AP World HistoryUnit I
FIRST THINGS FIRST: BEGINNINGS IN HISTORY Assessment Weight on the AP Exam = 5%
Supplementing your HW packet
Works Cited for “The Big Picture”Strayer, Robert W. Ways of the World: A
Global History with Sources. 2nd Edition.
Boston, MA: Beford/ St. Martins, 2013. Print.
“The Big Picture”
Features “must-know events” in AP World History
Summarizes key content
Focusing in on the beginning… Humans have long been storytellers. Our
stories – myths, legends, “fairy tales,” have sought to distill meaning from experience while providing guidance for the living.
Much the same can be said of modern historians, although they must operate within accepted rules of evidence.
But all tellers of stories – ancient and modern alike – have to decide at what point to begin their accounts and what major turning points in those narratives to highlight.
Time Out!
What is your story?Where would
you begin? With you? Your family?
What would you include – your turning points?
For world historians seeking to tell the story of humankind as a whole, four major “beginnings,” each of them an extended historical process, have charted the initial stages of the human journey.
YOU! Let’s hear YOUR story!
Humanity: What to include?
The human story begins… 4 stages
The Emergence of Humankind
The Globalization of Humankind
The Revolution of Farming and Herding
The Turning Point of Civilization
The Emergence of Humankind According to archaeologists & anthropologists,
the evolutionary line of descent leading to Homo sapiens, diverged from that leading to chimpanzees, our closest primate relatives, some 5 million to 6 million years ago, and it happened in eastern and southern Africa.
There, perhaps 20 or 30 different species emerged, all of them members of the Homininae (or hominid) family of human-like creatures.
What they all shared in common was bipedalism, the ability to walk upright on two legs.
The Emergence of Humankind In 1976, the
archaeologist Mary Leakey uncovered in what is now Tanzania a series of footprints of three such hominid individuals, preserved in cooling volcanic ash about 3.5 million years ago. Two of them walked side by side, perhaps holding hands.
http://www.biography.com/people/mary-leakey-9376051
The Emergence of Humankind Over time, these hominid species changed. Their brains grew larger, as evidenced by the
size of their skulls. About 2.3 million years ago, a hominid creature
known as Homo habilis began to make and use simple stone tools.
Others started to eat meat, at least occasionally. Homo erectus, began to migrate out of
Africa, and their remains have been found in various parts of Eurasia. This species is also associated with the first controlled use of fire.
Homo sapiens, ourselves!
Eventually, all of these earlier hominid species died out, except one
Emergence of Humankind
Although under constant debate, it is widely believed that we, too, first emerged in Africa and quite recently, probably no more than 250,000 years ago.
For a long time, all of the small number of Homo sapiens, lived in Africa but sometime after 100,000 years ago, they too began to migrate out of Africa onto the Eurasian landmass, then to Australia, and into the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific Islands.
The great experiment of human history had begun!
Visualize it!
Globalization of Humankind
Today, every significant landmass on earth is occupied by human beings, but it was NOT always the case.
A mere half million years ago, our species did NOT even exist.
Only 100,000 years ago that species was limited to Africa and numbered, some scholars believe, fewer than 10,000 individuals.
These ancient ancestors of ours, rather small in stature and not fast on foot, were armed with a very limited technology of stone tools with which to confront the many dangers of the world.
Then in perhaps the most amazing tale in all of human history…
They moved from this very modest and geographically limited role in the scheme of things to a worldwide and increasingly dominant presence.
What kinds of societies, technologies, and understandings of the world accompanied, and perhaps, facilitated, this globalization of humankind?
The Globalization of Humankind The phase of human history during
which these initial migrations took place is known as the Paleolithic era.
Paleolithic Literally means “old stone age” Refers generally to a food collecting or
gathering and hunting way of life Before agriculture allowed people to grow
food or raise animals deliberately Lasted until about 11,000 years ago
Paleolithic Era
Represents over 95% of the time human beings have inhabited the earth
However, it accounts for only about 12% of the total number of people who have lived on the planet.
During this time, Homo sapiens colonized the world, making themselves at home in every environmental niche, from the frigid Arctic to the rain forests of Central Africa and Brazil, in mountains, deserts, and plains.
