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Aquifer Storage and Recovery Update Larry Gerry, Chief ScientistFederal and State Policy Division
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Presentation Overview
Background
Notable ASR System results
ASR in CERP• Issue Team (1999)
• Regional Study
• CERP Pilot studies
River of Grass Phase II Considerations
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Background
Technology in use for several decades • Artificial recharge of aquifers has been employed in the
U.S. since 1940’s
• First United States ASR water supply system built in Wildwood, New Jersey, in 1968
• Several states have multiple ASR systems
• ASR underway in Canada, England, the Netherlands, Israel, and Australia
• Most ASR applications are for municipal water supply
• Florida may be first application for ecosystem restoration
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ASR Well Fields Operating in the U.S. (78)
xx
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Permitted ASR well fields operating in Florida (13)
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Targeting the Upper and Middle Floridan Aquifer
Hydrogeology of South FloridaWest Palm
BeachLake
OkeechobeeFt. Myers Labelle
2300
2100
1900
1700
1500
1300
1100
900
700
500
300
1000
Chlorides = 500 to 2,000 ppm
Water Table Aquifer
Lower Confining Unit
Boulder Zone
Middle Confining Unit
Upper Floridan Aquifer
Lower Tamiami Aquifer
Sandstone Aquifer
WEST EAST
Mid Hawthorn Aquifer
Middle Confining Unit
3000
Lower Confining Unit
Lower Confining Unit
Hawthorn Confining Zone
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Floridan Aquifer Zones
Upper Floridan Middle Floridan Lower Floridan
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ASR Bubble Cross-Section
ASR Bubble (Top View)
ASR Well
Native Groundwater
Mixed Zone
Stored Water
“Reactive Zone,” or “Zone of Discharge”
Water Quality Changes: • Filtration• Dispersion• Dilution• Biological• Geochemical
Total Storage Volume
Monitor Wells
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Las Vegas ASR
Treated drinking water, from Colorado River at Lake Mead
64 wells• 42 dual-purpose
• 22 recharge
103 mgd recharge capacity
157 mgd recovery capacity
81 billion gallons currently stored (250,000 ac-ft)
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The Peace River ASR
Ozone treated surface water Expanded to 20 mgdOperating under a Consent Order and Administrative Order
Largest ASR system in eastern U.S. at 20 mgd21 ASR wells Arsenic exceeded 10 ppb standard, but is declining
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West Palm Beach ASR at Clear Lake
Single high capacity well with potential 10 mgd capacity
City is pursuing an Aquifer Exemption to allow recharge without chlorine disinfection to reduce trihalomethanes
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Marco Lakes ASR
Largest system in SFWMD 1.7 billion gallons currently stored, since 19976 operating wells, 9 mgdcapacityTreated creek water, pumped to ~750’ blsArsenic not an issue during operational period (arsenic standard changed during operational period- 50 to 10 ppb)
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Boynton Beach ASR
Initial recovery (1992) efficiencies were low
Higher recovery with continued cycles
Development of a Target Storage Volume (with 100% recovery)
Arsenic not an issue during period of operation
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CERP ASR Issue Team Recommendations
Characterize quality and variability of source water
Study regional hydrology of Floridan aquifer
Determine critical pressure for rock fracturing
Identify local and regional changes in Floridan aquifer flow patterns
Water quality changes in aquifer
Potential affects on mercury bioaccumulation
Relationships among ASR storage interval properties, recovery rates, and recharge volume
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CERP ASR Regional Study Interim Results
Groundwater model under development – will be running scenarios later this yearWater from canals and lakes requires filtration and disinfection prior to rechargeRisk of fracture potential can be reduced by low injection pressures less than 200 psi and well spacingInitial ecological studies indicate that the recovered water is not toxic to aquatic organisms in the laboratory Preliminary mercury studies indicate that recovered water does containincreased mercury concentrationsFinal Report due by 2013
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Caloosahatchee Basin
Hillsboro
Lake Okeechobee
Two CERP ASR Pilots in Operation
WCA 1
Kissimmee ASR
Hillsboro ASR
Kissimmee
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Kissimmee River ASR Pilot
Good recovery
No toxicity or bioaccumulation
Arsenic exceeded 10 ppb during cycle 1, did not in cycle 2, now in cycle 3
Phosphorus reduction from >100 to <20 (cycles 1 & 2)
Now into cycle #3
Sand filter with ultraviolet disinfection (UV)
Effectiveness of UV is affected by canal water quality variability
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Hillsboro ASR Pilot
Fit within a canal right-of-way
Surface footprint of about ¼ acre
In 90 days, this system will store 1,350 ac/ft
One pump pushes water into the aquifer at 80 psi
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Hillsboro ASR Pilot
Began cycle testing in January 2010Mechanical filter with UV disinfectionASR wells to be integrated into Site 1 ImpoundmentHigh-capacity well (8mgd) - will need fewer wells here than planned Arsenic exceeded 10 ppb in cycle 1 (now in cycle 2)
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Slide 20
The Site 1 Impoundment : ASR Levee design
Provided 100x1,000 ft. cut-outs for ASR clusters
Hillsboro Pilot
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Hydrogeologic Conditions in ROG Planning Area
•Floridan aquifer continuous in the EAA region
•Expect conditions to be transitional between Kissimmee and Hillsboro Pilot sites
•Well logs from several other borings confirm condition of Floridan aquifer
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U.S. Sugar Test Well
Constructed in 1992Small diameter wellTransmissive limestone found in middle Floridan Aquifer• Flow zones found at
~1,350’• Apparent 5 mgd capacity• Chlorides in middle
Floridan about 1,500 ppm
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River of Grass Planning
Move forward incrementally
Potential for cluster of 10 wells in the upper and middle Floridan Aquifer provide ~ 150 ac-ft/day
Cost to install ~$45M (wells, intake/discharge structure, piping, treatment and pumping systems)
Annual O&M ~ $1.5M and $3M for electricity, well maintenance, operation, monitoring and compliance (monitoring decreases over time)
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Questions?