Download - Arno smets tu delft presentation arnhem
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Challenge the future
DelftUniversity ofTechnology
Picture Source: www.nasa.gov
Solar Electricity
Arno Smets and Miro Zeman
Delft University of Technology
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About myself
1974 born in Netherlands
1992-1997 Physics at TU Eindhoven
1998-2002 PhD TU Eindhoven
2002-2004 Post-doctoral Reseacher Helianthos Project
2005-2010 Researcher at AIST, Japan
2010-now Assistant professor at TU Delft
Photovoltaic Materials and Devices
Arno Smets
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People
Photovoltaic Materials and Devices
Scientific Staff
4 Post docs 4 TechniciansSecretary
18 PhD students
Guests
~30 MSc students (15 final MSc project, 15 traineeship)
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Challenge the future
DelftUniversity ofTechnology
Picture Source: www.nasa.gov
Outline
Introduction
Photovoltaics
PV Systems
PV technology
Summary
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1INTRODUCTION
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Humanity’s ten top problems
Source: Lecture Prof. R.E. Smalley (Rice University) at 27th
Illinois Junior Science & Humanities Symposium, 2005
for next 50 years
1. ENERGY2. WATER3. FOOD4. ENVIRONMENT 5. POVERTY6. TERRORISM & WAR7. DISEASE8. EDUCATION9. DEMOCRACY10. POPULATION
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Humanity’s ten top problems
Source: Lecture Prof. R.E. Smalley (Rice University) at 27th
Illinois Junior Science & Humanities Symposium, 2005
for next 50 years
1. ENERGY2. WATER3. FOOD4. ENVIRONMENT 5. POVERTY6. TERRORISM & WAR7. DISEASE8. EDUCATION9. DEMOCRACY10. POPULATION
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The Energy ProblemGrowing world
population
Increasing living standard:
Energy Shortage
Energy consumption per capita
Results in pressureon economy:
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Ann
. ave
rg. o
il pr
ice
(in 2
008
US
D)
Time
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Jeopardizing our habitats:
Somalia
PakistanMexico
Russia
Climate change
“The weather makers”, Tim Flannery
The Energy Problem
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Energy transition
Source: Lecture Prof. Moniz (MIT) at TUD 2010
50 years
is a characteristic time scale for change in energy mix
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oilcoalgasnuclear powerhydroelectricitybiomass (traditional)biomass (advanced)
solar power (photovoltaics
(PV) & solar thermal generation (CSP)
solar thermal (heat only)other renewablesgeothermal
wind energy
year2000 2020 2040
200
600
1000
1400
2100
EJ/a
PV & CSPPV & CSP
Energy transition scenario
Source: German Advisory Council on Global Change, 2003, www.wbgu.de
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About 100 years of practical use
Symbol of modernity and progress
Secondary form of energy
2 billion people without electricity
Electricity
Source: Google Images
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Nuclear Gravitational
Hydro-tidal
Wind
Thermal
Chemical
Mechanical Electrical
Coal, oil, gas, biomass, hydrogen
Heat engines
Electric generators
Fuel Cells
η=90%
η<60% η=90%
Source: L. Freris, D. Infield, Renewable Energy in Power Systems, Wiley 2008
Electricity generation
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Nuclear Gravitational
Hydro-tidal
Wind
Thermal
Chemical
Mechanical Electrical
SolarCoal, oil, gas, biomass, hydrogen
Heat engines
Electric generators
Photovoltaics
Fuel Cells
Solar thermal
η=90%
η<60% η=90%
Electricity generation
Source: L. Freris, D. Infield, Renewable Energy in Power Systems, Wiley 2008
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oilcoalgasnuclear powerhydroelectricitybiomass (traditional)biomass (advanced)
solar power (photovoltaics (PV) & solar thermal generation (CSP)
solar thermal (heat only)other renewablesgeothermal
wind energy
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
15%
16%
19%
40%
10%
1/3
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
residential
industry
transmission losses
40%
47%
13%
conversion losses
2/3
oil
coal
gas
nuclear
hydro
Electricity generation 2007
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fossiloilcoalgasnuclear powerhydroelectricitybiomass (traditional)biomass (advanced)
solar power (photovoltaics
(PV) & solar thermal generation (CSP)
solar thermal (heat only)other renewablesgeothermal
wind energy
65%
Electricity generation 2007
87%
World
oil
coal
gas
hydro 19%
nuclear 16%
oil
2%
coal
26%
gas 59%
wind 3%nuclear 4%biomass 6%
Netherlands20 202 TWh 103 TWh
Sorce: Eurostat
2009 edition , BP Statistical Review Full Report (http://www.bp.com/images)
25 Nuclear power plants
(0.5 GW)
Electricity:
20-25 kWh/d/p
Total Energy:
(gas,oil,etc.)
