1
Drury/OpahekePlanChange
“Kauatetauepokea,
Kauatetauerewanatia,KoiahokitetuturutangaIhekeihoneiIotatoutupuna”
“Letusnotbegreedy,
LetthelandremainwholeashandeddownbyourancestorsThismaterialisconfidential.PleasecontactTamaohoifyouwanttocopyanythingorshareitwithothers([email protected])
2
CONTENTS
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………….….3
2. OpahekeCulturalLandscape……………………………………………………………………..…..4
3. ManukauHarbour…………………………………………………………………….………………..….7
4. Awa/Waterways…………………………………………………………………………………….……11
5. LandAlienation…………………………………………………………………………………………….13
6. GreatSouthRoadandtheWaikatoInvasion…………………………………………………13
7. Archaeology………………………………………………………………………………………………….16
8. TraditionalHistory…………………………………………………………………………………………17
9. TeMaketu……………………………………………………………………………………………………..18
Environment1. Backdrop……………………………………………………………………………………………………….21
2. Kaitiakitanga……………………………………………………………………………………………….…21
3. Water/Wai…………………………………………………………………………………………………..23
4. SustainableDevelopment………………………………………………………………………………25
5. Stormwater……………………………………………………………………………………………………25
6. TreatmentofContaminants…………………………………………………………………………..26
7. GroundwaterRecharge………………………………………………………………………………….29
8. NativeTreesandPlants………………………………………………………………………………….29
9. TeArangaDesignPrinciples……………………………………………………………………………30
10. PlanningRulesandRegulations……………………………………………………………………..31
11. Landscapes…………………………………………………………………………………………………….31
12. Wastewater……………………………………………………………………………………………………32
13. ManagingEffects……………………………………………………………………………………………33
14. TheProposal…………………………………………………………………………………………………..34
15. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………………….36
16. Recommendations………………………………………………………………………………………….36
3
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Thelandscapesurroundingtheprojectareacontainsawidevarietyofimportant
NgātiTamaohosites.Itliesatthecentreofoneofthemostimportantareasin
NgatiTamaoho’srohe.
1.2 TothewestliesthebountifulPāhurehureInletandthewiderMānukauHarbour,
thefoodbasketsandhighwaysofNgātiTamaoho’srohe.Thesewaterwayswere
thespiritual,culturalandeconomicheartofourpeopleswayof life.Wearea
peoplebegottenfromtheseverywatersthroughourtupunaPāpakaoftheTainui
Waka.
1.3 TothesouthliethefertileplainsofRamarama,Ararimu,PaerataandTuhimata.
Theseareasweresomeofourpeoplesmostintensivelysettledplacesincluding
manystrategicpātauaandpapakāingasituatedalongoverlandtravelroutes.
1.4 To the east lies an area once cloaked in native forestedwith the formidable
HūnuaRangestothesouth-east.ThisareaincludesthefamouspātauaPuke-o-
koiwi-riki, now more commonly known as Pukekiwiriki. This was one of our
peoplesmostimportantpasites,withtheTeAparangipapakaingalocatedbelow.
Manyotherimportantsiteslieinthesefoothills,includingwahitapu,papakainga,
wakabuildingsitesandbirdingareas.
1.5 Finally,tothenorthliesthePapakuraandTakaniniarea.Theseareascontained
manysmallerwahinohoangathroughoutthevastwetlandecosystem.Thisarea
wasessentialtoNgatiTamaohoforthefoodresourcesofthengahere,aswellas
thebuildingmaterialsandrongoaavailablefromthewetlandsandforestfringes.
1.6 ForNgātiTamaoho,ourlandsandwatersarethebasisforlifeitself.Wehavelong
valuedtherich, fertilesoilacrossmuchofTāmakiMakaurau.Thiswas land in
which crops flourished, beside wetlands, waterways and harbours which
supportedrichfisheries.
1.7 AlthoughlargepartsoftheTāmakiIsthmuswasclearedofbush,significantareas
remainedwithinNgātiTamaoho’srohe,particularlyinTeHūnua–theforested
4
Hūnuarange to theeast–butalsoaroundtheMānukauharbourand its lush
wetlands.
1.8 The wetlands also featured numerous creeks and together these productive
waterwayswerea key resource forNgāti Tamaoho.Theseawaalso formeda
communications and transport network for waka. Wetland ecosystems were
prominentaroundthisprojectarea.
1.9 Ngāti Tamaoho’s rohe constituted a strategic position in relation to Tāmaki
Makaurau,throughwhichmanypeoplepassedandinwhichnumerousgroups
lived.
1.10 SecuringNgātiTamaohorightstothisarearequireddevelopingandmaintaining
anumberofcomplexinter-tribalrelationshipsandmanagingtherichresources
oftheharbourandthewetlandsarounditsshore.
1.11 TheManukau harbour and adjacentwetlands,waterways, and dry landwere
usedextensively,particularlyduring the summermonths. Fishing campswere
established, although resources other than fisheries were utilised, including
timber,birds,plantfibres(suchasharakeke),androngoa.
1.12 Thereliance(ifnotover-reliance)ofPakehawritersonarchaeologicalevidence
oftheoccupationoftheareabyNgātiTamaohoandrelatedtribesreflectsthe
enormousandrapid lossof landthatoccurredafter1840.ThisremovedNgāti
Tamaoho from most of our tribal lands, and many of the cultural practices
associatedwiththelandwereended.
1.13 Itwasonlymuchlaterinthecolonialperiodthatpollution,drainage,reclamation
andoverfishingbegantodevastateNgātiTamaoho’straditionalfoodsourcesin
theMānukauharbouranditsadjacentwaterways.
2.0 OpahekeCulturalLandscape
2.1 Thearea lies inanarea thatwasan important traditional foodbasket forour
people. The area was surrounded by low lying wetland (part of the wider
Mangapikopikowetland)andnativeforestonhigherground.
2.2 ThecontrolanduseoftheareabyNgātiTamaohoallowedourtūpunatomanage
themovementofpeopleandgoodsthroughoutourroheandwasthereforea
5
symbolofourkaitiakitangaandmana.Bycontrollingthiscrucialintersection,our
people were able to exercise rangatiratanga for our lands and waters,
kaitiakitangafortheseenvironmentsandresources,andmanaakitangaforour
whanaungawhowishedtopassthrough.
2.3 Thisarea isalsopartof thecomplexecosystemandrichcultural landscapeof
Takanini/Kirikiri,which includesadiverserangeofsitesandarea.Traditionally
occupationsitesweremostlyconcentratedatstrategicpointsoftheshoreline,
withtheawafringesandpartsofthelow-lyinghinterlandbeingoccupiedbya
richwetlandecosystem.
2.4 Thiswetlandwasaninvaluableculturalandpracticalresourcetoourtūpunawho
usedittocollectrongoāandbuildingmaterialsaswellastofish,huntwaterfowl
andgatherfood.ThisconnectedtothelargerMangapikopikowetlandecosystem
aroundtheareanowknownasPapakura,formerlyknownasWharekawa.
2.5 Thesewetlandareaswerealsoimportantfortheirvegetationincludingkahikatea
acrossthepeninsula,withtōtara,karaka,taraire,pūriri,pukatea,kohekoheand
tītoki found at better-drained locations. Along the wetlandmargins could be
foundvaluablematerialsincludingharakeke,raupō,andmānukaaswellasfood
sourcessuchasthemauku.
2.6 Traditional evidence, alongwithmodern archaeological studies of the region,
suggeststhatthehighgroundoftheareawasheavilyforestedpriortothe19th
century.This forestwasahighlyvaluedresourcebase forNgātiTamaohoand
otherhapuinthesurroundingpāandkāinga.
2.7 DenselyforestedareaswereregardedasdeeplytapubyNgātiTamaohoasthey
werethedomainofTane,thePatupaiareheandotherdeities.Resourcescould
onlybecollectedfromtheforestwiththepermissionofthesedeitiesthroughthe
correctkarakiaandrituals.
2.8 Moreover,NgātiTamaohooftenusedsuchforestedareasforritualspacesand
urupa.
6
“ForestintheWaikato”GeorgeFrenchAngas,AlexanderTurnbullLibraryPUBL-0029-245
2.9 Theresourcesavailablefromtheforestswerehighlyvaluedand,inmanycases,
essential for survival.Rauaruhe (bracken fern)wasprominent in theareaand
usedforavarietyofpurposesincludingpreservingshellfishandprotectingthe
kumaraharvestfromkiore.
2.10 Manukawoodwasharvestedtomake implements includingclubsandspears,
while the leaveswere used to repel insects. Kowhai rootswere used for the
creation of fish-hooks and the bark juice used to heal wounds. Kareao
(Supplejack)wasessentialformakinghinaki(eelpots)andyoung,tendershoots
couldbeeatenwhiletraveling.Thevarioustreesoftheforest,especiallyTotara,
wereharvestedfortheconstructionofwhare-pouandwaka.
