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ATASA 5 TH Study Guide Chapter 18 Pages 537570 Starting & Traction Motor Systems 62 Points
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems Please Read The Summary
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1. Electric __________ are used to start the engine & in hybrids are used to move the vehicle. Motors are also used to operate many different accessories requiring either linear or rotary motion.
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2. Starter motors & accessory motors use ___ voltage while traction or drive motors use ___ voltage.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Low, High High, Low Medium, Medium
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3. _____________ & ______________ are closely related because one can be used to create the other.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Electricity & Magnetism
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4. ____________ flow through a wire creates a magnetic field & moving a ______ through a magnetic field creates current flow in the wire. Coils or loops of wire just intensify that effect.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Voltage, Magnet Current, Coil Voltage, Coil
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5. A magnetic field called, called a ________ __________, exists around every magnet.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Flux Field Plowed Field Flux Density
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6. Temporary magnets (armatures) are made of ________ iron. Permanent magnets require hard iron.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Hard Medium Soft
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7. The resistance that a material offers to passage of magnetic flux lines is called _______________.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Resistance Reactance Reluctance
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8. Air has ________ reluctance. Soft iron cores & armatures have ______ reluctance.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Low, High High, Low Medium, Medium
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9. An electric motor converts __________ energy into ___________ energy.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Chemical, Mechanical Electrical, Mechanical Heat, Light
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10. Basic components of a motor are the stator or ________ windings, & the rotor or _____________.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Field, Armature Armature, Field Rotor, Stator
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11. Either the field windings or the armature can be made of ______________ magnets, but not both.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Permanent Electro Ceramic
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12. The starting motor is designed to operate under great ________________ for short periods of time.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Overloads Stress Capacitance
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13. The starter frame holds the stationary ________ coils (flat copper) & their ________ shoes (soft iron).
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Pole, Vault Field, Event Field, Pole
Magnetic fields
Magnetic poles
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14. The ______________ is the rotating part of the starter, made up of windings and the commutator.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Armature Rotor Stator
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15. Starter _________ connect the armature & the field coils in either a series or parallel arrangement.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Clutches Brushes Bushings
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16. _________________ magnetic fields cause the motor armature to rotate. ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Repelling Rotating Reacting
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17. _______________ magnet starter motors may have a planetary gear reduction to increase torque.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Permanent Temporary Electro
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18. The slower the motor turns, the ______ current it will draw. Maximum current is drawn when it is engaged, but armature is not rotating.
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Less Same More
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19.The starting system has two distinct circuits: 1) the _________________ (motor feedhigh amps) circuit,
2) the ______________ (low ampsswitching) circuit.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Starter, Control Starter, Solenoid Solenoid, Control
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** Explain how a starter solenoid can be part of both circuits:
The Pullin Winding is part of the control circuit. The Plunger Contacts are part of the motor feed circuit.
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20. The motor feed circuit contains the battery & cables, the _______________, & the starter motor.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Relay Solenoid Fusible Link
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21. The control circuit contains the ______________ switch, starting ________ switch, a _________ or a solenoid (to use low amps to control higher amps), the battery, fuses, and normalgauge wiring.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Ignition, Safety, Relay Parking, Key, Pedal Radio, Dome Light, Key
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22. The ___________ plunger is used to move the starter pinion gear & its contacts serve as a relay switch to energize the motor once the drive pinion engages the flywheel/flex plate ring gear.
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Solenoid Relay Stator
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23. A starter ________ is similar to a solenoid, switches high current using low current, but does not pullin a plunger to actuate a starter drive.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Armature Relay Stator
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24. A movable ___ ___ starter does not use a starter motor mounted solenoid.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Pole Shoe Brake Shoe Horse Shoe
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Note: Corroded battery cables can lead to increased resistance and a voltage drop in the motor feed circuit.
Frayed positive cables can lead to a short to ground and serious electrical damage.
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Note: A fusible link or a maxifuse in the motor feed circuit never blows without a reason…
…The reason is increased amperage flow due to a decrease in resistance (like a short to ground).
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ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
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** Explain how a solenoid is similar in operation to a relay:
Both solenoids & relays energize a low amps coil to close a circuit that will switch higher amps.
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** Explain how as solenoid differs from a relay:
The starter relay uses a coil & contact points & switches smaller amps. The starter solenoid uses a hollow coil & a plunger & switches higher amps.
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Solenoid may also move a starter drive into mesh with
the flywheel ring gear.
Relay doesn’t have the plunger or the power to move a starter drive
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15 Teeth on Pinion
150 Teeth on Flywheel
10:1 Gear Reduction
Reduction in Speed Gain in torque
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Note: Solenoids may have both a pullin and a holdin winding.
