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Area of ExcellenceArea of Excellence
Marine Environmental Research & Innovative Technology
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OutlinOutlinee
1. An overview on MERIT
2. Relevance to environmental and public health
3. Research Programs
4. Highlighting novelty• Hypoxia as an endocrine disruptor and teratogen
• Artificial mussels to monitor heavy metals
• Multiplex Quantitative Real-time PCR and gene chip technology for monitoring waterborne pathogens
5. Deliverables and impact
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Aims of the AoE Aims of the AoE SchemeScheme
• “Maintain Hong Kong’s economic position in
the development of China & the Pacific Rim”
• “Identify research areas where Hong Kong has
particular potential to develop a competitive
edge internationally”
UGC
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Selection Criteria of Selection Criteria of AoEAoE
1. “Research area where Hong Kong has a particular potential to develop a competitive edge internationally”
2. “Capable of attaining world class excellence”
3. “Relevance to social and economic development of Hong Kong”
4. “Build upon existing strength”
UGC
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Centre for Marine Environmental Research & Innovative Technology (MERIT)
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MERIT
• Selected by UGC as one of the eight “Areas of Excellence” (AoEs) in Hong Kong, considered as internationally competitive
• The only AoE dealing with environmental issues
• Awarded $45 millions for 5 years, starting April 2004, with additional matching from participating universities
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MERIT
• Lead by the CityU with the following membership:– 12 from CityU
– 4 from HKU
– 3 from HKUST
– 2 from CUHK
– 2 from HKBU
– 1 from HKPU
– 7 overseas scientists from USA, Australia, Norway, China
• A multidisciplinary team with biologists, chemists, physicist, statistician, engineers, modelers
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Our Mission
• Develop innovative chemical, biological and engineering technologies for:– monitoring the health of marine environment– pollution control– bioremediation and – risk assessment
• Conduct and foster high quality, multidisciplinary research relevant to the protection and conservation of the marine environment, especially in Hong Kong and the region
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• The Pearl River Delta and S. China (including Hong Kong) is the most rapidly developing region in the world
• One-third of Hong Kong and China’s GDP comes from the utilization of coastal resources
• Projected 28% increase (6.8 to 8.7 million) in the HK population by 2030
• Marine pollution, a pressing world wide problem, poses a major threat to Hong Kong and China
Relevance to social and Relevance to social and economic development of economic development of Hong KongHong Kong
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• Great economic loss – Port & airport development: >$200M ex-gratia payment
– 1998 Red tide: >$300M loss to the mariculture industry
– Disney Theme Park: >$450M for clean up – Tourism
• Large scale development planned:– Large scale urban development (>$240 billion)
– A 29 km bridge linking Hong Kong, Macau and the Mainland ($ 15.6 billion)
Relevance to social and Relevance to social and economic development of economic development of Hong KongHong Kong
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Killed >85% of culture fish Loss > $300 MUnacceptable levels of toxins in shellfish
Relevance to social and Relevance to social and economic development of economic development of Hong KongHong Kong
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CH
CCl
ClCl
ClCl
Highest level of pesticidesreported in human milk
ClCl
polychlorinated biphenyl
High level of PCBsIn marine mammals
Relevance to social and Relevance to social and economic development of economic development of Hong KongHong Kong
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• Numerous food poisonings & epidemic disease outbreaks• >3,600 hepatitis A, mostly due to consumption of oysters• Beach closure, 50% higher chance of contracting infection
Relevance to social and Relevance to social and economic development of economic development of Hong KongHong Kong
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• MERIT will provide vital management information for: – Policy, standards and regulations– Cost effective environmental solutions– Protection of the environment and public health– Sustainable development
• Training to meet future demand in HK and the region• Annual environmental consultancy work is ca. $80-
100 M. Building our own capability to enable HK to retain this recurrent expenditure and provide employment opportunities
Relevance to social and Relevance to social and economic development of economic development of Hong KongHong Kong
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• Environmental technology expenditure in China (2001-2005) estimated at $600 billion and many technologies must be imported
• 10% of this share will translate into $6 billion and employment for 10-20 thousand workers for HK
HKPC, Nov. 2003
Relevance to social and Relevance to social and economic development of economic development of Hong KongHong Kong
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Highlight of Research Highlight of Research Programs & SynergyPrograms & Synergy
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Task Team 4
Control & bioremediation
Task Team 1
Novel technology for environmental diagnosis
Task Team 2