2.11 Tothenorth-eastliesPuke-o-koiwi-riki(Pukekiwiriki),knowninancienttimesas
Paritaiuru. Puke-o-koiwi-riki is an ancient site of great significance to Ngāti
Tamaoho.IthasalonghistoryofoccupationstretchingbacktothetimeofNgā
Oho and Ngā Iwi, among the original inhabitants of Tāmaki Makaurau. The
maungaanditsnaturallyfortifiedpātauaremainedimportantduringthetimeof
Wai O Hua, acting as an important outpost along the route between
MaungakiekieandTeHūnua.
7
3.0 MānukauHarbour
3.1 OfcrucialimportanceofthisprojectareaisitsproximitytotheTeMānukanuka
OHoturoa(MānukauHarbour),onlyashortwakajourneytothewest.
3.2 Sinceancient timesNgātiTamaohohavecontinued toexerciseour traditional
fishingrightsovertheMānukauHarbourandcontinuetotreateachcreek,inlet
andstreamoftheharbourasanessentialpartofthatentity.
3.3 Theinherentqualityofthewateranditsabilitytohealisessentialtothespiritual
sustenanceNgātiTamaohoderivefromtheHarbour.
3.4 Ourtūpunaleftusthismessage:
“…leave theMānukauHarbourand it’sestuaruiesaloneand itwillheal itself.Stop
reclaimingthetidalforeshoresandbuildingmotorwaysoverthefeedinggroundsof
ourfisheriesanddestroyingourshellfishbedsandelementsofthespawninggrounds.”i
3.5 AstheWaitangiTribunalfoundwhenitinvestigatedtheMānukauclaimin1985,
NgātiTamaohohave“aspecialrelationshipwiththeharbour.”Thus,itwassaid
that:
“TheMānukaunotonlybelongstousbutweto it.Weareapeoplebegottenfrom
withinthedepthsofitswaters.”
8
MānukauHarbourplanbyCommanderDrury,1853.
NgātiTamaohopointedtothetraditionalhistoryoftheharbourembodiedinourmarae,
Whatapaka:
“WeofWhatapakaclaimdescentfromPaapaka.Itisourindisputablerightwiththe
restoftheMānukautribes,thatwearetheguardians,or,inlegislativelanguage,the
9
rightfulownersofthewholeoftheMānukauHarbour,thesurfaceofitswaters,and
alllifewithinitsdepths.Weproclaimtoyou,theMānukauwatersandalllifeforms
withinitareourwhanaunga.
Paapakaisnotcommonknowledgetotheoutsideworld,wehaveguardedhimand
revered him through hundreds of generations. Now,we lift the tapu.We have no
choice.His turangawaewae, our turangawaewae, his feeding grounds, our feeding
groundsandourmana,areindangerofunionwiththevoid.
...we of Whatapaka, jointly with other tribes of the Mānukau, will physically and
spirituallycleansethewatersofourHarbour....
WethetribesoftheMānukauarethewhanaungaofthelifeintheMānukauHarbour
waters.Weareoneandthesame.
...Thefactisourturangawaewaeismorewaterthanland.”ii
3.6 Ngāti Tamaoho developed an integrated and sustainable economy, based on
kaimoana, mahinga kai, and cultivation. The forested hills, rivers, wetlands,
waterways, foreshore,harbour,andseaformedthemajorcomponentsofthis
economy.
3.7 NgātiTamaohopossessanintimateunderstandingoftheseresourcesandofthe
environmentwithinwhichtheylived.Thisknowledgewaspreservedandpassed
downthroughthegenerations;beingboundupwithandcontributingtocultural
practicesandspiritualbeliefs.
3.8 This complex system of tikanga is the means of ordering and controlling
relationshipswithandthemanagementanduseofresources.Backedbyvarious
sanctions, it formed the crucial element in the successful regulation and
maintenanceofarelationshipwithTeTaiao,thenaturalworld.
3.9 Thesemechanismsensuredongoingandsustainableuseofresources.AsNgāti
TamaohotoldtheTribunalin1985:
“Ourpeoplewereandstillarethegreatestconservationists.Wehadspecialseasons
put aside for fishing, different from bay to bay. For Kaitarakihi, the season was
NovembertotheendofJanuary.Theychosenormallythe3tidesbeforefullmoon,
spring-tide,andsome2hoursbeforehighwater.”
10
3.10 ForNgātiTamaoho,managementofresourcesmeantusingdifferentresources
atdifferenttimesoftheyear,aspartofanannualcyclethatensuredresources
werenotexhaustedandcouldbereliedupontoprovideforthepeople inthe
followingyear.iii
3.11 AstheyexplainedtotheTribunal,thebaysoftheMānukaueachhad“theirown
specific controls in times of fishing,” and each was known for its particular
bounty.Forinstance:
“Awhituwasfamedforitscatchesofsharkanddogfish.Tarowasalsoinabundance
besidethestreams. Itwas firstplantedthereby theTainuioccupants.Thestreams
were clean then, full of eels, and all along the shore-line at low tide were large
quantitiesofshellfish.Thissituationlasteduntiltheearlynineteenthcentury,whichis
whentheabuseoftheMānukauwatersfirstbegan.”
3.12 Thus, each area of theMānukau and its tributaries and inlets had a body of
traditional knowledge surrounding its use. This is as true for the area of the
proposedBellfieldRoaddevelopmentasitisforanywhereelse.
3.13 ThelateDr.RanginuiWalkerwroteofthekowharu,ashellfishsimilartoscallops
ortoheroabutwhichisknownonlytoNgātiTamaohoandourwhanaunga,who
finditindeepmudinabout1.5metresofwaterinthechannelsoftheMānukau
at low tide. This intimate knowledge was held close by the people for
generations,buttherapidlossofresourcesinthelasthalf-centuryrequiresthat
suchknowledgebemadepublicinorderthatwhatisleftmightbesaved.
3.14 InevidencetotheWaitangiTribunal,theformerabundanceoftheharbourwas
contrasted with the modern-day scarcity of the harbour’s resources. For the
PoukaiheldatWhatapakain1984,NgātiTamaoho–apeoplewhospringfrom
theveryharbouritselfandwhohavebeensustainedbyitforcenturies–hadto
buyinthekaimoanathatourmanuhirieagerlyanticipated.
3.15 Likeotherhapu,NgātiTamaohodevelopedabodyoftikangawhichgoverned
ourrelationshipwiththenaturalworldandoursustainableuseofitsresources.
Kaitiakitangaandastrongconservationethicunderpinnedthisrelationship.
3.16 OfparticularimportancetoNgātiTamaohowasthesouth-easternshoreofthe
Mānukau, dominated by the Pahurehure Inlet. The shoreline of the inletwas
11
dottedwith small fishing settlements interspersedwith larger kāinga such as
Ōpaheke,Hingaia,andWharekawa.
3.17 Developments here effect the Otuwairoa, the Pāhurehure and the wider
Mānukau.
4.0 Awa/Waterways
4.1 The project area was traditionally characterised by wetland ecosystem. This
includedthemanyawa(waterways)whichflowedthroughthearea.
4.2 NgātiTamaohohavestrongcultural,traditionalandhistoriclinkswiththewaters
ofourrohe.Fromthemcomethemeansforsurvivalbywayofpiharau,tunaand
otherfreshwaterspecies.
4.3 Traditionally, they provided the main means of travel and trade to many
otherwiseinaccessiblepartsoftheroheduringancienttimes.Theirspringsalso
providedakeysourceoffreshwater,essentialforsurvival.Thus,theywerethe
connectingtissuebetweenthemanykāinga,pāandcultivationthroughoutthe
rohe.
4.4 Moreover,theywereasourceofgreatmanaforNgātiTamaoho.Theirusefor
travel,resourcesandkaiwascloselygovernedbycomplexprinciplesoftikanga.
Sometimestheirusewassharedandatothertimesitwasusedbyothertribes
onareciprocalbasis.
4.5 Priortodeforestationoftheircatchment,thedrainageofthePapakuraarea,and
othercontributingfactors,thesesawawouldhavebeenfarwider,deeperand
faster flowing. Traditional evidence recalls that the rivers in this area were
navigableforseveralmilesinland.
4.6 NgātiTamaohooftenbuiltsettlementsatthemouthsofriverstobenefitfrom
theirgreatwealthoffreshwaterspecies.Tunawereharvestedwithnetsorweirs
(pātuna)builtacrossstrategicpartsoftherivers.NgātiTamaohowereexpertsat
thesustainableuseoftheresourcesoftheseawa.
4.7 Thelivesofthepeoplewerecloselyintertwinedwiththequantityandqualityof
the freshwater that was available to them. It provide habitat and spawning
12
groundsfornativeplants,birdandfish,buildingandweavingmaterialssuchas
raupoandflax,andpreciousmedicinesanddyes.
4.8 Modificationstowaterwaysandtheircatchmentareashavesignificantlyaltered
therelationshipofNgātiTamaohowiththeseresources.
4.9 Theprotectionoffreshwaterresourcesremainsoneofmostimportantpartsof
theresponsibilitiesofNgātiTamaohoaskaitiakioftheenvironmentandourrohe.