125 kWh/d/p
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Energy transition scenario
Electricity as energy carrier
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Living on renewables?
David JC MacKay“Sustainable Energy:Without the hot air”
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Population density:
Netherlands: 16400000 41500 395 2530
Living on renewables?
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Population density:
Netherlands: 16400000 41500 395 2530
0.016 W/m2
0.028 W/m2
0.067 W/m2
0.068 W/m2
0.22 W/m2
0.32 W/m2
0.57 W/m2
0.70 W/m2
1.2 W/m2
1.9 W/m2
2.0 W/m2
125 kWh/day/p
Requiredenergy per m2
Living on renewables?
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Population density:
Netherlands: 16400000 41500 395 2530
0.016 W/m2
0.028 W/m2
0.067 W/m2
0.068 W/m2
0.22 W/m2
0.32 W/m2
0.57 W/m2
0.70 W/m2
1.2 W/m2
1.9 W/m2
2.0 W/m2
125 kWh/day/p
Requiredenergy per m2
0.11 %0.19 %0.45 %0.45 %
1.5 %2.1 %3.8 %4.6 %8.0 %12.7 %13.3 %
125kWh/day/pSurface area
required with 15 W/m2
technology
Living on renewables?
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Netherlands: 16400000 41500 395 2530
0.016 W/m2
0.028 W/m2
0.067 W/m2
0.068 W/m2
0.22 W/m2
0.32 W/m2
0.57 W/m2
0.70 W/m2
1.2 W/m2
1.9 W/m2
2.0 W/m2
125 kWh/day/p
Requiredenergy per m2
Living on renewables?
0.11 %0.19 %0.45 %0.45 %
1.5 %2.1 %3.8 %4.6 %8.0 %12.7 %13.3 %
125kWh/day/pSurface area
required with 15 W/m2
technology
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http://visibleearth.nasa.gov
Global demand 2010: 16 TWGlobal demand 2050: 32 TWSolar energy: 120 000 TW
Solar cell with 10% efficiency:1250 1250 km2
Solar Resources
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2PHOTOVOLTAICS
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Sun Solar radiation
Solar module
Electricity
Photovoltaics
(PV)
Source: A. Poruba
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Solar cell
Solar cell
sunlight
electricityheat
Efficiency=Maximum electrical power out
Light power in
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Photovoltaic industry
MW
Source: Photon International, March 2012
Global solar cell production
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
mono c-Sipoly c-Siribbon c-SiTF-SiCdTeCISrest
560 750 1257 181534% 68% 45%
69%2536
40%
4279
27381
85%
791056%
12464118%
37185
36%Thin-film
solarcells
Scaling production volume
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Historical development of cumulative PV power:
EPIA
2009: Global Market Outlook For Photovoltaics
Until 2013
Photovoltaics
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
29.6
39.5
3
22.9
0
15.6
6
9.49
6.98
5.40
3.96
2.84
2.26
1.79
Cum
ulat
ive
Inst
alle
d P
V C
apac
ity (G
W)
Year
China APEC Rest of World North America Japan European Union
1.46
Nederland 2003:46 MW (1.6 %)
Nederland 2010:97 MW (0.24 %)
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Trend in installed power technologies
The European Wind Energy Association: Wind in power: 2011 European Statistics, 2012
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EU power capacity mixSummary
The European Wind Energy Association: Wind in power: 2011 European Statistics, 2012
in MW in MW
Total ~580 GW Total ~896 GW
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2010 Installed Cumulative Installed Capacity Share
(MW, %)
Photovoltaics
Nederland 2010 ~60 MW (0.15%)
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PV module supply and demandsWorld wide supply -
demand
Source: EPIA
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PV module supply and demandsWorld wide supply -
demand
Source: EPIA
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PV module supply and demandsWorld wide supply -
demand
Source: EPIA
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PV module supply and demandsWorld wide supply -
demand
Source: EPIA
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PV module supply and demandsWorld wide supply -
demand
Source: EPIA
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PV module supply and demandsWorld wide supply -
demand
Source: EPIA
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PV module supply and demandsWorld wide supply -
demand
Source: EPIA
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PV module supply and demandsWorld wide supply -
demand
Source: EPIA
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PV module supply and demandsWorld wide supply -
demand
Source: EPIA
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PV module supply and demandsWorld wide supply -
demand
Source: EPIA
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PV module supply and demandsWorld wide supply -
demand
Source: EPIA
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PV module supply and demandsWorld wide supply -
demand
Source: EPIA
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PV module supply and demandsWorld wide supply -
demand
Moving from local markets to fast changing global markets
Source: EPIA
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Photovoltaics
industry
Market 2011
Power [GW]
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PV powerLatest news
The Guardian: May 30, 2012
Wednesday, May 30, 2012 May 30 –
Guardian: Solar power generation world record set in GermanyGerman solar power plants produced a world record 22 gigawatts
of electricity –
equal to 20 nuclear power stations at full capacity –
through the midday hours of Friday and Saturday, the head of a renewable energy think tank has said.