Cranking systems may use both a starter relay and a starter solenoid.
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Note: Some solenoids (older cars) provide a 12volt source to the ignition coil during cranking.
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ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
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Pole Shoes
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Field Windings
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Starter Armature Assembly
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Note: The starter motor has both a drive end frame (casting) and a brush end frame (metal cap).
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
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The stationary magnetic fields the field windings repel
the armature windings to create rotary motion.
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Note: The slower a starter motor turns, the more current it will draw (CEMF).
Copper Brushes are used to carry lots of amps with very little resistance.
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Note: Series wound motors develop maximum torque at startup. Shunt or parallelwound motors develop less torque at startup but maintain a constant speed at all operating loads.
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The starter drive pinion gear meshes with the flywheel or flex plate ring gear to provide the necessary gear reduction to crank the engine.
Ratio is greater than 1:1 with a gain in torque & a loss of speed
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25. To prevent the pinion gear from driving the armature at engine speed an ______________ clutch is built into the starter drive mechanism.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
OneWay Overrunning Roller
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26. Starter drivetoring gear ratio is a gear reduction to provide a torque increase. True or False
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Note: The starter drive fork or lever and the solenoid spring are responsible for pulling the pinion out of engagement after cranking.
15:1 is the approximate starter pinion : flywheel ring gear ratio
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27. The starting safety switch allows the control circuit to be energized only if the automatic trans is in either the ________ or ______________ position and only if the manual transmission has the clutch pedal fully pushed to the floor to disengage the transmission from the engine.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
1 st or 2 nd Park or Neutral Park or Reverse
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28. Perform a ______________ load test before performing any starting system tests. Note: Loose or dirty connections will cause excessive voltage drops in the motor feed circuit.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Battery Parasitic Accessory
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29. Battery volts should not drop below ______ volts during the 15 seconds of cranking voltage test.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
12.0 volts 9.6 volts 3.0 volts
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30. Cranking current (amperage) should be between 100250 amps for most gas engines. True or False
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31. A voltage drop test of both the _____________ side (+ to+) and the ground side ( to ) of the motor feed circuit should show between 0.2 to 0.6 volts if the battery/starter cables are in good condition.
+ +
+
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Uninsulated Insulated Resistive
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32. Starter solenoids can be bypassed or jumped to verify their condition. True or False
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33. Ignition switches can be bypassed or jumped to verify their condition. True or False
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34. Even the low amps, control circuit can be ___________ ______ (+ to +) tested during cranking to determine the condition (resistance) of the wiring. Good, low amps circuits should be under 0.2 VD.
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Amperage Drop Resistance Drop Voltage Drop
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33. A starter noload or free speed bench test can be low on RPM’s if a pole _______ drags against the armature. This could be caused by a loose shoe or by worn drive and brush end bushings.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Shoe Pad Drum
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34. When testing an armature with a growler, a vibrating strap indicates a ____________ armature, continuity from commutator bars to the armature frame indicates a prematurely grounded motor, and no continuity from commutator bar to commutator bar indicates an ________ condition which will result in “dead spots” during cranking.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Open Shorted High Resistance
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35. ______________ should be of the proper length, commutator bars should be smooth, and the mica strips of insulation between the commutator bars should be properly undercut to a uniform depth.
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Brushes Bushings Commutators
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36. Starter drive ___________ on the armature shaft and both armature _____________ should be lightly lubricated with high temperature grease during rebuilding procedures.
Splines
Bushing
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Splines, Bushings Splines, Brushes Splines, Commutator Bars
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ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
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ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
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** Cranking Circuit schematically drawn with solenoid.
M
Battery +
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
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** Cranking Circuit schematically drawn with relay & solenoid.
M
Battery +
87a
86
85 87
30
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
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M
Battery +
VΩ
COM A
V A
V A
OFF
Ω
0.2 V
VΩ
COM A
V A
V A
OFF
Ω
12.6 V
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems
Connect this meter for battery OCV
Connect this meter for control circuit Voltage Drop
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M
Battery +
87a
86
85 87
30
VΩ
COM A
V A
V A
OFF
Ω
0.2 V
VΩ
COM A
V A
V A
OFF
Ω
200 A
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems Connect this meter for motor feed voltage drop
Inductively connect this meter to measure starter current draw
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1 3 4 2 1 3 4 2
Watching Cranking Amps on a Scope can actually show a cylinder with low compression…characterized by a lower current draw that repeats on the same cylinder
ATASA 5 th Starting Systems & Traction Motor Systems