4.10 NgātiTamaohobelievethateachwaterwaycarriesitsownmauri.Awaterbody
withahealthymauriwillsustainhealthyecosystems,supportculturalusesand
mahingakai,andbeasourceofprideandidentitytothetangatawhenua.
4.11 Thewatersthatsurroundtheprojectareaarealsosignificantforthewāhitapu
andurupātheypassthrough.TheKirikiri(Waipokapu/HaysStream),forexample,
flowspasttheformerTeAparangipapakāingaandPukekiwirikipāandbringswith
it the tapu associatedwith those places to be returned to TeMānukanuka o
Hoturoa.
4.12 NgātiTamaohohavestrongcultural,traditionalandhistoriclinkswiththewaters
ofourlands.Theriversarethelife-bloodofourrohe.
4.13 Fromthemcomethemeansforsurvivalbywayofpiharau,tuna,inanga,kokupu,
kouraandotherfresh-waterspecies.
4.14 TheprojectareaincludespartsoftheNgakoroastream,aswellasbeingadjacent
totheMaketuandHingaiastreamandtheircatchments.Thesearesomeofthe
mostimportantstreamsinNgātiTamaohorohe.
4.15 Thelivesofthepeoplewerecloselyintertwinedwiththequantityandqualityof
the freshwater that was available to them. It provide habitat and spawning
groundsfornativeplants,birdandfish,buildingandweavingmaterialssuchas
raupoandflax,andpreciousmedicinesanddyes.
4.16 NgātiTamaohobelievethateachwaterwaycarriesitsownmauri.Awaterbody
withahealthymauriwillsustainhealthyecosystems,supportculturalusesand
mahingakai,andbeasourceofprideandidentitytothetangatawhenua.
4.17 Thewatersthatsurroundtheprojectareaarealsosignificantforthewāhitapu
andurupātheypassthrough.TheNgakoroaforexample,flowspastseveralwahi
tapuonitswaytowardTeMānukanukaoHoturoa(ManukauHarbour).
13
5.0 LandAlienation
5.1 Theareaprojectareawasalienated fromNgātiTamaohoandourwhanaunga
throughseveralland‘sales’duringthe1850’s.The‘purchase’comprisedaPākehā
legalconceptbeingimposedontraditionalMāori landownership.Theprocess
wasconductedin,attheminimum,astoundingignoranceofthetraditonalrights
over these areas. The reuslt of the fraudulent and deceitful nature of these
proceedingswasthealienationofhugepartsofourpeopleslandsthattheydid
notwishtonoragreetosell.Theywerenevercompensatedforthislossandit
wasbythisdeceptionthelandcameintoPākehāownership.
6.0 GreatSouthRoadandtheWaikatoInvasion
6.1 TheKirikiriareacontainsmanywāhitapuforNgātiTamaohoasaresultofits
invovlementinthe1863invasionoftheWaikato.ForinstancetheRing’s/Kirikiri
Redoubtwasestablishedaspartofalongchainofmilitaryestablishments
beginninginAucklandandendingonthebanksoftheWaikatonearTeIaRoa.
Thesebaseswerebuilt,alongwiththeGreatSouthRoad,toformadefended
supplylineintotheWaikatoforthepurposeofafullscalemilitaryinvasion.
6.2 Theseredoubtswereanintegralpartofthisprocessandrepresentsthe
atrocitiesoftheinvasionandsubsequentraupatu.Assuch,theyareofgreat
significancetoNgātiTamaohoasareminderofourtūpunaandthethingsthey
foughtfor.ThismakestheareaanimportantpartofNgātiTamaoho’sidentity
andanimportantpartofourpeople’shistory.
6.3 NgātiTamaohoprisonerswereheldatthestockadeatDruryduringJuly1863
andfromtheremovedtoOtahuhucamp.Manyoftheprisonerswerechildren
andtheelderlyandreportsarethattheywerenottreatedwell.
6.4 In1859-1860,whileGovernorGeorgeGreyhadbeendiscussinghisproposed
newinstitutionswiththeiwiandhapuoftheregion,preparationsforwarwere
alreadyunderway.In1861theCrownpushedonwithconstructionoftheGreat
SouthRoadasamilitarysupplylineandbuiltaseriesofforts,stockadesand
14
fortifiedposts,anumberofwhichwerelocatednearNgātiTamaoho
settlements.
6.5 Thepurposeoftheseredoubtswastoprotectthemilitarysupplylinealongthe
Great South Road and to guard Auckland against an imagined attack from
Waikato.
15
StJohn'sRedoubt,Papatoetoe1863,ArthurMorrow,AucklandWarMemorialMuseum
6.6 Ngāti Tamaoho watched the developments throughout 1861 and 1862 with
growingalarm.AtthebeginningofFebruary1861MaoritoldResidentMagistrate
Henry Halse that they regarded the erection of stockades as a direct threat.
According toHalse they said '"ma te kanohi e titiro"; if built andoccupiedby
Pakeha,nonoticewillbetaken,butifoccupiedbysoldiers"taWaikatopai"...'.
Ring’sRedoubt,aswithalltheotherstockades,wereindeedoccupiedbysoldiers.
6.7 OnJuly9,1863GreyorderedallMaorilivingbetweenAucklandandtheWaikato
RivertoimmediatelytakeanoathofallegiancetotheQueenandgiveuptheir
arms.AnywhorefusedwereorderedtoretiretobeyondtheMangatawhiriRiver.
Thosefailingtocomplyweretobeforcibly'ejected'fromtheirsettlements.ivOn
July12,GeneralCameroncrossedtheMangatawhiririvernearTeIaRoa,thereby
signallingthestartoftheWaikatoWar.
6.8 ThewarandsubsequentconfiscationseveredNgātiTamaoho’sabilitytoconnect
withourwhenuaandrenderedthetribeeffectivelylandless.Theeffectsofthese
actionscontinuetoaffectNgātiTamaohotothisday.
16
7. Archaeology
7.1 Relatively few archaeological sites have been recorded in Drury. This can be
misleadingwhenindividualsandorganisationsrelyonarchaeologicalfindingsas
evidence of importance to tangata whenua. It has been Ngāti Tamaoho’s
experiencethatmanydevelopersandregulatorybodieswilloftenusea lackof
archaeologicalrecordsonasitetosurmisethatitisoflittletraditionalimportance
and that substantialmodifications canproceedunimpeded. For this reasonwe
includethesectionbelow.
7.2 ForNgātiTamaoho,thereisnosuchthingasanisolatedsiteof importance.All
sitesareconnectedunderRanginuiandbyPapatuanuku.Sitesare treasured in
theirownrightbutalsoexistwithinatightlyconnectedwebofassociation.Justas
nopersonexistsinisolationwithintheiriwi/hapu,nositeexistsinisolationwithin
therohe.
7.3 Inmanycasestheexistenceofsmallerarchaeologicalsites,suchasthosefoundin
DruryorTeMaketu,areindicativeoffarwidertraditionaluseofthearea.
7.4 The areas of the Lower Waikato, Franklin, Pukekohe, Te Hunua, Ramarama,
Papakuraetc.havenotbeensurveyedarcheaologically.Thesitesthathavebeen
locatedintheseareasareoftentheresultsofindividuallanddevelopmentsthat
havehaphazardlyfoundarchaeologicalremains.
7.5 NosubstantivearchaeologicalstudyhasbeenundertakenofourNgātiTamaoho’s
rohe.
7.6 Thelackofrecordedarchaeologicalsitespointstoa lackof investigationrather
thanalackoftraditionaluseorimportance.Thisisasimplefactoftenoverlooked
bydevelopersandregulatorybodies.
7.7 Archaeological siteswhich remainshouldbe thoughtofashistoricandcultural
icebergs.Eachsiteshowsonlyatinyglimpseonthesurfaceofthetrueimportance
anduseoftheareawhichisnowobscuredbytime.
7.8 Itisoftenthecasethatthelackofrecordedarchaeologicalsitesinanareawilllead
developersorplanners to theerroneousview that theareahas littlehistorical
significanceorsignificancetotangatawhenua.Thisisafalseassumption.
7.9 For Ngāti Tamaoho the site of the proposed development is significant, both
traditionallyandculturally,forreasonsthatwillbeoutlinedbelow.
17
8. TraditionalHistory
8.1 ForNgātiTamaoho,thelandsandwatersarethebasisforlifeitself.Ourpeople
havelongvaluedtherich,fertilesoilfromthevolcanicashandlavastrewnacross
muchofTamakiMakaurauandtheLowerWaikato.Thiswaslandinwhichcrops
flourished, besidewetlands, waterways and harbours which supported prolific
fisheries.
8.2 AlthoughpartsofTamakiandtheLowerWaikatowereclearedofbush,significant
areas remained within Ngāti Tamaoho’s rohe, particularly in Te Hunua,
Pukekohekohe,Ramarama,TeMaketu,Mauku,TePuniandmanyotherplaces.