The Revolution of Farming & Herding
In 2012, almost all of the world’s 7 billion people lived from the food grown on farms and gardens and from domesticated animals raised for their meat, milk, or eggs.
BUT before 11,000 years ago, NO ONE survived in this way.
Then repeatedly and fairly rapidly, at least in world history terms, human communities in parts of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and the Americas began the laborious process of domesticating animals and selecting seeds to be planted.
A MOMENTOUS ACCOMPLISHMENT: A FIRST IN HUMAN HISTORYThe Agricultural Revolution
Agricultural Revolution
Marks the single most significant & enduring transformation in human history
Although much shorter than the Paleolithic era that preceded it, farming and raising animals allowed for a substantial increase in human numbers.
Agriculture Revolution: Factors to consider
Agriculture would vary according to the environment: Climate Soil Various wild plants and animals
Gardens and Farms
Root crops – potatoes in the Andes Tree crops – banans Wild grains – rice, wheat or corn
What if you couldn’t farm?
In more arid areas where farming was difficult, some people, known as pastoralists, came to depend on herds of domesticated animals.
Because they moved frequently & in regular patterns to search for pasturelands, they are often called nomads.
Point of Interest: In the Americas… Regarding animal husbandry, the Americas
were at a distant disadvantage, for there were few large animals that could be tamed.
NO goats NO sheep NO pigs NO horses NO camels No cattle
Another point of interest: Afroeurasia
Big Idea: Conflict is inherent in the nature of humans.
In the Afro-Eurasian world, conflicts between settled agricultural peoples and more mobile pastoral peoples represented an enduring pattern of interaction across the region.
The Turning Point of CivilizationRemember the 4 key stages in early human development??
1st: The emergence of humankind
2nd: The globalization of humankind
3rd: The Revolution of Farming & Herding
4th: The Turning Point of Civilization
The Turning Point of Civilization The most prominent and powerful human communities
to emerge out of the Agricultural Revolution were those often designated as “civilizations”.
What’s a civilization? More complex societies that were based in bustling
cities and governed by formal states (governments.) Not until several thousand years AFTER the beginning
of agriculture did the first cities and states emerge, around 3500 B.C.E. *that’s about 5,000 – 6,000 years ago!!!!! Along key rivers Tigris & Euphrates, Nile, Indus, Huang He
OKAY BACK TO THE HW PACKET
Unit 1
Geographic Orientation/ Human Origins & First Migrations
Where did civilization arise from?
Along the banks of major river systems Tigris & Euphrates Nile Indus Yellow/ Huang He
Key Question: Answer…
MAP OF EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
What evidence do we have for this theory?
Archaeological Evidence Tigris & Euphrates Rivers: Mesopotamia
Sumerian & Babylonian Civilizations Indus Valley: Mohenjo Daro & Harrappa Huang He River: Shang Civilization,
China Nile River: Egypt
Define the following important terms:
Time preceding written (recorded) history
Based on archaelogical finds
Lasted until 12,000 years ago (Agriculture
Revolution occurred around 10,000 years ago – approx. 7000 BCE)
Prehistory Ice Ages
HUNTER – FORGER SOCIETIES DURING THE EARLY STONE AGE (PALEOLITHIC)
Describe the life of early man (economically & socially).
They lived in traditional economies.
They provided for their own needs.
Environmental resources were critical.
ancestor veneration,
shamans,
gender division of labor
.
More Important Terms
Early Stone Age Ending 12,000 –
10.000 years ago Known for hunting &
gathering *didn’t produce food
themselves, lived off the land (birds, nuts, fish, roots) grasslands, made baskets & pottery, weaving
NO rich vs poor
“New Stone Age” Recent Stone Age Beginning around
8000 BCE *Farming
emerges - domestication of animals
Paleolithic Neolithic
PASTORAL & HERDING SOCIETIES/ AGRICULTURE
Key terminology
Pastorialism
Act of domesticating animals but not plants
Developed herding societies Common in grassland regions Particularly in Afro-Eurasia
Pastorialists lived nomadic lifestyles and was hard on the environment overgrazing.
