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Distinguished Lecturer for 2001-2002, IEEE Council on Superconductivity
Applications of UniqueSuperconductor Quantum Phenomena in Electronics
Professor Ted Van DuzerDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
University of California, Berkeley, CA [email protected]
Elements of superconductor phenomenaExisting applicationsEmerging medical applicationsDigital and analog-to-digital circuitsForefront research directions
UC BerkeleyCryoelectronicsIEEE Council on Superconductivity
http://www.ewh.ieee.org/tc/csc
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Superconductor Fundamentals
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Absolute zero (0 K)
68 oF 293 K
- 460 oF
Room temperature
- 220 oF“High-temperature
superconductors”
Examples:BiSrCaCuO 110 K
YBaCuO 93 K
“Low-temperature superconductors”
Examples:NbTiN 16 K
Nb 9.2 K
136 K
LHe 4.2 K
LN 77 K
Temperature Scales and Materials
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ψ = |ψ|ψ = |ψ|ψ = |ψ|ψ = |ψ|eiθθθθ(r)
BCS Pairing Concept
Cooper pairwave function
∼∼∼∼1 µµµµm
At nonzero temperature, pairs are mixed with unpaired electrons.
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Magnetic Flux Quantization
Magnetic field B
In superconductors, magnetic flux is quantized in units of
Φ0 = h/2e = 2.07 x 10 -15 weber
Superconducting ring
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Thin-filmsuperconductor integrated circuit
Josephson junctions
TYPES OF JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS
Tunnel junction Conductive barrier junctionVg= 2.8 mV
SuperconductorsBarrier
Substrate
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EXISTING APPLICATIONS
COMMERCIAL
Cellular base stationsVolt standardUltra-sensitive magnetometersNMR detector coils
SCIENTIFIC
Radio astronomy millimeter-wave receivers
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Cellular-Base-Station Receiverswith high-Tc superconductor filters
More than 2000 in service, or on order
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ClearSite® 2100 Platforms
1 Sector• ClearSite® 2100 Omni
System3 Sector• ClearSite® 2100 Three
Sectored System6 Sector• ClearSite 2100 Six Sectored
System
Available
2002
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SUPERCONDUCTORSUPERCONDUCTORTECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
STI SuperFilterSTI SuperFilter®® SystemsSystems
SuperFilterSuperFilter®® SystemSystem12 12 superconductingsuperconducting preselectorpreselector filtersfilters6 Low Noise Amplifiers6 Low Noise AmplifiersCryoCryo--package & controls package & controls smaller than conventionalsmaller than conventional
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Superconductor Technologies Inc. and Conductus Inc.Agree to Merge
SANTA BARBARA, Calif. and SUNNYVALE, Calif., Oct. 10, 2002
/PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Superconductor Technologies Inc.
(Nasdaq: SCON)
("STI") and Conductus, Inc. (Nasdaq: CDTS) jointly announced they have signed a definitive agreement to merge the two companies.
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SUPERCONDUCTORSUPERCONDUCTORTECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
High Performance HTS High Performance HTS BandpassBandpass FilterFilter
34mm X 18mm Die34mm X 18mm Die10 HTS Resonators10 HTS ResonatorsQuQu = 80,000= 80,0006 Cross Couplings6 Cross Couplings6 Tx Zeros6 Tx ZerosHigh Yield ProductionHigh Yield Production
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The Volt Standardusing Josephson junctions
About 70 systems in national, industrial, andmilitary standards laboratories worldwide
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VOLT STANDARD
V
3600 junctions
V = n(hf/2e)
-6000 < n < 6000
-1.2 < V < 1.2
I
V
Load line
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1 volt (3660 JJs)
10 volts (20,208 JJs)
HYPRES PrimaryVolt-Standard System
(0.05 ppm)Closed cycle refrigerationMicroprocessor controlled
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Ultra-Sensitive Magnetometers(10-10 x Earth’s magnetic field)
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SQUID FLUX-TO-VOLTAGE CONVERSION
Josephson junction
Voltage
CurrentMagnetic
field
Zeroflux
Bias current
One-half flux quantum
One fluxquantumVoltage
change
Flux signal
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COUPLING FLUX TO A SQUID
Magnetometer Gradiometer
CurrentPick-uploop
SQUIDMagnetic field
Current
Strongerfield
Weaker field
SQUID
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SQUID
Input transformerGradiometer
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Laboratory SQUID Systems
iMAG® components LTS MeasurementSystem MPMS
Susceptometer
Tristan Technologies
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NMR sensitivityenhancementwith HTSprobe coil
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Radio AstronomyMillimeter-Wave Receivers
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With RFWithout RF
VVg
I
SIS Tunnel Junction Mixing
Mixer IF Amplifier
Localoscillator
Low mixer noise TmixerConversion gain G
Receiver noise temperature
TR = Tmixer + TIF/Gmixer
Josephson pair current is suppressed by magnetic field
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Radio Astronomy Array at Hat Creek, CA
Two receivers/antenna with SIS mixers80-116 GHz and 220-270 GHz
Millimeter WavelengthSIS Mixing
With RFWithout RF
VVg
I
Currently 75 SIS mixers
Array under constructionin Chile----900 SIS mixers
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Emerging Medical Applicationsof SQUID Systems
Heart, brain, lungs, liver, nerves, skeletal muscle, stomach, intestines, eyes, etc.