This met nearly 50% of the nation’s midday electricity needs.
The record-breaking amount of solar power shows one of the world’s leading industrial nations was able to meet a third of its electricity needs on a work day, Friday, and nearly half on Saturday when factories and offices were closed.
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Electricity network of today
28 power stations in Netherlands
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Future electricity network
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3PV SYSTEMS
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PV system
Two main types:
=~
Stand-alone system Grid-connected system
DC loadsPV
generator
Charge controller
Storagedc/ac
invertor
Grid
PV generator
=~
dc/ac invertor
AC loads
AC loads
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PV system
Power electronics
The highly varying environmental conditions and nonlinear nature of the photovoltaic (PV) generator make the utilization of PV energy a challenging task:
Power electronics converters:
Reliable operating interface between renewable energy resources and the electrical power grid.
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PV system
Markets/applications:
Grid-connected(building-)integrated
(1 kWp
–
1 MWp)
Rural
stand-aloneand local grid(10 Wp
–
10 kWp)
Power plants(1 MWp
-
1 GWp)
Source: W Sinke, Solar Academy
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PV systems
Terminology and definitions
(Average) ac system efficiency
(STC) dc module efficiencyTypically 0.75 –
0.85
hours ac peak power per year
hours per yearTypically 0.09 –
0.11 in NL/DE
Power
(of cells, modules and systems) in Watt-peak (Wp
)
Performance ratio
=
Electricity yield
in kWh/kWp
(usually per year)
Capacity factor
=
Typically 750 –
900 kWh/kWp
for c-Si modules in NL
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Grid-connected PV system
Overview biggest PV installations:
Power Location Description Commissioned Picture
100 MWp Ukraine,
Perovo
Perovo I-V PV power plant
Constructed by: Activ Solar
2011
97 MWp Canada,
Sarnia
Sarnia PV power plant 2009-2010
84 MWp Italy,
Montalto di Castro
Montalto di Castro PV
power plant
Constructed by: SunPower, SunRay
Renewable
2009-2010
82 MWp Germany,
Senftenberg
Solarpark Senftenberg II,III
Constructed by: Saferay
2011 http://www.pvresources.com/PVPowerPlants/Top50.aspx
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Solar
Thermal
Power plants
Photovoltaics
Wind
Hydro
Biomass
Geothermal
Source: DESERTEC foundation
DESERTEC project
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=~ AC
Components: 3×150 Wp
modules
M. Zeman, Delft
Grid-connected PV system
Grid-connected home PV system:
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Solar irradiation on Earth
2 3 4 5 62 3 4 5 6
The Netherlands:
2.7 sun hours/day/year
Solar irradiation: solar irradiance integrated over a period of time
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05
101520253035404550556065
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Gen
erat
ed e
nerg
y [k
Wh]
Month
Year 2010386.0 kWh
Grid-connected PV system
M. Zeman, Delft
Grid-connected home PV system: 3×150 Wp
modules
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Cost in 2012:
Costs grid-connected PV System
M. Workum, PVMD, TU Delft
PV system is nowadays good investment!
Costs
€1030 Saves
per year: €115(500 kWh*€0,23/kWh)
EY=877 kWh/kWp
That’s
€2875 in 25 yearsA payback
period
of 9 years!
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Costs grid-connected PV System
M. Workum, PVMD, TU Delft
PV system is nowadays good investment!