Field studies & validation
Task Team 3
Impact assessment models
Management Committee
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Task Team 4
Control & bioremediation
Task Team 1
Novel technology for environmental diagnosis
Task Team 2
Field studies & validation
Task Team 3
Impact assessment models
Management Committee
•Chemical Technology(MIP, Biosensor, SPMD,Artificial mussels)
•Genomic Technology(DNA array for waterborne pathogen,Toxicogenomic studies)
•Biomarker Technology(Molecular, BiochemicalCytological, ImmunologicalPhysiological)
•Validation of novel technologies
•Ecosystem recovery(Plankton, benthos, Intertidal, microbial)
•Sensitive receivers
•Fate & carrying capacity Model (Data assimilation methods,Eutrophication model,Real time field data, Neural networks)
•Modeling Biokinetic of Xenobiotics & algaltoxins
•Ecological risk •Assessment model
•Cost effective Control (Immobilized algaeWetland, ionexchangeResins)
•Bioremediation(Bacteria and fungal degradation of PAHs)
•HABs(3D-GIS tracking Model, Clay, flocculants & polymers
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Task Team 4
Control & bioremediation
Task Team 1
Novel technology for environmental diagnosis
Task Team 2
Field studies & validation
Task Team 3
Impact assessment models
Management Committee
•Chemical Technology(MIP, Biosensor, SPMD,Artificial mussels)
•Genomic Technology(DNA array for waterborne pathogen,Toxicogenomic studies)
•Biomarker Technology(Molecular, BiochemicalCytological, ImmunologicalPhysiological)
•Validation of novel technologies
•Ecosystem recovery(Plankton, benthos, Intertidal, microbial)
•Sensitive receivers
•Fate & carrying capacity Model (Data assimilation methods,Eutrophication model,Real time field data, Neural networks)
•Modeling Biokinetic of Xenobiotics & algaltoxins
•Ecological risk •Assessment model
•Cost effective Control (Immobilized algaeWetland, ionexchangeResins)
•Bioremediation(Bacteria and fungal degradation of PAHs)
•HABs(3D-GIS tracking Model, Clay, flocculants & polymers
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Task Team 4
Control & bioremediation
Task Team 1
Novel technology for environmental diagnosis
Task Team 2
Field studies & validation
Task Team 3
Impact assessment models
Management Committee
•Chemical Technology(MIP, Biosensor, SPMD,Artificial mussels)
•Genomic Technology(DNA array for waterborne pathogen,Toxicogenomic studies)
•Biomarker Technology(Molecular, BiochemicalCytological, ImmunologicalPhysiological)
•Validation of novel technologies
•Ecosystem recovery(Plankton, benthos, Intertidal, microbial)
•Sensitive receivers
•Fate & carrying capacity Model (Data assimilation methods,Eutrophication model,Real time field data, Neural networks)
•Modeling Biokinetic of Xenobiotics & algaltoxins
•Ecological risk •Assessment model
•Cost effective Control (Immobilized algaeWetland, ionexchangeResins)
•Bioremediation(Bacteria and fungal degradation of PAHs)
•HABs(3D-GIS tracking Model, Clay, flocculants & polymers
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Task Team 4
Control & bioremediation
Task Team 1
Novel technology for environmental diagnosis
Task Team 2
Field studies & validation
Task Team 3
Impact assessment models
Management Committee
•Chemical Technology(MIP, Biosensor, SPMD,Artificial mussels)
•Genomic Technology(DNA array for waterborne pathogen,Toxicogenomic studies)
•Biomarker Technology(Molecular, BiochemicalCytological, ImmunologicalPhysiological)
•Validation of novel technologies
•Ecosystem recovery(Plankton, benthos, Intertidal, microbial)
•Sensitive receivers
•Fate & carrying capacity Model (Data assimilation methods,Eutrophication model,Real time field data, Neural networks)
•Modeling Biokinetic of Xenobiotics & algaltoxins
•Ecological risk •Assessment model
•Cost effective Control (Immobilized algaeWetland, ionexchangeResins)
•Bioremediation(Bacteria and fungal degradation of PAHs)
•HABs(3D-GIS tracking Model, Clay, flocculants & polymers
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Scientific information relevant to
environmental
management
Prototype technologies & models
Validated technologies & models
Licensing & marketing of
products
Training (regional &
local training courses, research students)
Cost-effective environmental
solutions, environmental standards and
regulations
Task Team 4
Development of mitigation and control technologies
Task Team 1
Development of novel technology for environmental diagnosis
Task Team 2
Field studies & validation
Task Team 3
Development of impact assessment models
Technology transfer
Application to
environmental
management & regulations
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Highlighting Novelty:Highlighting Novelty:
Novel Sciences leading to novel marketable technologies
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Highlighting Novelty:Highlighting Novelty:
Example 1: Artificial Mussels for metal monitoring
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Problems with monitor metals in water
Large temporal variations Low concentration May not be biologically available
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
'
TIME
ug/LMetal
A B C
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The “Mussel Watch” Program since 70’s
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Problems with using mussels
Metal contents are significantly affected by physical and biological factors
Animals may be intolerant of (or affected by) prevailing environmental conditions
Different species may take up different metalsNatural distribution of bio-indicators limits
comparison over a large geographic area