Detection of fetal heart arrhythmia
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Magnetocardiography (MCG)(Mapping, imaging, and localizing heart magnetic activity)
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Advantages of MCG over 12-Lead ECG
• Contactless
• Much more diagnostic information
• Accurate localization capability
• Reproducibility
⇓
High Diagnostic Sensitivity and Specificity CMI 03/21/01
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Magnetoencephlography (MEG)Measurement of magnetic fields
produced by currents in the brain
CTF Systems, Inc.151 Channels
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Applications of MEG
Pre-surgical mapping
Localization of epileptic seizure foci
Detection of slow waves associated withstroke, head trauma, and transient brain ischemia
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Digital and analog-to-digital circuits
Superconducting single-flux-quantum circuitsfor speeds beyond semiconductors
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Toward Higher Speed Digital Electronics
CMOS processor speed increase limited by:Shrinking gate oxide thicknessInterconnect RC increase in scaled circuitsChip power dissipationExpense of fabricating smaller features
On the horizon for higher speed:Still some speed improvement for CMOSCompound semiconductor can give higher speed
but gate count limited by power dissipationNano-devices (incl. SET) will be slowSuperconductor electronics
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Overview of Superconductive Electronics
Ope
ratin
g Sp
eed
(GH
z)Industry-Wide Demonstrations of Josephson
Junction Circuits (at 4.2 K) as of 10/01
100 101 102 103 104 105
10
100
1
1000
SOURCESSuperconducting
HypresTRW
BerkeleyHitachi
IBMLincoln Laboratory
NECNorthrop-Grumman
Phys.-Tech.-BundesanstaltState University of Moscow
U. of StonybrookU. of Rochester
HBTs/HEMTsUCSB
HughesLucent
CalTechConexant
JPLGTRAN
IQENTT
HBT/HEMT etc.superconducting
Number of Devices
T-Flipflop chain, 400 JJs, 200 GHz
A/D, 4000 JJs, 42.6 GHz
A/D, 1560 trans., 4 GHz
Comparator, 90 trans., 40 GHz
BERGGREN 10-9-01 MIT Lincoln LaboratorySee comments on next slide
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Demonstrations of High-Speed Circuits(RE: Previous slide)
• Determined speed using only fastest elements• Junction counts compared to transistor counts
directly• Some integration-scale numbers were estimated• Includes digital and mixed-signal circuits• List may still be incomplete
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Picosecond-scale pulses with amplitude less than 1 mVcarry data between gates. Clock and data pulses are same.