8.3 These forested areaswere incredibly important to our people. From themour
tūpunagatheredbuildingmaterials,medicinesandtools.Theyalsoprovidedfood
bywayoftheincrediblebird-lifetheysupportedandthemanyplantspeciesthat
werepartofourpeoplesstaplediet.
8.4 Theywerealsodefensiveareaswhereourpeoplecouldgatherduring timesof
war. They’re intimate knowledge of these areas allowed them to remain un-
accostedwhentimesweretough.
8.5 Denserforestedareasalsooftencontainedwahitapu.Urupaandtuahucouldbe
foundintheseplaceshiddenundertheprotectionofthechildrenofTane.Inother
cases deep forest was the domain of the Patupairehe and Turehu and was
consideredawahitapuinfull.
8.6 Many forested areas, were also home to important trails and overland routes
whichconnectedpa,papakaingaandothersitesthroughouttherohe.Theiruse
andcontrolwasofgreatimportancetoourtupuna.
8.7 Theprojectareaalsocontainedmanyawaandwetlandecosystems.Thesewerea
keyresourceforNgātiTamaoho.Theawaformedacommunicationsandtransport
network forwakawhile thewetlandswere importantplaces for food,building,
andmedicinalresources.
8.8 NgātiTamaoho’sroheconstitutedaverystrategicpositioninrelationtoTāmaki
Makaurau, throughwhichmanypeoplepassedand inwhichnumerous groups
lived.ItwasahubwhichconnectedtheWaikatoandTamakidistrictsasitdoes
today.Drurywaskeytothisconnection.
18
8.9 SecuringNgātiTamaoho’sancestral rights to thisarea requireddevelopingand
maintaininganumberofcomplexinter-tribalrelationshipsandmanagingtherich
resourcesofourrohe.
8.10 Thereliance(ifnotover-reliance)ofPakehawritersonarchaeologicalevidence
of theoccupationof theareabyNgātiTamaohoandrelatedtribes reflects the
enormousand rapid lossof land thatoccurredafter 1840. This removedNgāti
Tamaoho from most of their tribal lands, and many of the cultural practices
associatedwiththelandwereended.
8.11 It was only much later in the colonial period that pollution, drainage,
reclamationandoverfishingbegantodevastateNgātiTamaoho’straditionalfood
sourcesintheManukauharbouranditsadjacentwaterways.
8.12 Inlandthesamedamagewaswroughtbyforestclearance,introducedspecies,
road construction and the systematic destruction of Aotearoa’s natural
environmentby‘acclimatisationsocieties’establishedthroughoutthecountry.
8.13 Asthenaturalenvironmentwasmodifiedanddestroyed,thelandwasalso
slowlyremovedfromNgātiTamaoho’straditionalandancestralownership.This
wasdonebyimposingwesternlegalconceptsoverTeAoMāori.Theseincluded
individual landownership,permanent landsale, individual land title succession
andmanymore.Where landwasunable tobe takenby thesemeans,outright
confiscationwasused.Thisoccurredfrom1863-1865andincludedmostofNgāti
Tamaoho’smostimportantplaces.OneofthesewasTuhimata.
9. TeMaketu9.1 TeMaketu isanancientcomplexofsites lying to theeastof theproposedCSL
Precint. It isoneofourpeoplesmost importantareasandcontainsmanywahi
tapuincludingmanylargeurupa.
9.2 Thecomplexincludesatleast4pāsitesofvaryingages,somebeingveryancient
andamoungtheearliestinTāmakiandtheWaikato.Italsoincludespapakainga,
buildingandconstructionsites,toolmakingsites,resourcegatheringareas,tuahu,
wahitapū,andurupa.
19
9.3 TeMaketu isanareathat includes importantNgātiTamaohosites,evidenceof
whichcanstillbeseentoday.ItisanareaofancientMaorioccupation,datingback
totheearliestsettlementoftheregion.TeMaketuquicklybecameoneofthemost
importantMaorisitesintheAucklandregionandhasremainedsoeversince.
9.4 There are several large pā at Te Maketu along with associated settlements,
cultivationsandurupa.Thepāandsettlementswerehome tomany important
NgātiTamaohotūpunaandactedasstrategicdefencepointsduringconflict.
9.5 Thefertilevolcanicsoilssustaineda largepopulationandprovidedgoodstobe
tradedwiththemanyvisitorswhotravelledthroughthearea.
9.6 TheurupaatTeMaketuwereinusefromearlysettlementuntilthebeginningof
the Waikato War, making the area one of supreme spiritual and traditional
significance.
9.7 ThecultivationsofTeMaketuwerefamousthroughouttheregionowingtothe
richvolcanicsoilandwellirrigatedlands.Inaddtitiontothetradtionalcropssuch
askumara,taro,hue,anduwhi,ourtūpunaplantedpeachtrees(latertobecome
synonymouswiththisarea),figtrees,andcapegooseberries.
9.8 During the 19th century, as the township of Auckland grew to the north, the
cultivationsbecamepartlycommercial.Itwascommontoseepeachtradersfrom
TeMaketutradingintheearlyAucklandmarkets.
9.9 EvidencesuggeststhataflowermillwasbuiltatTeMaketuduringthisperiodto
grindthemaizeandwheatgrownnearby.ThismadeTeMaketuanagricultural
hubforthewiderregion.
9.10 TeMaketuandthesurroundingareaswerealsoideallyplacedfortradebeing
ontheancientArarimutrack.Thiswasthemainrouteofcommunicationbetween
Auckland,Waikato,andtheHaurakiGulfforcenturiesbeforebeingsupersededby
theGreatSouthRoadandtheadventofwar.ThetrackpassedthroughPapakura,
skirting the Papakura wetland areas and passing through the Hunua foot hills
beforemeeting theMangatawhiriCreekwhichprovidedoneof themainwaka
routestotheWaikatoandtheHaurakiGulf.
9.11 AccesstoTeMaketu,DruryandRamaramawasalsoprovidedbyHingaiaand
MaketuStreams(tributariesofKarakaCreek).Despitebeingshallowinsummer
20
theyweredeepandeasilynavigableinwinter,allowingaccessfromtheManukau
toverynearthepāsites.
9.12 TheseareonlyafewofthemanysiteswhereMaoriuseandoccupationhas
beenrecordedaroundtheTeMaketuarea.Terraces, stone-works,cultivations,
urupa,kumarapits,andfortificationsexistalloverthisareaandaretestamentto
itsimportancetoNgātiTamaohoandtheotheriwiwhooccupiedit.
9.13 Traditionalevidencerecordsthat theareamayhavesupportedupto2,000
people.Importantareasweresetasideforcollectingmaterialtomakenetsand
baskets,collectingrongoaformedicinalpurposes,collectingplantsfromwhichto
derivedyesforclothingandartwork.
9.14 Specialplaceswerealsosetasideforcarvingofitemsforwhare,warfareand
arts&crafts.Placesforcanoebuildingandplacesformakingandrepairingnets;
allofwhicharetapusites.Manygreatwakawerebuiltbythetūpunathatlivedin
thisregion.
9.15 Duringtheearly1860s,astensionsbetweentheCrownandMaoriescalated,
Te Maketu became an important strategic and defensive position for Ngāti
TamaohoandtheirWaikatoallies.Theareasstrategic locationmadeitan ideal
defensivepositionintheearlyphasesofthewar.Itwasacrucialpartoftheearly
resitancemountedbyNgātiTamaohoandourwhanaungaofWaikato.
9.16 However,colonialtroopspushedpassedTeMaketuwiththeGreatSouthRoad
andeventuallydestroyedmanysites in thecomplexafterNgātiTamaohowere
forcedfromtheirlands.
9.17 FollowingtheWaikatowar,TeMaketuwasconfiscatedaspartofthe19,000
acrePokenoBlock.
21
Environment1.BACKDROPItisvitalforthepeopleofTamaohothatthreekeyconsiderationsareprovidedforregardinganydevelopment;
• Thatthemanaofourpeopleisupheld,acknowledgedandrespectedThatourpeoplehaverangatiratanga(opportunitytoparticipate,beinvolvedandcontributetodecisionmaking)overourancestralTaonga
• Thataskaitiakiwefulfilourobligationandresponsibilitytoourenvironmentinaccordancewithourcustomspasseddownandtobeaccountabletothepeople(currentandfuturegenerations)intheserolesascustodians.
2.Kaitiakitanga
2.1Thisknowledgeoftheworkingsoftheenvironmentandtheperceptionsofhumanityaspartofthenaturalandspiritualworldisexpressedintheconceptofmauriandkaitiaki.AsKaitiakiitisourresponsibilitytospeakforandprotectthosewhocannotspeakforthemselvestheearth,thetrees,water,fish,birds,thecrabs,everysingleelementonthisearthwhichmanhasnotcreated,isalive.Ithaswairua(thebreathoflife)andmauri(lifeforce).2.2Mauricanbedescribedasthelifeforcethatispresentinallthings.Maurigeneratesregeneratesandupholdscreation,bindingphysicalandspiritualelementsofallthingstogether.2..3Withoutmaurithingscannotsurvive.Practiceshavebeendevelopedovermanycenturiestomaintainthemauriofallpartsoftheworld.Observingthesepracticesinvolvestheethicandexerciseofkaitiakitanga.