Agriculture
Farming Allowed for
permanent settlements
Featured domestication of plants: Potatoes Corn Squash
*Agriculture provided a dependable food supply
*Established a sedentary lifestyle
*Agriculturalists gathered into villages
*Private Property: who will farm which land
Domestication of animals
1st tamed was the dog: companionship, security, and help with hunting. (man’s best friend)
Next: game, goats, sheep, & pigs Eventually: horses, oxen, camels, llamas
SOCIAL CLASSES:“HAVES VS. HAVE NOTS”DIFFERENT STATUS OF PEOPLE
Social Stratification
CONCLUSIONS DRAWN
WITHOUT OUTSIDE
INFLUENCE/
COLLABORATION
EX. WHEEL, SAIL, PYRAMIDS
Independent Innovation
WHEN DIFFERENT IDEAS, PRODUCTS, ARE EXCHANGED.“TRADE”- NOT JUST GOODS BUT IDEASCultural Diffusion
A modern-day example:Have a coke & a smile
Private Property
Land not for public use Lays the foundation for differing classes/
status
Social Classes
Richer and poorer groups began to form with the emergence of agriculture: Who had the land to farm and who did NOT! Status, wealth, opportunity
Specialization of Labor
Resulted due to food surpluses New jobs New technologies arose
Patriarlchalism
More dominant with agriculture than nomadic hunting/ gathering
Division of Labor
Allowed for more efficient production levels
More sophistication of society Part of social classes - distinction
Urban Planning
Farming allowed population to grow Growth took villages to cities Sophistication/ planning due to
complexities of population density
Explain how agriculture changed the course of human history. *see next slide
From Stone Ages to Metal:Transitions to Civilization….
Impact of Agriculture
Allowed for growth of cities & civilization Unprecedented sophistication of
opportunities due to a food surplus More food, More jobs, more technology
Pottery Weaving The wheel The plow
From Stone Ages to Metal: Key Terms
Extracting metal from raw ore
Metal Smithing: shaping metal into tools
Began in the Middle East & China
3500 – 1200 BCE *between 5,500 –
3,200 years ago *Between the
Neolithic and Iron Ages
Metallurgy Bronze Age
WORSHIP OF MANY GODS
BECAME COMMON
EX. METAL IDOLS
Polytheism
Civilizations had…
Economic system
Government
Social System
Belief System
Intellectual Community
Technology
1st civilizations formed around 5,500 – 5,000 years ago
Mesopotamia: 3500 – 2000 BCEthe land between the rivers
Between the Tigris &
Euphrates Rivers
Aka “The Fertile Crescent”
Fun Facts: Sumerian 1st
and Babylonia arose from
here
Where did this civilization develop?
What made this a unique location?
Referred to as “the fertile crescent”
Silt left by flooding
Sumer’s The Epic of Gilgamesh Action novel Gods flood the
earth Sumerians –
downtrodden outlook on life
They despise their gods
A list of major civilizations in Mesopotamia
SumeriansBabylonians (Hammurabi)
AssyriansHitties
Sumerians had a written language – cuneiform – symbols to express concepts & objects; recorded in clay tablets
Mesopotamia: key terms
City states Empire Cuneiform Ziggarats Base 60 number system
Mesopotamia: key vocab
A political unit that includes a town or a city and the surrounding land controlled by it.
States that grew by military conquest
City state Empire
Mesopotamia: Key terms
Written script of the Sumerians; Sumerian writing
cuneiform
Ziggurats
A Sumerian temple made of sun-dried brick that was dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a particular city-state
Terrace shaped temples dedicated to polytheistic gods
definition picture
BASE 60 NUMBER SYSTEMUsed to measure time and navigational calculations
Where did this civilization develop?On the banks of the Nile
What made this a unique location?Depended on the Nile for survival
surrounded by desert*Nile flows South to North – only river in
the world to do soNile flooded the same time every year, very consistent and would leave black silt! FERTILE SOIL
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt: Key terminology Pharoah Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Hyksos Pyramids Hieroglyphics Papyrus
Pharoah
Ruler of ancient Egypt
Living incarnation of the Sun God
EGYPTIAN HISTORY IS BROKEN UP INTO KINGDOMS
Old Middle New
Old Kingdom
2575 – 2134 BCE
Basic social and political features established
Egyptians began constructing pyramids to serve as tombs for their pharoahs during the Old Kingdom.
