of these methods which will be helpful in deciding on the proper blend when choice is necessary are identified below.
• This also helps to organize your thinking about the whole process.
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PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACHES
• Whenever some device or process is described with mathematical equations based on physical principles, the real world is left behind to a greater or lesser degree.
i.e. all physical principles and their mathematical expression when applied to the real world situations are approximations of the real behaviour.
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PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACHES
• These approximations may be good, fair or poor, but some disrepancy between modelled and real behaviour always exists.
• Although the quality of these approximations are improved as time goes by, perfection is an unreachable goal.
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PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACHES
• We also need to remember that practical engineering, in contrast to pure science labors under constraints, sometimes overriding constraints of
Time
&
Money
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PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACHES
i.e an engineer may be well aware of a nearly perfect theoretical aapproach to a problem but will conciously choose instead a simpler and less accurate method, which is judged
“good enough”
in terms of overall project objectives.
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PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACHES
• Thus our first comparison of theory and experiment centers on the fact that• Theories are always approximations
involving simplifying assumptionswhere as
• Experiments are run on the actual system
and when properly designed and executed reveal the true behaviour.
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Features of alternative methods of problem solving
Theoretical methods
• Study mathematical models of the real world which always require simplifying assumptions.
Experimental methods
• Study the real world, no simplifying assumptions are required.
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Features of alternative methods of problem solving
Theoretical methods
• Study mathematical models of the real wold which always require simplifying assumptions.
• Give general results to a wide class of problems.
Experimental methods• Study the real world, no
simplifying assumptions are required.
• Give results specific to the apparatus studied.
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Features of alternative methods of problem solving
Theoretical methods• Study mathematical
models of the real wold which always require simplifying assumptions.
• Give general results to a wide class of problems.
• Relaxation of assumptions leads to more complex math. model
Experimental methods• Study the real world, no
simplifying assumptions are required.
• Give results specific to the apparatus studied.
• Higher accuracy measurements require more complex instrumentation
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Features of alternative methods of problem solving
Theoretical methods• Study mathematical models
of the real wold which always require simplifying assumptions.
• Give general results to a wide class of problems.
• Relaxation of assumptions leads to more complex math. Model.
• Facilities needed to commence study can be meager( trained personnel + paper &pencil )
Experimental methods• Study the real world, no
simplifying assumptions are required.
• Give results specific to the apparatus studied.
• Higher accuracy measurements require more complex instrumentation.
• Extensive
(and expensive ) laboratory facilities may be needed.
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Features of alternative methods of problem solving
Theoretical methods• Study mathematical models of
the real wold which always require simplifying assumptions.
• Give general results to a wide class of problems.
• Relaxation of assumptions leads to more complex math. Model.
• Facilities needed to commence studycan be meager (trained personnel + paper &pencil )
• Study can commence promptly
Experimental methods• Study the real world, no
simplifying assumptions are required.
• Give results specific to the apparatus studied.
• Higher accuracy measurements require more complex instrumentation.
• Extensive (and expensive ) laboratory facilities may be needed.
• Time delays may occur in apparatus construction and debugging
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Functional types of Engineering Experiments
1. Determination of material properties and object dimensions.
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Functional types of Engineering Experiments
• Determination of material properties and object dimensions.
• Determination of component parameters, variable and performance indices.
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Functional types of Engineering Experiments
1. Determination of material properties and object dimensions.
2. Determination of component parameters, variable and performance indices.
3. Determination of system parameters, variables and performance indices.
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Functional types of Engineering Experiments
1. Determination of material properties and object dimensions.
2. Determination of component parameters, variable and performance indices.
3. Determination of system parameters, variables and performance indices.
4. Evaluation and improvement of theoretical models.
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Functional types of Engineering Experiments
1. Determination of material properties and object dimensions.
2. Determination of component parameters, variable and performance indices.
3. Determination of system parameters, variables and performance indices.
4. Evaluation and improvement of theoretical models.
5. Product / process improvement by testing.
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Functional types of Engineering Experiments
1. Determination of material properties and object dimensions.
2. Determination of component parameters, variable and performance indices.
3. Determination of system parameters, variables and performance indices.
4. Evaluation and improvement of theoretical models.
5. Product / process improvement by testing.
6. Exploratory experimentation.
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Functional types of Engineering Experiments
1. Determination of material properties and object dimensions.
2. Determination of component parameters, variable and performance indices.
3. Determination of system parameters, variables and performance indices.
4. Evaluation and improvement of theoretical models.5. Product / process improvement by testing.6. Exploratory experimentation.