2.4 Kaitiakitangaunderpinseverythingwe(iwi)doin‘our’world.Kaitiakitangaorguardianshipisinextricablylinkedtotinorangatiratangaandisadiversesetoftikangaorpracticeswhichresultinsustainablemanagementofaresource.Kaitiakitangainvolvesabroadsetofpracticesbasedonaworldandenvironmentalview.Therootwordistiaki,toguardorprotect,whichincludesaholisticenvironmentalmanagementapproachwhichprovidesforthefollowing:
22
1. Restorationofdamagedecologicalsystems
2. Restorationofecologicalharmony
3. Ensuringthatresourcesandtheirusefulnessincreases
4. Reducingrisktopresentandfuturegenerations
5. Providingfortheneedsofpresentandfuturegenerations
2.5Maorithroughtheirtraditionaltribalbelief,linkancestralnamesandeventstolandscapes,oftenassociatingthese[namesandevents],withthegodsthemselvesandtheverybodyofourearthparent-Papatuanuku2.6Maorisharesstrongbelieve,inGodtheFather[Ranginui]andEarth,themother[Papatuanuku].2.7Themotheristhenurturer,thegiveroflife.Therefore,everythingbornofthemotherisaliveandhasitsownlifeforce[mauri].Allelementsofthenaturalenvironmentpossessmauriandalllifeisrelated.MauriisacriticalaspectofthespiritualrelationshipofMāoriwiththeirenvironmentandspecificfeatures(suchasmaungaandwaterways)withinit.Theconditionofthesereflectsourabilityaskaitiakiandpredictsourownwellbeing.2.8Weareallinter-connected,andthereforehaveadutytoprotectandenhanceournaturalsurroundings,notonlyforourselves,butourfuturegenerations.2.9ThearrivalofEuropeans[Pakeha]hasseennotonlythelossofMaoriland,butalsothepollutionofourwaterways[streams,lakes,rivers,estuaries,andharbours].ThePakehabroughtwiththemanoldsystem,whichhadcausedmanydiseasesandillnessregardingtheirwaste.ItwascommonEnglishpractisetodisposeof‘waste’intomoatssurroundingcastles,andintostreams,riversandharbours.Thesepractiseswerecontinuedintheir‘newland’.Unfortunately,townswerebuiltwiththemind-setofdisposingwastetowater.MaorilivingontheManukaudespairedatthedespoilingoftheirharbour,longtreasuredforitsfisheries.2.10Estuarieswerefavouredforfoodgatheringandprovidedsafe,shelteredwaterswithanabundanceoffish,shellfish,andbirdsforeating.Estuariesalsogaveaccesstotheinteriorofthecountryanditswealthofresources-talltimberedrainforests,abundantbirdlife,flaxswampsandriversfullofeels.2.11BecauseestuarieswereviewedbymanyEuropeansettlersasunproductivewastelands,estuarinelandwasreclaimedforharbours,andfilledinforpasture,sewerageschemesandstormwaterdischarge.Manyarestillunderthreatfrom;
• Excesssilt
• Pollutionfromsewerage,industrial/agriculturalrunoffandstormwater
23
• Invasionbyintroducedspecies[plantandanimal]
• Reclamation
• Extractionofsandandgravel
2.12Publicconcernoverthisenvironmentmessgrew.ButtheWaitangiTribunal’sreportontheManukauClaimin1985wasthecatalystformajorchange.ItlaidthebasisfornewrelationshipsbetweenMaorilivingneartheharbour,localgovernmentbodies,businessesandthewidercommunity.2.13TheWaitangiTribunal’sManukauReportof1985foundthattheCrownhadfailedtorecogniseTreatyrightstolandandtraditionalseafoodresourcesandhadnotprovidedtheprotectionpromised.2.14Maorihavebeenandcontinuetobepartofthedevelopmentofourtownsandcities.DevelopmentsofthelandscapeareapartofMaorihistorynowalso;roading,grazing,reserves,buildings,reservoirs,construction,quarrying,wastewater/stormwaterdisposal.Someandsuchdevelopmentshavenotalwaysbeensupportedbytangatawhenua.Inmanycasesthesedevelopmentshavedamagedordestroyedsignificantsitesandfailedtorecognisethevaluesheldbytheirkaitiaki.Manawhenuahaveneverceasedvisitingtheseplacesorappreciatingtheirculturalsignificance.Maoristillshareaninterestintheon-goingsustainablemanagement.
3.Water/wai
3.1“WateristhelifegiverofallthingsFromthesourcetothemouthoftheseaallthingsarejoinedasone”“Fromskyfather(Ranginui)Totheearthmother(Papatuanuku)FromtheearthmothertotheoceansFromtheoceansbacktoskyfather”
3.2Allwaterhasmauri(alivingenergy).Itisthismauriwhichprovidesforalllivingthingsandeveryplacewithauniquedisposition.Itisthereforeimperativethatnothingadverselyimpactsuponitsintegrity.Suchanactiondetrimentallyaffectsthemaurioftheresourceandconsequentlythemana,wellbeingandhealthofthepeople.Thekeyhereistheimportanceofnotalteringthemauritotheextentthatitisnolongerrecognizableasahealthycomponent,waiora.Theactofdischargingwastewater,includinguntreatedstormwater,intonaturalwater[freshorharbour],goesagainstthisverybelief.
3.3Thequalityofwaterdeterminestherelationshipthatthetribehaswithitswaters.Environmentaldegradation,atanationallevel,hasoccurredatalargecostandthephysical,chemical,andbiologicalqualityofwaterhasdeterioratedasaresultofbothpointsourcepollution(dischargesintoabodyofwateratasinglelocation),andnon-pointsource
24
pollution(contaminationfromdiffusesources).ThewatersofTamaki[andWaikato]regionshavebeenmodifiedtosupporteconomicgains,andtheimpactsofpoormanagementpracticesareincreasinglybeingseen.Asaresult,humanimpactssuchusesasfarming/agriculture,wastewatertreatment,damming,horticulture,urbandevelopment,stormwater,andforestryconversionshavemodifiednaturalwaterflowsandthedegreeofcontaminantsthatawaterbodyreceives,resultinginadecreaseinwaterquality.
3.4NgatiTamaohoholdontothebeliefthatwaterispurewhenitleavestheheavens,andwithtoday’stechnologyandintheever-increasingpollutioncreatedbymanthatthereshouldbeanaturaltreatmenttrainapproachtoretainthecleanlinessofthewai[water]fromtheskiestothesea.
3.5ThewatersoftheAucklandregionhavebeenmodifiedtosupporteconomicgains,andtheimpactsofpreviouspoormanagementpracticesareincreasinglybeingseen.Asaresult,humanimpactsfromsuchusesasfarming/agriculture,wastewaterdischarges,damming,horticulture,urbandevelopment,alterationstothenaturalhydrology(straightening/piping)ofriversandstreams,drainingswampsandforestryconversionshavemodifiednaturalwaterflowsandincreasedthedegreeofcontaminantsthatawaterbodyreceivesresultinginadecreaseinwaterqualityofriversandstreams.
3.6Waterisafundamentalcomponentforalldimensionsoflife.Waternotonlysustainslife,butalsoservesaneconomic,social,cultural,spiritual,andpoliticalpurpose.Regardlessofthesignificanceofwater,theincreaseinwatercontaminationbycities,industries,andagriculture/horticulturehasledtothedeteriorationofthemauriofwater.
3.7NgatiTamaohodoesnotacceptthatbecauseanaturalwaterwayhasbeenpreviously“straightened”bypreviouslandowners,thatitbecomesa“drain”ora“ditch”,itstillhaswaterflowingwithinit,waterthatstillhasmauri[life].Theinterferingofanaturalwaterway,whilealteringitsnaturalstatedoesnotalterthatwhichflowsthroughit.Also,wedonotacceptthatbecauseanareaofswamp,wetlandorstreamhasbecomedegradedthroughpastlanduse[cows,horticulture]thatwhendeveloping,thisbecomesthe“baseline”.Itispossibletorestoreandenhanceanydegradedwaterwaythroughthedevelopmentprocess.Itisusuallyonlyamatterofwillingnessonbehalfoftheapplicantandcounciltoachievethis.
3.8NgatiTamaohoaspirestohavewatersthataredrinkable,swimmable,andfishable.TheabilitytohavedrinkableandfishablewaterislimitedbyanumberoffactorssuchastheconcentrationsofE.coli,eutrophication,suspendedsediments,arsenicandmercuryandstormwaterrunoffcontaminants.
25
4.SustainableDevelopment
4.1NgatiTamaohopromotessustainabledevelopment,andbelieve,thatallnewdevelopmentshouldinsome,ifnotmostways,beself-reliantandself-sustainable.