The largest of the pyramids, the Great Pyramid of Khufu near Giza, was built during this time.
The pyramids are evidence of the Egyptian belief in an afterlife and in the godly stature of their kings.
With nearly 80 pyramids still standing along the west bank of the Nile, the pyramids of Egypt serve as a testament to the strength, material wealth, and ability to mobilize vast resources characteristic of ancient Egypt under the Pharoahs.
Significance of the Old Kingdom
2040 BCE – 1640 BCE
Middle Kingdom
As the Middle Kingdom in Egypt weakened, a people known as the Hyksos migrated into Egypt from the East.With superior military technology, such as the horse-drawn chariot and the compound bow, they were able to establish their power. They ruled Egypt for more than a century, extending the kingdom’s boundaries as far as Syria and Palestine, and maintaining peace and prosperity throughout their lands.
Hyksos: group who conquered Egypt during the 1600s BCE
THE HYKSOS KINGS USHERED IN A NEW PHASE IN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HISTORY.THEY INTRODUCED THE HORSE DRAWN CHARIOT, WHICH PHAROAHS OF THE NEW KINGDOM PERIOD WOULD USE TO BUILD STRONG ARMIES & EXPAND THEIR TERRITORY.
Significance of the Hyksos
Around 1540 BCE, an Egyptian named Admose declared himself pharoah and drove the Hyksos from Egypt. This was the beginning of the New Kingdom, the period that would see Egypt rise to the peak of its power and glory.Fearful of invasion, future Egyptian pharoahs succeeded in establishing control over possible invasion routles. In the process, they overtook foreign lands and established an empire.Military conquests also expanded Egyptian trade and made the kingdom wealthy.The most famous New Kingdom pharoah is Ramses II (died c. 1235 BCE), who left behind many monuments.
New Kingdom: 1540 – 1075 BCE
The New Kingdom period was the last great flourish of Egyptian power and culture before the empire’s long, slow decline.
Significance of the New Kingdom
Pyramids: gigantic tombs which served as resting places for the pharoahs
The Aztecs, Mayans and ancient Egyptians were 3 very different civilizations with one very large similarity: pyramids. However, of these 3 ancient cultures, the Egyptians set the standard for what most people recognize as classic pyramid design: massive monuments with a square base & four smooth-sided triangular sides, rising to a point. The Aztecs and Mayans built their pyramids with tiered steps and a flat top.
Pyramids at Giza- Egypt
Hieroglyphics (1 of 2 slides)
Egyptian writtten characters
Hieroglyphics (2 of 2)
The Egyptians invented their own form of writing called hieroglyphs, in which they used small pictures to represent each word. It was a very complex system that took a long time to learn and was only used by priests.
Papyrus: reeds used to make this type of paper
The Egyptians were also the first civilization to use papyrus as a writing surface. Papyrus was a plant material similar to thick paper, which is prone to curl and was adaptable for texts of any length
*Recommended site: http://
ancientegypthistorykingdom.weebly.com/egyptian-writing.html
THE INDUS RIVER VALLEY
South Asia: along the Indus River
Indus River – what is now Pakistan & NW India
Where did this civilization develop?
Indus Valley Civilization: 3000 – 1500 BCE
Around 3000 BCE, the Indus Valley civilization developed along the Indus river, in the NW of the Indian subcontinent.
Ruins from the cities of Harrapa and Mohenjo Daro show that the Indus Valley civilization possessed strong governments and an economy based on agriculture.
The Indus Valley civiilization also developed a written language.
Significance:
The story of civilization in one of the world’s most historically rich regions, the Indian subcontinent, began with this first Indus Valley culture.
Indus Valley: Key Places
Larger of the two Sat on the flood
plain where the Indus empties into the Indian Ocean
Another key area of settlement in the Indus Valley
North of Mohenjo Daro
Mohenjo Daro Harappa
A PROSPEROUS URBAN CIVILIZATION EMERGED ALONG THE INDUS RIVER BY 2500 B.C.E., SUPPORTING SEVERAL LARGE CITIES, SUCH AS HARAPPA. INDUS RIVER PEOPLES HAD TRADING CONTACTS WITH MESOPOTAMIA, BUT THEY DEVELOPED A DISTINCTIVE ALPHABET AND ARTISTIC FORMS. INVASIONS BY INDO-EUROPEANS RESULTED IN SUCH COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF THIS CULTURE THAT LITTLE IS KNOWN TODAY ABOUT ITS SUBSEQUENT INFLUENCE ON INDIA.