Rapid-Single-Flux-Quantum (RSFQ) Logic
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SFQ Logic Bit Energy
v(t)
t
< 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 mV
∫ v(t)dt = Φ0
Energy ≅ ∫ Icv(t)dt ≅ Ic Φ0
Typical Ic ≅ 0.1 mA
Energy/bit ≅ 10 - 19 joules
[Advanced CMOS switching energy ≅ (1/2)CVdd
2 ≅ (1/2) x 10− 14 joules]
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Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) Circuits(Examples)
A
Ib2
Ib1
Ib3
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HYPRES
Non-storage Inductance (~6 pH)
Junction Shunt (~1 ΩΩΩΩ)
Junctions of different area(min. area = 3 µm x 3 µm)
Storage Inductance (~12 pH)
Toggle Flip-Flop Layout
RSFQ Gate Physical Layout on IC
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Demonstrated High-Speed RSFQ Circuits
Record T flip-flop (770 GHz) SUNY, Stony Brook
Demultiplexer and On-chip Test System (18 GHz)
UC Berkeley/Yokohama National Univversity
4-bit decimation filter (11 GHz) Rochester University
Clock Recovery Circuit (20 GHz) Conductus
Shift registers (4-bit @ 60 GHz, 1024-bit @20 GHz) HYPRES
Decimation Digital Filter (14-bit @ 20 GHz) HYPRES
Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence Generator (40 GHz), TRW
6-bit Spread-Spectrum Modulator (5.4 GHz), Northrop Grumman
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FLUX-1 Demonstration Status• FLUX-1 chip designed and
fabricated (photo at left)• 10.65 mm x 13.2 mm chip• FLUX-1 in test• 1.75 µm, 4 kA/cm2 Nb
technology• 20 GHz internal clock• 5 GByte/sec inter-chip data
transfer• Scan path diagnostics
included• 70 K junctions, 5 K gate
equivalent • Power dissipation ∼ 5 mW @
4 5K
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Josephson-CMOS Hybrid Memory(A potential solution for the memory for Josephson logic)
Memorycell array
Wor
dse
lect
dec
oder
SFQ
R/W
Address
Josephson current-sensors
Josephson-CMOSamplifiers
Writeinput
Writeaddress
MUX
Output
Bit-line decoder
JJ/C
MO
S in
terf
ace
ampl
ifier
CMOS -- Uncolored
Josephson -- Blue
Project goal: 64-kbit subnanosecond random access memory(Equivalent Josephson memory requires about 600,000 JJs.)
UC BerkeleyCryoelectronics
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Analog-to Digital Converter
Application to digital radio
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HYPRES
Digital LO
ADC Digital Mixer
Digital LPF
Analog BPF & Amp
Analog BPF & Amps
Analog Mixers
Analog LPFs
Analog LOs
ADCs
Present System
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Objective: Digital RF
Digital LO
ADC Digital Mixer
Digital LPF
Analog BPF & Amp
Analog BPF & Amps
Analog Mixers
Analog LPFs
Analog LOs
ADCs
The New System
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HYPRES
SNR (SINAD) Performance
Sample Rate (Samples/s)
SNR
Bits
: Effe
ctiv
e N
umbe
r of B
its (E
NO
B)
3-µm limit
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1E+4 1E+5 1E+6 1E+7 1E+8 1E+9 1E+10
( ) State-of-the-Art Semiconductor ADCs( ) State-of-the-Art
Semiconductor ADCs
( ) HYPRES( ) HYPRES
1.5-µm limit
Data used with permission of Bob Walden, HRL / (310) 317-5895 / [email protected] 1998 HRL, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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HYPRES
ADC Chip (2G Design)
Standard 3.5-um JJ process1 kA/cm2
1 cm x 1 cm chip
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SQUID Qubit for Quantum Computing
××××
>0
××××
<1
Josephson junction
SQUID
TWO STATES
Goal: large number of qubits all entangled quantum mechanically
States must stay coherent for 104 x clock period
Decoherence by noise and coupling to external modes
Superconductor advantage:Large energy separation of s-c state
From dissipative state
Reason for interest in QC:Factoring and encription
Possible qubit
|Ψ> = α Ψ> = α Ψ> = α Ψ> = α |0>|0>|0>|0> + β + β + β + β |1>|1>|1>|1>
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Forefront Research Directions
Materials and DevicesMgB2 films (and later, junctions) for 20 K operation
LTS internally shunted Josephson junctionsLTS micron and submicron junctions with high Jc
HTS Josephson junctions Components for quantum computing
Circuits and SystemsImprove unshielded SQUIDs
Improve sensitivity of HTS SQUIDsSmall HTS digital circuits
Raise SNR of A/D convertersDevelop software radio application
Demonstrate 50 GHz (and higher) RSFQ circuitsDemonstrate large digital processor, switches