7. Acceptance testing.
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Functional types of Engineering Experiments
1. Determination of material properties and object dimensions.
2. Determination of component parameters, variable and performance indices.
3. Determination of system parameters, variables and performance indices.
4. Evaluation and improvement of theoretical models.5. Product / process improvement by testing.6. Exploratory experimentation.7. Acceptance testing.
8. Use of physical models and analogues.
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Functional types of Engineering Experiments
1. Determination of material properties and object dimensions.
2. Determination of component parameters, variable and performance indices.
3. Determination of system parameters, variables and performance indices.
4. Evaluation and improvement of theoretical models.5. Product / process improvement by testing.6. Exploratory experimentation.7. Acceptance testing.8. Use of physical models and analogues.
9. Teaching / learning through experimentation.
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Functional types of Engineering Experiments
1. Determination of material properties and object dimensions.
2. Determination of component parameters, variable and performance indices.
3. Determination of system parameters, variables and performance indices.
4. Evaluation and improvement of theoretical models.
5. Product / process improvement by testing.6. Exploratory experimentation.7. Acceptance testing.8. Use of physical models and analogues.9. Teaching / learning through experimentation.
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FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTSIN
MEASUREMENT&
EXPERIMENTATION
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WHAT IS “MEASUREMENT” ?
IN GENERALIT IS THE AQUISITION OF INFORMATION
THEREFORE WITH RESPECT TO INFORMATION :
1. STRUCTURAL INFORMATION2. METRIC INFORMATION
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1. STRUCTURAL INFORMATION
THIS IS THE INFORMATION ONSTATE OR NATURE
OF A CERTAIN CHARACTERISTIC
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1. STRUCTURAL INFORMATION
SO YOU ASK YOURSELF WHAT IS THE IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC OF THAT SOCKET ?
THE ANSWER IS : VOLTAGE
FOR EXAMPLE YOU WANT TO KNOW IF AN ELECTRIC SHAVER WILL WORK WHEN YOU PLUG IT IN TO THE SOCKET
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AS A RESULT OF STRUCTURAL INFORMATION THE INDEPENDANT
VARIABLES THAT SHOULD BE OBSERVED ARE DETERMINED
1. STRUCTURAL INFORMATION
THE AQUISITION OF STRUCTURAL INFORMATION IS CALLED QUALITATIVE MEASUREMENT
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2. METRIC INFORMATION
THIS IS THE INFORMATION ABOUT THE QUANTITY OF AN
INDEPENDANT VARIABLE.
IT IS OBTAINED AS A RESULT OF QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT
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IN THE FIELDS OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING BOTH STRUCTURAL
AND METRIC INFORMATION IS NECESSARY.
BEFORE METRIC INFORMATION IS AQUIRED STRUCTURAL
INFORMATION IS NEEDED
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QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS ARE ABOUT :
MATERIAL PROPERTIES• DENSITY• THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY• HEATING VALUE• VISCOSITY• MELTING POINT• LATENT HEAT OF EVAPORATION• ELASTIC MODULUS• SPECIFIC HEAT• ETC…...
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QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS ARE ABOUT :
COMPONENT PARAMETERS• DIAMETER• MASS• SPRING CONSTANT• ELECTRICAL INDUCTANCE• FLUID CAPACITANCE• THERMAL RESISTANCE• ETC…...
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QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS ARE ABOUT :
VARIABLES OF STATE• POSITION• FORCE• VOLTAGE• PRESSURE• TEMPERATURE• DIFFUSION RATE• ETC…...