4.2Therearemanyoptionsforsustainability,withsolarpanelsandgreenroofstoroofwatercaptureforre-useandgroundwaterrechargebeingamongafew.
4.3Eachnewdevelopmentshouldbeconsidering“whereismypowercomingfrom”and“howcanwenotwasteanyofthegoodcleanwaterthatfallsfromthesky”.
4.4And“howcanthisdevelopmentenhancetheenvironment”
4.5Sustainablealsoincludestheretentionoflandscapes,cultural,visualandarchaeological,enhancementofstreams,bushareas,floraandfauna.
5.Stormwater
5.1Stormwaterisatermcommonlyusedintoday’sclimateasreferringtoallwaterrun-off,bothclean[iefromrooftops]tocontaminated[fromroads,accessways,siltetc].
5.2Thepastpracticewith“stormwater”hasbeentogetitallintoapipeandoutofthewayasfastaspossible,usuallydrainingintocurbandchannel,acesspitthenpipedintothenearestwaterway.TheAucklandRegioncontinuestolosearound6kmofnaturalstreamperannumtodevelopment.Thereiscurrently6,500kmofpipednetworkand8,300kmofstreamswithintheAucklandRegion.NgatiTamaohodoesnotsupportthepipingofnaturalwaterwaysandencouragesthe“day-lighting”and“naturalizing”ofstreamswhereverpossible.
5.3Waterisapreciousresourcethathasbeen“wasted”formanyyears.Thisisnotsustainablepractice.Theenvironmentalpracticespertainingtoournaturalwaterresourcemustbecomeimplementedifthereistobewaterbothonandunderthegroundforourfuturegenerations.
5.4Ouraquiferandgroundwaterresourcesareslowlydepletingandbecomingpollutedatafasteningrateasourpopulationcontinuestogrow.Whilenotnecessarily“takinggroundwater”newhousescontinuingtobebuiltaretakingawaytheearth’snaturalwayofrechargebywayofperviouscovering.Eachnewdwelling,road,cycle/pedestrianwaypreventsrainwaterfromnaturallypermeatingthroughtheground.Thenthereisthepracticeofsoakpitsforcontaminatedroadrunoffwithnopriortreatmentaddingtogroundwaterpollution.
26
6.TreatmentofcontaminantswithinStormwater
6.1Waterandwaterqualityissuchanimportantpartoflifeforall,andassuchnewapproachestotreatingcontaminatedroadrunoffandstormwateringeneralareconstantlybeinglookedintoandmethodsbecomingmore“natural”.
6.2Themixingofcleanroofwaterrunoffandcontaminatedroadwaterisnowconsideredawastedresource,andoftenthecauseofstormwaterdevicesbecoming“inundated”duringheavyrainfall,leadingtofurtherpollutionanderosionofnaturalwaterways.
6.3Ofteninthecommon“stormwaterpond”thesedimentsthathave“droppedout”duringthe“settlement”phasewithintheponds;are“re-suspended’duringheavyrainfallandinundation,andsoallthosecontaminantsbecome“mobile”againandareflushedoutofthepondandintothewaterways,makingthepondin-effective,andasourceofcontaminants.
6.4The“treatmenttrain”approachispromotedascurrentbestpracticeasthispromotesatsourceretention,providesqualitycontaminantremoval,lessinundationatthefinalstage,ensuresthecostismoreevenlyspread,andeasiertomaintain.
6.5Thetreatmenttrainapproachincludesmethodssuchasroofwaterdetentiononsiteviaraintanks,andor,soakagepits,wherecleanrainwatercanbereusedorusedtorechargetheundergroundwatersystemsasfirsttreatment,thenroadwatertovegetatedswaleand/orrain-garden,andthentoawetlandforafinal“polish”.Naturalstreamgreenwaysarebeingdesignedintonaturalwaterwaysinsteadofpipingtoproduceamorenaturallook,andfurthertreatment.Thisisparticularlyimportantwhencreatinga“coastalorstreamoutfall”,naturalvegetated,semirockedoutfall/flowstructuresalsoaddadditionaltreatmentandaremorenatural.
6.6Thisoptionshowsaraintanktocollectrainwaterfromtheroof,rechargetoground,raingardenatsource,eitherpipedortransferredviavegetatedswaletoaswale/wetlandpublicsystempriortodischargetoawaterway.
27
6.7Thisdiagramshowsacommercialsite,withresidentialflowingthroughswalesystemsdowntoavegetatedswale/wetlanddevicepriortodischargetoawaterway.The“treatmenttrain”approachispromotedascurrentbestpracticeasthispromotesatsourceretention,providesqualitycontaminantremoval,lessinundationatthefinalstage,ensuresthecostismoreevenlyspread,andeasiertomaintain.
6.8NgatiTamaohopromotestheregenerationofanywetland[evenifdegraded]aswetlandsfeaturedprominentlyinthepastasnature’snaturalfilters.
6.9Raingardens/swalesforcontaminatedroadwaterretention/detention,undergroundStormwater360orHyndsUp-Flodevicescanbeusedwhereasiteisalreadydevelopedifspaceisavailableandthenawetlandorattenuationdevice[largevegetateddryswalesystem]forafinal“polish”.
6.10ThissystemiscurrentlybestInternationalpractice;itservestoreduceinitialrunoffbyinfiltratingthefirst10mmbackintosource,whilecontainingcontaminants,andaddingtotherechargeofthegroundwater.Thisalsolessensvolumestodevice,whichimprovesthefunctionofthetreatmentdevice.
6.11Greenroofsarealsobecomingpopularmainlyinoverseascountries,andwherepollutionisaproblem,thegreenroofconceptnotonlyaddstomoreoxygenbeingproducedbuttothehealthandwell-beingofpeoplewhocangrowtheirownvegetables,fruittreesetc.
6.12Itisimportanttonotethatastimegoesbytechnologieschangeandmonitoringhastimetogatherdataandgainunderstandingsofhowstormwaterisbesttreated.
6.13AttheveryleastNgatiTamaohoexpectsallcesspitstobefittedwitha“littertrap”or“enviro-pod”.Thesedevicesfiteasilyintoacesspit,andhavebeendesignedtofitunderthegrateforeasyconvenientinstallationandcleaning.Thisisgenerallymoreacceptablewhendevelopmentisbeingretrofittedintodifficulttomitigateareas.
28
Rural stormwater
6.14Someofourworstpollutioncancomefromruralland,dependingontheland-usepractices.Someoftheintensivefarmingpracticesoftoday,withfeedpads,additionalfeed,lotsoffertilizerandwateruse,areparticularlydamagingtowaterwaysiftheyarenotriparianfenced[atleast10meters]
6.15Horticultureandfeedingagrowingmassivepopulationisbecomingmoreintense.Ifeachblockofhorticulturebareearthdoesnothaveabundaroundtheoutside,andsilttraps[largeholes]tocollecterosionrunoffinarainevent,theconsequencestotheenvironmentcanbedevastating.Notonlyistherealossofproductivetopsoiltothefarmer,buttonsofsilterosionrunoffenterourwaterwaysstreamsandharbours.Manyruralactivitiesinthepasthasseenfarmers“realign”awaterwaysoitdoesn’trunthroughthemiddleofafield.Thisnewwaterwayisthenimmediatelylabeleda“ditch”ordrain,andsadlytreatedassuchbyfarmersanddevelopersalike.
6.16Attheveryleastallwaterways,includingditchesanddrains,shouldbefenced[ifanimalsarepresent]andriparianplantedtobetween5-10meterstoensuregoodfiltrationofallthatisplacedupontheground.
6.17Waterisusuallyinhighdemandfortheselandusepractices.
6.18Forestryalsohastheabilitytoproducesevereenvironmentaleffectsastracksarecutthroughthesidesofgulliesforaccess,withoftenawaterwayatthebottom,andveryrarelyisasiltfenceputinplace.Oftenonlythegoodsaleablelogsareremovedleavingbehindallthe“rubbish”torotawaytobewashedawayovertime.
6.19Agriculture,horticultureandforestryareallpermittedruralactivitieswithinDistrictandRegionalPlans.Whiletherearerulesaround“earthworks”,theyareinthe“earthworks”section,andunfortunatelyarenotconsideredrelevanttoalotoffarmers,asgrowingandharvestingtrees,andgrowingfoodisnotconsideredtobeearthworks.
6.20AsintheabovesectiononUrbandevelopment,riparianmargins,silttraps,bundsandsiltfences,areequallyimportantinaruralenvironment.
6.21Allrainpriortohabitationofhumanswasnaturallyfilteredthroughsomethingbeforeenteringawaterway,eventhoughitfallspurefromthesky.NgatiTamaohodoesnotacceptthatbecauseanaturalwaterwayhasbeenpreviously“straightened”bypreviouslandowners,thatitbecomesa“drain”ora“ditch”,itstillhaswaterflowingwithinit,waterthatstillhasmauri[life].
29
7.GroundwaterRecharge
7.1Groundwaterrechargeisvitaltoretainbaseflowswithinstreams,andtokeepaquifersrecharged.Insomeareas[dependingonsoiltype]rainwatercantakebetween1-100yearstoseepdownintoaquifer].Streambaserechargedoesnottakesolong.