EARLY CHINAShang & Zhou Dynasties
Where did this civilization develop? Along the Huang
He or Yellow River in China
What made this a unique location? Huang He & Yangzi Rivers important Gobi Desert to the west *Shang thought themselves to be the
middle of the world
China’s history measured in dynasties or successors of emperors.
How does China’s dynasty system differ?
Ancient China: key terms
Respecting one’s elders
Divides, land, wealth, and influence
Ancestor veneration Feudalism
China: key terms
Levels of government responsibilities/ structure/ services/ functions
The idea that as long as a leader is governed wisely, he could claim the divine right to rule
Bureaucracy Mandate of heaven
1st: Pictographs: developed by the Shang, Chinese system of writing2nd: Shang used chariots which they may have learned about from the Middle East; traded with the Indus Valley who traded with Mesopatamia
China: other key points
In review…
Mesopotamian
Egyptian Indus ValleyShang
Rivers Trade Government Religion Language Technology Metal work Gender Roles
What were the 4 early civilizations?
What did they all have in common?
Coming to the Americas!
The Olmec/ Andean Cultures & the Chavin
Olmec: south, Central Mexico
Andean – Andes Mts. In South America
Where did these civilizations differ from the 4 early Eurasian civilizations?
Bering Strait Theory – continued migration over 1000s of years
Rose without the benefit of a large river system nearby
Key terms
Quipo: System of record
keeping Using knots tied
into string Used in the Andes Added meaning
via different color comibinations
Textiles Clothing/ fabric *NOTE: Chavins
had elaborate textiles
OTHER CULTURES & CIVILIZATIONS
Odds and ends
People of IsraelFounded the 1st monotheistic faithAbraham entered into a covenant as the chosen people of Jehovah Judaism resulted
Hebrews
Belief in one GodAs opposed to polytheism – belief in more than one (many) godsJudaism, Christianity, & Islam are all monotheistic
Monotheistic
Maritime culture who traded and colonized widely through the Mediterranean Based in Syria & LebanonChief legacy was their alphabet: written script in which each sign represents a sound rather than a concept or object and was adopted by the Hebrews, Greeks, Romans
Phoenicians
Building blocks of a written language, representing sounds, not concepts, allowed the formation of any word from a small set of easily memorized symbols
Alphabet
All people have a language, early on spoken but not written.With the sophistication of civilizations, written languages emerge.All cities have urban planning – cities, streets/road, religious monuments, “monumental architecture” – left its mark on the landscape
Making Connections: Random Thoughts so far…
Key Terms…
Monarch
As compared to a dictator
Hereditary rule by a single person
Premodern times: rule by divine will, or embodies a deity
Nobility
Land-owing class Often associated
with a monarch
aristocracy
“elite” Government of a
privileged class
oligarchy
“government of a few”
Not a monarch Not a democracy
Theocracy
Government dominated by a religious elite
hierarchy
A culture’s way of ranking social classes Privilege Respect wealth
Caste systems
Especially strict hierarchies where movement is all but impossible
Debt slavery
Hereditary ownership of one human by another
Indentured slavery
Working for a set number of years to pay off a debt
serfdom
Similar to slavery Compelled
peasants to labor for the owners of the land they lived on
Prison Labor
Hard labor for punishment / payback to society
MORE TERMS: EARLY HISTORY
Almost done….
Large man-made structures that often pass the test of time
Often of religious and or political nature
Chinese alphabet
pictographMonumental architecture
People who communicated with the spirits
Priestly class at the top of the caste system in India
Shamanism Brahmins
Jewish sacred teachings
Hebrew scriptureTorah Tanakh
Another monotheistic religion
Found by Zoraster, probably from Eastern Iran
Zorastrian scripture
Zoroastrianism Avesta