Above
€
6000 inverters
become
relatively
cheap
Average Dutch family
(3500 kWh @ €6800)
Cheapest
system (500 kWh @ €1030)
No installation or second inverter included. One year old data, prices are now even lower (see previous sheet)
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Learning curve: PV modules, systems
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104
1
10
100
PV Module
A
vera
ge g
loba
l sal
es p
rice
(US
D/W
p)
Cumulative Installations (GW)
Source: Navigant Consulting
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Learning curve: PV modules, systems
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104
1
10
100
PV Module
A
vera
ge g
loba
l sal
es p
rice
(US
D/W
p)
Cumulative Installations (GW)
Source: Navigant Consulting
PV System
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Learning curve: PV modules, systems
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104
1
10
100
Non-modular costs
PV Module
A
vera
ge g
loba
l sal
es p
rice
(US
D/W
p)
Cumulative Installations (GW)
Source: Navigant Consulting
PV System
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Learning curve: PV modules, systems
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104
1
10
100
Non-modular costs
PV Module
A
vera
ge g
loba
l sal
es p
rice
(US
D/W
p)
Cumulative Installations (GW)
Source: Navigant Consulting
PV System
29% Installation18% Inverter17% Maintenance16% Racking10% Wiring10% BOS, others
Non-Modular
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Learning curve: PV modules, systems
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104
1
10
100
Non-modular costs
PV Module
A
vera
ge g
loba
l sal
es p
rice
(US
D/W
p)
Cumulative Installations (GW)
Source: Navigant Consulting
PV System
29% Installation18% Inverter17% Maintenance16% Racking10% Wiring10% BOS, others
Non-Modular
TF Silicon PV
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4PV Technologies
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Melt processing
First Generation
Sanyo, Silicon Hetero-Junction cell
Pure material: high efficiencies
Expensive processing:cost-price energy higher
PV technology: 1st
vs
2nd
generation
Plasma processing
Second Generation (thin film)
Lower quality material:lower efficiencies
Low costs processing:cost-price energy lower
NUON Helianthos
Silicon: record lab efficiency 20-27% Thin film: record lab efficiency 13-20%
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PV technologies
c-Si wafer based
III-V semiconductor based
CIGS
CdTe
TF Si
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1. Wafer based Si
2. Thin films
3. Cheap + efficient
Hillhouse and Beard, Curr. Opin. Colloid. In. 14, 245 (2009).
MC manufacturing costsSP average selling price
SI installed cost for a residential systemSIII installed cost for a utility scale system
PV technologies
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Thin-film silicon solar cells
c-Si (180-250 μm)
p++ p++
Al Al
electron
hole
n+SiOSiO22
p-type c-Si
Al
Si-based solar cells
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
hole
Si atomelectron
covalent bond
Metal front electrode
Metal back electrode
Incident light
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
Incident light
hole
Si atomelectron
Metal front electrode
Metal back electrode
covalent bond
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
hole
Si atomelectron
Metal front electrode
Metal back electrode
covalent bond
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
hole
Si atomelectron
Metal front electrode
Metal back electrode
covalent bond
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
hole
Si atomelectron
Metal front electrode
Metal back electrode
holecovalent bond
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
hole
Si atomelectron
Metal front electrode
hole
Metal back electrode
covalent bond
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
hole
Si atomelectron
Metal front electrode
Metal back electrode
P atom
covalent bond
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
hole
Si atomelectron
Metal front electrode
Metal back electrodeB atom
P atom
covalent bond
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
hole
Si atomelectron
Metal front electrode
Metal back electrodeB atom
P atom
covalent bond
hole
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
hole
Si atomelectron
Metal front electrode
B atom
P atom
covalent bond
holeMetal back electrode
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
Si atomelectron
Metal front electrode
B atom
P atom
covalent bond
holeMetal back electrode
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
Incident light
Metal front electrode
Metal back electrode
Si atomelectron
B atom
P atom
covalent bond
hole
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
Metal front electrode
Metal back electrode
Si atomelectron
B atom
P atom
covalent bond
hole
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
Metal front electrode
Metal back electrode
Si atomelectron
B atom
P atom
covalent bond
hole
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
Metal front electrode