7.3Pipingofanywaterflowlowersthebaseflowofastream,pipingcauseshigherpeakflows,andlowerbaseflows.Imperviouscoveralsohasadevastatingeffectonstreambaseflowhealth.Upto25%imperviouscoverofanysitereducesbaseflowby50%.Upto50%andoverofimperviouscoverofanareatotallynegatestheabilityforstreambaseflowrecharge[Dr.TomSchueller]
7.2OurMaunga[mountains]andTuffringsareadirectavenueforgroundwaterrechargebecauseoftheirporousnatureanditisthereforeimperativethattheyarenotbuiltuponormodifiedsotheycancontinuetofunctionastheyareintended.
8.NativeTreesandPlants
8.1NativetreesandbiodiversityarewhatmakeNewZealandunique.PriortothearrivalofEuropeans,nativetreeswereabundant,andusedonlyfollowingKarakia[prayer]andforspecificpurposes.ToManaWhenuatheseoldtreeswereTupunaTaonga,livingentitiesthatcommandedrespect.
8.2FollowingthearrivalofEuropeans,entireRegionswere“clearfelled”thenburntforboththeprofitfromthetreesthatwerenotonlyusedforbuildinghouseswithinthecountry,butexportedbytheshipfull,thenthelandturnedintofarmland.Imaginethegreedofbeingabletodestroythousandsofhectaresofforest,hundredsandthousandsofyearsold,therefor“thetaking.”
8.3Sadlythisattitudeprevailstodayinsomeinstances,andevenourcurrentandproposedCouncilPlanstonotoffer“blanketprotection”totheseremainingoldtrees.Eachtreehastobeindividuallyprotectedifnotwithinacovenant.
8.4NgatiTamaohobelievesthatalltreesover200yearsoldshouldbeautomaticallyprotected.
8.5Therearesomanyexoticplantsandtreeswithinoursocietytoday,andnotallofthemarewelcomed.Somehaveproventobepests,whileothersdroptheirleavesintheautumnandblockstormwaterinfrastructure,whileaddingtothenitratecontentwithinthewaterways.
8.6Therearealsoalotof“hybrid”treesandplantsaround,aspeoplemeddlewithnaturetoachieve“betterlooking’’or“producing”trees/plants.
8.7Itisdistressingtoseeareasdenudedoforiginalflora.Someareaswerespecificallynamedbecauseofaparticulartreespeciesthatthrivedthere,onlytodaytofindnotevenonestillflourishing.
30
8.8NgatiTamaohosupportandpromotetheuseof“eco-sourced”[whakapapasourced]treesandplantswithintheirrohe,toachievetheoutcomeoforiginalspeciesreturnedtotheareafromlocallysourcedseed.
8.9Thisinturnpromotesthereturnofthenativebirdandinsectspeciesbackintotheimmediateandsurroundingenvironment.
9.TeArangaDesignPrinciples.9.1TeArangaDesignPrincipals-Thedesignprinciplesreferredtoherehavebeendevelopedduringanumberofprojectsoverrecenttimes.TheseprincipalshavebeenadoptedbyAucklandCouncilandarebeingappliedtoallprojectswithiwiinvolvementwithintheAucklandRegion.9.2NgatiTamaohoseekthatthisprojectendorsestheadoptionoftheseprinciplesasawaytoincorporateNgatiTamaohovaluesandoutcomesintothedesignofelementsoftheprojectandduringfutureconsultationonthisprojectweexpecttheseprinciplestobefundamentaltobeappliedwhereverpossibletounderpinIwiconnectionstothesesignificantareas.9.3Theprincipalsareasfollows·Mana–TreatybasedrelationshipsIwirequirehighlevelTreatybasedrelationshipswithallkeystakeholdersincludinglocalandregionalCouncilsaswellasCouncilControlledOrganisationswhichrecognisetheirTangataWhenuastatusinordertofulfiltheirrolesaskaitiaki.SuchrelationshipscantheninformIwiparticipationincollaborativedesignanddevelopmentprocesses.Suchrelationshipsareaprecursortoactualisingtheother6principles:·Whakapapa-Names/naming-Ancestralnamesprovideentrypointsforexploringhistoricalnarratives,tupunaandcriticaleventsrelatingtodevelopmentsites.·Tohu–thewiderculturallandscapeAcknowledgewidersignificantIwilandmarksandtheirabilitytoinformthedesignofprojects.SuchTohucanincludewāhitapu,maunga,awa,punaandancestralkainga.·Taiao-Naturalenvironments-Exploringopportunitiestobringnaturallandscapeelementsbackintourban/modifiedareas–trees,water–insects,birds,aquaticlife,Mahingakai(foodgatheringareas)allowforactivekaitiakitanga.·Mauritū–environmentalhealthEnsuringemphasisonmaintainingorenhancingenvironmentalhealth/lifeessenceofthewidersite–inparticularfocussingonthequalityofwai/water(puna/springs),whenua/soilandair.·Mahitoi–CreativeendeavourDrawingonnames,localtohuandappropriateplantspeciestodevelopstrategiestocreativelyre-inscribeiwinarrativesintoarchitecture,interiordesign,landscape,urbandesignandpublicart.Iwidesignersandartistsarereadilyavailabletoassistinsuchcollaborativeprojects.·Ahikā–Visibility/livingpresenceNeedtoexploreopportunitiestofacilitatelivingpresencesforiwi/haputoresumeahi-kāandkaitiakiroles.
31
10.Planningrulesandregulations
10.1AllDistricts/RegionswithinNewZealandmusthavea“Plan”.WithinthesePlansarethevisions,objectives,policiesandrulesforeachRegion/District.
10.2EachPlanhastohavedevelopmentstandardsandmethodswithrulesforachievingthe“desired”outcome.AllruleswithinthesePlansarea“minimumrequirement”.
10.3Unfortunately,thebareminimumdoesnotgiveanadequateoutcomefortheenvironment.
10.4NgatiTamaohobelievesthattheminimumisastartingpoint,notanaspirationandpromotesthatmorethantheminimumbeappliedtodevelopmentandoutcomes.The“minimumrequirement”isjustthat,averybottomline,andinordertoenhanceandmaintainourcurrentbaselineofslowlydecliningair,landandwaterquality,morethantheminimumneedstobeprovidedfor.
10.5AnotherdifficultpartofPlansisthe“permittedbaseline”.Thistakesintoeffectthecurrentconditionofthewetland/stream/estuary,whichisusuallyhighlydegradedformpastandcurrentlanduse.ThisisbecominganunacceptablelineforNgatiTamaoho.Thereisnotawetland/streamorestuaryinanyRegioninthecountrythatcannotbeenhancedandimprovedifadeveloperiswilling.Theuseof“permittedbaselines”asastartingpointorameasuretobeupheldisnotgoodforfuturesustainability.
11.Landscapes
11.1LandscapesareofparticularvaluetoNgatiTamaoho.Theyarepartofwhoweareanddefinehistory.Itisimperativethatourlandscapesareidentifiedandpreserved.Thisincludesviewshaftsandhilltops,tuffringsandridgelines.
11.2Inordertoachievesightlinesandprotectionofridgelinesandhilltops,heightrestrictions,andsetbacksmayneedtobeimplemented.Asalreadymentionedtuffringsarealsoanimportantpartofourlandscapes,theyarenotonlyoutstandinggeologicalfeaturesworthyofprotectionbutareavaluablesourceofgroundwaterrecharge.
11.3Floodplainsandreclaimedswampsarealsoanintegralpartofourlandscape.Theyallatonetimewerewetlands/swampsthatnotonlyperformedgreatecologicalbenefitbutwerealsoavaluablesourceoffood.Theyalsoservedasplaceswhere“Taonga”wasburiedforsafekeeping.Asdevelopment“progresses”theseareasaredrained,builtupandmodified.Theseareasshouldberetainedandreturnedtotheirnaturalstate.Thisnotonlybenefitstheenvironmentbycreatinghabitatforourdecliningnativespecies,butalsoaddshugewellbeingbenefitstothepeoplelivingaroundthearea.Theseplacesoncereturnedtotheirnaturalstatethenprovidetreatmentfromanysedimentsandcontaminantssotheydonotreachthestreams,estuariesandcoastalareas.Visualamenityhasbeenrecognizedasbeingnecessaryforthephysical,emotionalandspiritualwellbeingofhumans.
11.4Streams,tributaries,estuaries,coastlines,springs,allformpartofthecultural
32
landscapeandtheirpreservation,protectionandenhancementisparamount.Aminimum20-metersetback/riparianedgeispromotedforallstream,estuarineandcoastalboundaries.Astheseareasusuallyprovideforpedestrian/cyclepaths,a20meterripariansetbackisrequiredtoprovideforproperriparianenhancement.
11.5NgatiTamaohopromotestheuseof“parkedge”roadsaroundstreamsandcoastal/estuarineenvironments.Thisleavestheamenityvisuallyavailabletothepublicwhilediscouragingrubbishandgardenrefusebeing“dumped”overbackfences.