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SOME ASPECTS OF A MEASUREMENT
DESCRIPTIVESELECTIVEOBJECTIVE
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING MEASUREMENTS
1. TO PROVIDE AN IMMEDIATE QUANTITATIVE ANSWER TO A SPECIFIC PROBLEM
• properties of a specific material• parameters of a specific object or a component• the state or performance of a specific system including system identification
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING MEASUREMENTS
1. TO PROVIDE AN IMMEDIATE QUANTITATIVE ANSWER TO A SPECIFIC PROBLEM
systematic experimental tests to design and to develop new products
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING MEASUREMENTS
1. TO PROVIDE AN IMMEDIATE QUANTITATIVE ANSWER TO A SPECIFIC PROBLEM
monitor and control engineering systems for
their proper operation and maintenance
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING MEASUREMENTS
1. TO PROVIDE AN IMMEDIATE QUANTITATIVE ANSWER TO A SPECIFIC PROBLEM
To perform acceptance testing of components or systems by authorized agencies to demonstrate their conformity with preset standards before their use
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING MEASUREMENTS
2. TO COLLECT EMPIRICAL DATA WITH THE HOPE OF OBTAINING AN INSIGHT INTO A PHENOMENON AND LATER GO ON TO USE THE DATA TO FORM A THEORETICAL EXPLANATION OF IT.
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING MEASUREMENTS
3. TO VERIFY THE EXISTING THEORY
To collect data for complementing, verifying, and improving these theoretical or empirical models,
hypotheses, theorems, and laws by conducting “controlled
experiments”.
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DISCOVERY OF NEPTUNE
AT 1820 FRENCH ASTRONOMER
ALEXIS BOUVARDOBSERVED A DESCREPENCY
IN URANUS’S PATHAS PREDICTED BY
NEWTON’S LAW
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THE DEVIATION WAS SMALLBUT
IT WAS MORE THAN THEUNCERTAINTY OF THE
MEASUREMENT
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NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITY WASFORMULATED AS A HYPOTHESIS
FOR EXPLAINING THEOBSERVATIONS OF
TYCO BRAHEKEPLER AND GALILEO
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UNTIL THEN THOUSANDS OFPREDICTIONS HAD BEEN MADE
AND
THE PREDICTIONS HAD BEENOBSERVED
NOW THERE WAS A NEWOBSERVATION WHICH
DID NOT AGREE
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WHAT SHOULD BE DONE ?
1. FORMULATE A NEW HYPOTHESIS WHICH WILL ALSO EXPLAIN THE NEW OBSERVATION
2. MODIFY THE BASIS OF THE EXISTING THEORY (ASSUMPTION OF THE FIXED NUMBER OF PLANETS)
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A HYPOTHETICAL NEW PLANET WASCALCULATED AND LATER
OBSERVED
THUS NEPTUNE WAS DISCOVERED
LATER PLUTO WAS DISCOVEREDIN THE SAME MANNER
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FOR TYPES 1 & 2 THE FOLLOWING
APPROACH CAN BE USED
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STEP
A.1
QUESTION
WHAT IS THE OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT ?
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STEP POSSIBLE ACTION
A.1 a) THE PROBLEM MAY HAVE BEEN CLEARLY DEFINED FOR YOU
b) YOUR EXPERIENCE MAY HELP YOU TO DEFINE AN OBJECT
c) IN AN UNFAMILIAR SITUATION TRY A FEW TENTATIVE TESTS FROM WHICH AN OBJECTIVE MAY SUGGEST ITSELF
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STEP CONCLUSION
A.1 OBJECTIVE IS DEFINED AND NOTED
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STEP QUESTION
B.1 WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT VARIABLES AND ARE THEY DEFINED ?
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STEP POSSIBLE ACTION
B.1 a) THE ANSWER MAY BE SELF EVIDENT
b) STEP A.1 MAY GIVE YOU A LEAD (BEWARE OF INCLUDING
DEPENDENT VARIABLES)
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STEP CONCLUSION
B.1 THE VARIABLES ARE SELECTED AND PERHAPS A HYPOTHESIS IS MADE
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STEP QUESTION
B.2 WILL GROUPING OF VARIABLES REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF TESTING ?
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STEP POSSIBLE ACTION
B.2 a) GROUPING CAN BE BASED ON PHYSICAL ARGUMENTS
b) PERFORM A DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
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STEP CONCLUSION
B.2 ANY GROUPINGS ARE DECIDED UPON
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STEP QUESTION
C.1 WHAT APPARATUS IS REQUIRED ?
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STEP POSSIBLE ACTION
C.1a) YOU WILL HAVE TO WORK
WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE APPARATUS AVAILABLE
( DO YOU NOW HAVE TO REVISE THE CONCLUSION OF
B.1) ?