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“ Artificial Mussel”: A novel device for heavy metal monitoring
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Plastic case
Polyacrylamide gel
Metal complexing agent (e.g. Chelex 100)
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Advantages of “Artificial Mussels”
Take up and release metals similar to musselsEasy to make and cheap ($5 per piece)Provide time-integrated valueNot affected by physical factorsNot limited by location and pollution levels Provide comparison worldwide
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Highlighting Novelty:Highlighting Novelty:
Example 2:Quantification of water borne pathogens using Multiplex PCR & DNA Chip Technology
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E. coli has been used as an indicator because:
• There are more than 10 different pathogens
• Impossible/impractical to detect so many different pathogens in a water sample
• Some pathogens are difficult to culture or cannot be cultured
• E. coli is abundant in mammalian guts and therefore indicates general fecal contamination
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Problems with the use of E. coli as an indicator
• Epidemiological evidence has showed poor / no correlation between E. coli counts and water borne pathogens
• Tedious and time consuming (>48h)
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Advantages of Multiplex PCR
• Simultaneous detection of several pathogens in a single sample
• Highly specific and sensitive
• High throughout (5 h) instead of days
• Low cost ($50 per sample)
• Detect species that are hard to culture
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600600
500500400400
200200
300300
BpBp MM
UidUid
EAEEAELT1LT1ST1ST1
VTVT
LT2LT2
Path
ogen
s
Path
ogen
sEscherichia coliEscherichia coli大腸桿菌大腸桿菌
Vibrio choleraeVibrio cholerae霍亂弧菌霍亂弧菌
Shigella Shigella dysenteriaedysenteriae志賀氏菌 志賀氏菌
Salmonella Salmonella typhimuriumtyphimurium沙門氏桿菌沙門氏桿菌
Escherichia coliEscherichia coli大腸桿菌大腸桿菌
Vibrio choleraeVibrio cholerae霍亂弧菌霍亂弧菌
Shigella Shigella dysenteriaedysenteriae志賀氏菌 志賀氏菌
Salmonella Salmonella typhimuriumtyphimurium沙門氏桿菌沙門氏桿菌
Q-mPCR for detecting pathogenic bacteria
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輪狀病毒 (Rotavirus)
甲型肝炎病毒 (Hepatitis A virus)
諾沃克類病毒 (Norwalk-like virus)
Q-mPCR for detecting viral pathogens
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Pathogen Chip(seafood and waterborne pathogens)
Pathogen Chip(seafood and waterborne pathogens)
• Vibrio parahaemolyticus
(diverse toxigenic strains)
• Vibrio cholerae
(O1; non-O1; O139; etc)
• Vibrio parahaemolyticus
(diverse toxigenic strains)
• Vibrio cholerae
(O1; non-O1; O139; etc)
GeneChipGeneChip
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Highlighting Novelty:Highlighting Novelty:
Example 3: Hypoxia as an endocrine disruptor and teratogen
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Hypoxia is a pressing global problem
Hypoxia
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Nutrients
Remove limiting factor
Algalbloom
Hypoxia
Organic Matters
Increase COD/BOD/SOD
Eutrophication
Decompose
Anthropogenic Activities
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Male testosterone
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
4 weeks 8 weeks
*
***
(ng/ml)7.0 mg/L1.0 mg/L
* p<0.05; *** p<0.001
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Male estradiol
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
4 weeks 8 weeks
**
***
7.0 mg/L1.0 mg/L
(ng/ml)
** p<0.01; *** p<0.001
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Female testosterone and estradiol
0
2
4
6
8
10
Testosterone Estradiol
****
(ng/ml) 7.0 mg/L1.0 mg/L
***
* p<0.05; *** p<0.001
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
7 mg/L
1 mg/L
Curvilinevelocity
StraightLine velocity
AngularPath velocity
*
****
*
*: p < 0.05
µmS-1
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0
20
40
60
80
100
7 mg/L
1 mg/L
Fertilization Hatching LarvalSurvival
Egg to Larvae
***
***
***
***
***: p < 0.001
%
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Hypoxia 0.8mg/l
22 hpf
96 hpf
53 hpf
72 hpf
Many embryos developed for several days without
vascular systems
Hypoxia is a teratogen
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Hypoxia is a teratogen
Control 24hpfControl 48hpf
Hypoxia 24hpf Hypoxia 59hpf Hypoxia 122hpf
Hypoxia 0.5mg/l
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Hypoxia is a teratogen
Malformation caused by hypoxia
*****
0
20
40
60
80
100
48h 72h 96h 120h 168h
Time (hour)
Ma
lfo
rma
tio
n (
%) control 5.8mg/l
hypoxia 0.8mg/l
Shang & Wu, 2004
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Conclusion• Hypoxia disrupts the balance of testosterone and estradiol in
both male and female carps, which in turn, impairs gamatogenesis, sperm and egg quality, fertilization success, hatching and survival of larvae
• Hypoxia causes malformation during fish development and produce abnormal fish
• Our results may explain:– The observed decline of fish populations in hypoxic waters
worldwide– The observed high prevalence of deformities in hypoxic
wasters
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Deliverables & impact
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Deliverables & impact
1. A world class marine research centre with high impact scientific output
2. Marketable novel technologies with a worldwide impact
3. Vital scientific input into environmental management at local, regional and global levels
4. Training of environmental managers in the region
5. Support the policy of the HK government and development of environmental industries
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Thank you