Metal back electrode
Si atomelectron
B atom
P atom
covalent bond
hole
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
Metal front electrode
Metal back electrode
Si atomelectron
B atom
P atom
covalent bond
hole
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
Metal front electrode
Metal back electrode
Si atomelectron
B atom
P atom
covalent bond
hole
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
Metal front electrode
Metal back electrode
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
Metal back electrode
Incident light
electron
hole
Metal front electrode ARC
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Solar cell
gap energy1.1 eV
generation
recombination
light
X
X
X
Main losses
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Solar cell
Semiconductor
Metal back electrode
Incident light
electron
hole
Metal front electrode ARC
Additional losses
c-Si solar cell structure
Transmission
(finite α)
Reflectionn1 ≠
n2
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Light TrappingSpectral Matching
Defect Engineering
Design principle of solar cells
Choice of MaterialMulti-junctions
Texture interfacesReflectors
Plasmonic Approaches
Bulk defectsInterface defects
Meta-stable defects
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c-Si (180-250 μm)
p++ p++
Al Al
n+SiO2
p-type c-Si
Al
Thin-film Si (0.2 -
5 μm)
Si-based solar cells
Thin-film silicon solar cells
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Thin-film Si (0.2 -
5 μm)
c-Si (180-250 μm)
p++ p++
Al Al
n+SiO2
p-type c-Si
Al
Si-based solar cells
Glass plate
TCO
p-type
Intrinsic a-Si:H
n-typeMetal electrode
a-Si (0.2-0.3 μm)
Thin-film silicon solar cells
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Problem 2: mismatch single junction with solar spectrum
The a-Si:H
p-i-n
junction
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Absorptiona-Si:H Does not cover entire spectrum!
The a-Si:H
p-i-n
junctionProblem 2: mismatch single junction with solar spectrum
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The a-Si:H/μc-Si:H
tandem
Absorptiona-Si:H
Absorptionc-Si:H
Problem 2: mismatch with solar spectrum
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Record ηst
(confirmed) 10.1% (a-Si) Oerlikon10.1% (μc-Si) Kaneka
Micromorph
(double)12.5% (a-Si/μc-Si) Oerlikon12.4% (a-Si/a-SiGe) USSC*
Triple-junction13.0% (Si/SiGe/SiGe) USSC*13.4% (a-Si/nc-Si/nc-Si) USSC13.4% (a-Si/a-Ge/nc-Si) USSC
Multi-junction approach
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Glass plate
TCOp-type
Intrinsic a-Si:H
n-typeMetal electrode
a-Si/uc-Si (2.0-4.0 μm)c-Si (180-250 μm)
p++ p++
Al Al
n+SiO2
p-type c-Si
Al
Si-based solar cells
Thin-film silicon solar cells
n-typep-type
Intrinsic uc-Si:H
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Learning curve: PV modules, systems
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104
1
10
100
PV Module
A
vera
ge g
loba
l sal
es p
rice
(US
D/W
p)
Cumulative Installations (GW)
Source: Navigant Consulting
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Learning curve: PV modules, systems
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104
1
10
100
PV Module
A
vera
ge g
loba
l sal
es p
rice
(US
D/W
p)
Cumulative Installations (GW)
Source: Navigant ConsultingCdTe
(First Solar)
Thin Film PV:
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Learning curve: PV modules, systems
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104
1
10
100
PV Module
A
vera
ge g
loba
l sal
es p
rice
(US
D/W
p)
Cumulative Installations (GW)
Source: Navigant ConsultingCdTe
(First Solar)Micromorph(Oerlikon)
Thin Film PV:
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½
century of manufacturing history, ~90% of 2007 market
progressing by innovation and volume
reduction of manufacturing costs is major challenge
module efficiencies:
-
12 ~ 20% (now)-
18 ~ >22% (longer term)
PV technologies
Source: W Sinke
Wafer based crystalline silicon
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low-cost potential and new application possibilities
positive impact of micro-
and nanocrystalline
silicon
efficiency enhancement is major challenge
stable module efficiencies:
–
6 ~ 11% (now)–
11
~ 16%
(longer term)
PV technologies
Source: W Sinke
Thin-film silicon
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low-cost potential (partly already demonstrated)
positive impact of development of take-back and recycling systems
efficiency enhancement is major challenge
module efficiencies:
–
7 ~ 11% (now)–
10 ~ 15% (longer term)
PV technologies
Source: W Sinke
Cadmium Telluride
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high performance & possibilities for multi-junction devices
reduction of manufacturing costs is major challenge; work on low-cost varieties
module efficiencies:
– 9 ~ 12% (now)–15 ~ 18% (longer term)
PV technologies
Source: W Sinke
Copper-indium/gallium-selenide/sulphide (CIGS)
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Efficiency development
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M. Green, Progress in PV: Res. Appl. 17, 347 (2009)