CONCLUSION OF B.1
THE VARIABLES ARE SELECTED AND PERHAPS A HYPOTHESIS IS MADE
b) REQUEST ADDITIONAL FACILITIES
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STEP CONCLUSION
C.1 NECESSARY EQUIPMENT IS NOW AVAILABLE
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STEP QUESTION
C.2 HOW WILL THE TESTS BE ORGANIZED ?
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STEP POSSIBLE ACTION
C.2 a) DECIDE WHICH QUANTITIES YOU WILL VARY AND IN WHAT ORDER
b) DECIDE WHO IS GOING TO DO WHAT
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STEP CONCLUSION
C.2 TEST PLAN IS DRAWN UP AND JOBS ARE ALLOCATED
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STEP QUESTION
C.3 HOW WILL THE DATA APPEAR ON YOUR NOTES ?
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STEP POSSIBLE ACTION
C.3 a) DECIDE ON THE RANGE OVER WHICH EACH VARIABLE MAY CHANGE C.1 a) MAY IMPOSE A LIMITATION
C.1 a) YOU WILL HAVE TO WORK WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE APPARATUS AVAILABLE
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STEP POSSIBLE ACTION
C.3
a) DECIDE ON THE RANGE OVER WHICH EACH VARIABLE MAY CHANGE C.1 a) MAY IMPOSE A LIMITATION
b) PREPARE A TABLE INTO WHICH DATA CAN BE ENTERED. IS A REFERENCE TEST NUMBER NEEDED ?
c) DECIDE WHETHER ACCURACY OF THE MEASUREMENTS WILL ENSURE A MEANINGFUL RESULT
d) PREPARE AXIS ON WHICH CONTROL CURVES CAN BE PLOTTED
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STEP CONCLUSION
C.3 a) NOTEBOOKS ARE PREPARED
b) TEST IS PERFORMED
c) DATA IS RECORDED
d) CONTROL CURVES ARE DRAWN
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STEP QUESTION
D.1 WHAT DO THE CONTROL CURVES SHOW ?
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STEP POSSIBLE ACTION
D.1 a) TAKE ADDITIONAL READINGS WHERE BAD POINTS OCCUR
b) TAKE ADDITIONAL READINGS IN BADLY DEFINED AREAS
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STEP CONCLUSION
D.1 DATA IS NOW COMPLETE
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STEP QUESTION
E.1 HOW WILL THE RESULTS BE PRESENTED ?
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STEP POSSIBLE ACTION
E.1 a) DECIDE BETWEEN GRAPHICAL, TABULAR OR FORMULA PRESENTATION
b) IF (a) DEMANDS IT PERFORM A CURVE FITTING EXERCISE
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STEP CONCLUSION
E.1 RESULTS ARE ANALYSED
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STEP QUESTION
E.2 WHAT DO THE RESULTS MEAN ?
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STEP POSSIBLE ACTION
E.2 a) ESTABLISH THE VALIDITY OR OTHERWISE OF THE HYPOTHESIS MADE IN B.1
b) ESTABLISH THE CONFIDENCE WHICH CAN BE PLACED IN THE NUMERICAL RESULTS
c) EXPLAIN THE NATURE OF ANY TRENDS
d) EXPLAIN DEVIATIONS FROM ANY THEORETICAL EXPECTATIONS
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STEP CONCLUSION
E.2 a) RESULTS ARE ANALYSED
b) EXPERIMENTAL ERRORS ARE INVESTIGATED
c) DISCUSSION SECTION IS WRITTEN
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STEP QUESTION
F.1 IS THE TEST FINISHED ?
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STEP POSSIBLE ACTION
F.1 a) STATE THE LAWS YOU HAVE DISCOVERED
b) STATE ANY FURTHER INVESTIGATION YOU CONSIDER NECESSARY
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STEP CONCLUSION
F.1 CONCLUSIONS ARE DRAWN AND RECOMMENDATIONS MADE
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STEP QUESTION
F.2 HAVE YOU FINISHED ?
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STEP POSSIBLE ACTION
F.2 a) PROCEED AS DICTATED BY F.1(b)
b) STATE ANY FURTHER INVESTIGATION YOU CONSIDER NECESSARY
F.1
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STEP CONCLUSION
F.2 TEST CONTINUES OR
REPORT IS PREPARED