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ART OF INTERVIEW
Module
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Definition of Interview
1. Interview is a method of data collection in face to facesituation where the researcher or investigator puts a set ofpre-determined questions to the respondents so as to getinformation pertaining to the research problem .
Interview is a face to face interpersonal role situation inwhich one person, the interviewer asks a person beinginterviewed, the respondent, question designed to obtainanswers pertinent to the research problem.
Securing information through professional conversationwith an individual for a research study.
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Situations of Interview
1. Personal Interview
2. Telephone Interview 3.Group Interview
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1. Personal Interview
Steps in Personal Interview
1. Preparation
2.Introduction 3.Rapport building
4.Conducting interview
5.Closing Interview 6. Editing
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1. Preparation
At preparation stage, the interviewer
1. Keep copies of schedules
2.Address of the respondents
3.Make grouping of location wise
4.Decide time and cost of movement
5.Decide routine of interviewing
6. Prepare to meet avoidance, reluctance,
suspicion, inadequate response of the
respondents
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2. Introduction
1. Prior permission
2. Meeting head of the organization
3. Leader of the community 4. Give letter of introduction
5. Clarification about self, study and visit
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3. Rapport building
. For motivation to respond
i. Greet with a smile
ii. Identify respondents by name Iii. Tell him why he is selected as sample
iv Mention name of your organization and
purpose of visit
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4. Conducting interview
1. While asking Question a. Read question as they are B. Read slowly C. Ask every question
2. While recording response
a. Avoid distortion
b. Do not answer for himc. Show interest
d. Ensure adequate answer
3.While conducting interview
1. Establish rapport
2. Start interview
3. Recall
4.Probe questions
5.Give encouragement
6. Make recording
7. Close interview
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5. Editing
1. Check and edit all answer
2.Keep a record of your impression
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Problems in Interview
1. Inadequate response
2.Interviewers bias
3.Non-response 4.Non-Availability
5.Refusal
6.Inability to respond 7. Inaccessibility
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Telephonic Interview
It is a non-personal method of data
collection. The telephonic interview is
followed under the conditions
1.Universe listed in telephone directory
2.Response within 4-5 questions
3.Short period study 4.Subject related to business and trade
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Advantages
1.Low cost as travel cost not involved
2.4-5 interviews can be conducted in short
time
3. Quality of response is good
4.Does not involve field work
5. Individual not reached otherwise iscontacted by this method
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Disadvantages
1.Limited to persons of directory
2.Length of interview is short
3.Limited information obtained
4.Refusal cases are more
5.Environment of respondents is not known
6.Difficult to establish rapport
7, Not possible to ensure identity of the
respondent
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III. Group Interview
It is a method of collecting primary data inwhich a number of individuals with acommon interest interact with each other.
Flow of information is multidimensional.Group may consists of 8-10 persons.Interviewer acts as discussion leader.Information may be collected through self-
administered interview. The method isused to study public opinion on publicissues like health, corruption
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Advantages
1.The respondents interact freely
2.The method is highly flexible
3.Visual aids can be used. 4. Client can watch the interviewed
unobserved
5.Respondents can attribute more in group 6.Physical limitations are eliminated
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IV. Panel Method
It is a method of data collection. Data arecollected from same sample respondents atintervals by mail or personal interview.
The method is used in longitudinal studies oneconomic conditions, expenditure, consumerbehavior, advertisement, voting behavior etc.
Study may continue from months to years.Interval may be 10-15 days or one monthdepending n nature of study.
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Characteristics of Panel Method
1.Panel is successive method of datacollection on same items from samerespondents.
2.Accurate data may be obtained fromrespondents without any reservation.
3. Number of items to be few so that
information can be furnished within fewminutes.
Methods needs well trained interviewers
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Advantages of Panel method
1. Methods facilitated to obtain more
accurate data..
2.Fits to before- after design
3. Good method to study trends in events
4. Provides evidences on cause- effect
relationship
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V. Simulation
Simulation is one form of observation
method. It is a process of conducting
experiments on symbolic model
representing phenomenon. It is a symbolicabstraction, simplification and substitution
for more referent system. Simulation is a
theoretical model of the elements,relations and process which symbolize
some referent system.
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Definition of Simulation
Abelson ( 1968) defines simulation as the
exercise of a flexible limitation of process
and out-comes for the purpose of
classifying or explaining the underlyingmechanism involved.
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Types of Simulation
1. Man-simulation
2.Computer simulation
3. Man computer simulation
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Man simulation
This is a game played by people in a lab.
setting to simulate people of real world
Size of group may be 2 persons or more,
Ex- selling and buying
Mock assembly, Govt. office
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Computer simulation
This is an operational model programmed
to generate a sequence of interaction.
This requires storage of large amounts of
data on the system to be analyzed
Ex- ratio of liquidity
Profitability, operational efficiency
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3.Man-Computer simulation
Here persons play the role of decision
makers while computer is responsive o
players, activities. Computer needs a
script.
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Advantages
1.Applicable t behavioral problems
2.Political problem
3.Economic problem 4.Business problem