Averaged cost-price elements versus abundance in ore (2004-2009)
Cost price elements vs
abundancy
a-Si:H
thin film technology
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Composition of the Earth’s crust
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Composition of the Earth’s crust1st generation c-Si:
Si,O,Al,N,B,P
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Composition of the Earth’s crust2nd
generation CdTe: Cd,Te,S,Al,Zn,O
Ratio Te/Si: 10-9
1 m2
cell 2μm CdTe
(50% =Te)1 m2
hole having depth
of (110-6/ 110-9 )~
103
m = 1 km
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Composition of the Earth’s crustIII-V: Ga,As,Al,In,P,Ge,
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Composition of the Earth’s crust2nd
generation CIGS: Cu,In,Se,Ga,Al,Zn,O,Cd,S
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Composition of the Earth’s crust2nd
generation Dye-sensitized: Ti,O,Sn,Pt,C,O,H,N,S,Ru,I(and many more)
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Composition of the Earth’s crust2nd
generation a-Si:H: H,Si,O,Zn,Al,B,P
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TF turn-key
companies
0.35 €/Wp
Module efficiency: 10.8% guaranteed Record cell: 12.5 %
Yield > 97%Output: 120 MWp
Micromorphtechnology
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Thin-film Si PV technology
Glass plates:
Industry hall, Thurnau, Germany
Application
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Dutch route: Temporary superstrate solar cell concept
Development of unique low-cost roll-to-roll technology for fabrication of thin-film Si solar modules (started in 1996)
Helianthos
project
Flexible substrate:
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Thin-film Si PV technology
Flexible substrate:
Flexible, lightweight, monolithically series connected a-Si modules
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Thin-film Si PV technology
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Presented by E. Hamers at the European PV solar energy conference Hamburg 6 sept. 2011.
Thin-film Si PV technology
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7SUMMARY
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PV technology
Summary
Direct conversion of light to electricity (PV) is an elegant process suitable for versatile, robust, low-cost technology; the global potential is practically unlimited
A wide range of technology options is commercially available, emerging or found in the lab
The first major economic milestone on the road to very large-scale use has been reached: grid parity with retail electricity prices
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PV status in 2012
Summary
Production: -
dominant c-Si PV technology, 90% market-
large production capacity in China -
difficult time for thin-film PV technologies (TF Si, CIGS, CdTe)
Installation: -
highest contribution to newly installed power capacity in EU
Price:-
<1 €/Wp
; c-Si modules: 0.8-0.9 €/Wp
expectation 0.5 €/Wp
in 2015-
grid parity reached in Germany and Netherlands
Research trends-
increasing module efficiency (c-Si modules >20%)
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PV technology
Challenges for TW scale implementation
turn-key system price < 1 €/Wp
(generation costs < 3-10 c€/kWh)- low-cost modules at very high efficiency (> 30%)
- add efficiency boosters (spectrum shapers), full spectrum utilization (advanced concepts)- or: very low-cost modules (<< 0.5 €/Wp) at moderate efficiency (>10%)
- polymer solar cells, nanostructured
(quantum dot) hybrid materials- Low BOS costs
use of non-toxic, abundantly available materials(preferably use Si, C, Al, O, N, …)
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indium replacement-
non-metallic conductors (Ag C?)-
all-silicon thin-film tandems
stability (20 to 40 years)
and
realibility-
intrinsic & extrinsic degradation of organics-based solar cells
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Challenge the future
DelftUniversity ofTechnology
Picture Source: www.nasa.gov
Thank you for your attention!
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Promising low-cost solar cell technology
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Industrial production experience (Flat panel display industry)
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Relatively low stabilized efficiencies (η ≈ 6-7%)
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Double-junction micromorph solar cell (η>10%)
ideal combination of materials (a-Si:H/μc-Si:H) for converting AM1.5 solar spectrum
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2008 production of modules 400 MWproduction capacity ~ 1000 MW
Google images
Thin-film Si PV technology
Present status:
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increase in TF Si module production
complete production lines available
Thin-film Si PV technology
Current developments:
short term: optimize micromorph tandem cell
long term: optimize triple cell, breakthrough concepts for high efficiency (η>20%)
Future developments:Oerlikon
Applied Materials