11.10Backfencesshouldbenomorethan1.2metershigh,toensuresightandsafetyforparkedgeusers.
12.Wastewater
Waiohuahasalwaysadvocatedforlanddisposalsewagetreatmentsystemsorinconjunctionwithalanddisposalcomponent,soaslongasitisseentogothroughthelandforPapatuanukutospirituallycleansebeforeenteringwaterways.
• StatementsmadebyeldersduringtheManukauHarbourhearingsenlightenusoftheprinciples,whichhavedominatedfromtheverybeginningandprovidedthefoundationforlaterenvironmentalcontrolsandcustomarypractices(tikanga).
• “Weweretaughtarespectforthesea,theseagodsandforKaiwharetheguardianspiritoftheManukauwhowreakedhavocontransgressors.Weweretoldofthemaintenanceofthelawsoftheseathroughtapuandrahui(withtheirself-imposedpunishmentsbywhakahaweaandMaorimate).“Wewereintroducedtorulesthatcompelledquietnessatseaandprohibitedfoodonthewater,guttingfishatseaoropeningshellfish,lightingfiresorcookingontheshoreline.Bathingwasprohibitedincertainplacesatcertaintimesandurinatinginthewaterwasprohibitedatalltimes.Weweretoldhowthepeopleusedkitsnotsacks,neverdraggedthekitsovershellfishbeds,dugonlywiththeirhands,replacedupturnedrocks,andnevertookmorethantheirneeds.Weweregivenbriefreferencestoincantationsandrituals(stillpractisedbymany).Thereadingofsignswasaspecialisedart,thereadingbeingtakenfromwavepatterns,fishbreakingthewaves,shellfishdiggingdeeperintothebed,birdmovementsandthegrowthorbloomsoftrees.Theappropriateplacesforcollectingvariousfishandshellfishaccordingtoseasonalmigratoryandspawningandfeedinghabits”
33
13.ManagingEffects
13.1Inmanagingtheeffectsofaresourceuseoractivity,regardlessofthemagnitude,frequency,ordurationoftheeffect,NgatiTamaohoconsidersthatitisnecessarytoprovideanetbenefitwhenconsideringsocial,economic,environmental,spiritualandculturalimpacts–tostriveforenvironmentalenhancement.Therefore,itisnecessarytosuitablymanageanyeffectssothateffectsareavoided,remedied,minimized,mitigated,orbalanced.
13.2ForNgatiTamaoho,thisisessentiallyahierarchywherethefirstwaytomanageaneffectistoavoidtheeffect,thesecondwayistoremedytheeffect,andsoonthroughtosuitablybalancingtheeffect,whatsomemaycalloffsetmitigation.Inmanagingeffectsconsiderationneedstobegivento:
. (a)Avoid:isthereanywaytomanagetheeffectstoapointwheretheycanbeavoided(i.e.noeffectoccurs)?
. (b)Remedy:cantheeffectbemanagedtothepointthatitiseliminated(e.g.cleaningdischargestowatersothatthewaterdischargeisofasuitablequality)?
. (c)Minimize:isthereawaytominimizetheeffectsothattheeffectisnolongerofsufficientfrequencyormagnitudetocauseNgatiTamaohoanyconcern?
. (d)Mitigate:iftheeffectscannotbeadequatelyavoided,remedied,orminimized,istheresomethingthatcanbedonetomitigateoroffsettheeffecttocreateabenefitnotdirectlylinkedtotheproposedresourceuseoractivity.(e.g.aneffectofdischargetowaterbeingoffsetbyadditionalriparianplantingorwetlandrestoration).
. (e)Balance:whentakingalltheeffectsintoconsideration,andconsideringtherelativeweightoftheeffectstoNgatiTamaoho,dothepositiveeffectsadequatelybalanceoutthenegativeeffects,andprovideenvironmentalenhancement?13.3OnlyNgatiTamaohocandeterminewhethereffectsaresuitablybalancedforNgatiTamaoho.13.4Generally,wheremitigationisproposed,thisshouldbecloselylinkedtothesiteoftheresourceuseoractivityandrelativelybalanceoutthenegativeeffect.13.5OnlyNgatiTamaohocandeterminewhat,fromaNgatiTamaohoperspective,constitutesasuitablewaytoavoid,remedy,minimize,mitigate,orbalanceeffectscausedfromaresourceuseoractivity.13.6The‘highesttargetormeasure’couldbeatargetormeasureappliedbyNgatiTamaoho,acommunity,alocalauthority,theresourceuseroractivityowner,orcentralgovernment.Regardless,NgatiTamaohoisgenerallysupportiveofthehighesttargetormeasuresbeingappliedtobestachieveobjectives.NgatiTamaohoencouragestheon-goinguseofthebestpracticableoptionbeingappliedwhenconsideringtargetsormeasures.
13.3Whereconsentsaregrantedforaresourceuseoranactivitythatmaycontinuetohaveanadverseeffectonthesocial,economic,cultural,spiritualorenvironmentalwellbeingofNgatiTamaoho,aprecautionaryapproachisencouraged.
34
13.4Thisincludesbutisnotlimitedtoensuringthatconsentsaregrantedforatermthatissufficientlyshortenoughtoallowforareviewandthatanyeffectsobservedthoughmonitoringbeaddressedsufficientlyandwithoutdelay.Thisstepisanimportantstepwhenconsideringtheconsentholderneedingtoapplyforaconsentrenewal.
13.5NgatiTamaohounderstandsthatthebiggestimprovementsinconsentconditionsarethroughconsentrenewalsandnotconsentreviews.NgatiTamaohoalsounderstandsthatlessthan1%ofconsentsarereviewed.Aconsentrenewalalsomeansthattheexistingresourceuseoractivityislookedatafresh.Thisisunderstoodtobedifferenttoareviewwhichisundertakenbasedonthepurposespecifiedwithinthereview.
13.6Theindiscriminateuseofindigenousplantmaterialnotsourcedfromlocalplantmaterial(i.e.noteco-sourced)forrestorationanddevelopmentrehabilitationprojectscontinuestoalterthenaturalcharacteroftheregionandthegeneticcompositionoftheremainingnaturalplantandanimalpopulations.Suchuseneedstogiveconsiderationtostrengtheningthegeneticpoolofindigenousspecies.
13.7Inadequateruralandurbandesignstandardsmayallowill-considereddesignsfordwellingsandotherstructurestobebuiltinareasofhighnaturalcharacter.Thisfurtherdetractsfromthemauriofthelandandweakenstheconnectionwithitsnatural,cultural,andspiritualfoundations.
13.8SitesandactivitiesofculturalsignificancedefinethehistoryofNgatiTamaoho.TheAucklandrohehasmanyareasofsignificancethatareassociatedtothehistoryofitspeople,itsenvironmentandculture.AftertheconfiscationofNgatiTamaoholandsandthesubsequentindustryandurbandevelopment,manyknownsitesofsignificanceweredestroyed,andshiftedtotheownershipandmanagementofotherpersonsandorganizations.OnceNgatiTamaohositesarealteredorlost,theycannotbereplacedandthereisnomitigationthatcanrestoreitsoriginalsignificance.
13.9Therefore,NgatiTamaohomustprotecttheirwaahitapuandwaahituupunaforthebenefitoffuturegenerationsandtoacknowledgethesacrificesoftuupuna.
14.TheProposal
NgatiTamaohohasbeencommissionedtoprepareaCulturalValuesReporttoinformthreedeveloperswhoareapplyingforaPlanChangeatDrurytodevelopaTownCentre.ThedevelopersareOysterCapital,KiwiPropertyandFultonHogan.
NgatiTamaohohashadonepresentation,buthavereceivednoreportstosupportthisproposedPlanChange.
BelowisamapoftheAucklandCouncilProposedPlanChangeareaforDrury/Opaheke,Pukekohe/Paerataareas.
35
36
15.Conclusions
ThisisaCulturalValuesAssessmentonly.ThisreporthasbeenpreparedtoinformtheapplicantsofNgatiTamaohohistoricassociationsandenvironmentalvalues.
NgatiTamaohoneithersupportsnoropposesthisproposedPlanChangeatthispointintime.
Oncereportshavebeenpreparedanddetaildesignisknown,aCulturalImpactAssessmentmayneedtobepreparediftheapplicantshavenotprovidedfortheculturalandenvironmentaloutcomesassetoutinthisreport.
17. Recommendations
WhileneithersupportingnoropposingthisproposedPlanChange,thesearetherecommendationsfromourenvironmentalvaluesreportthatshouldbeprovidedforwithinthedetaileddesign.
• ProperengagementwithNgatiTamaohomovingforwardsothateffectscanbe
managed
• AnMOUispreparedforadoption
• Aminimumof20meterriparianmarginforallwaterwaysespeciallythosetocontain
walkways/cycleways
• Aminimumofatwo-treatmenttrainapproachforallstormwaterpriortodischarge
toawaterway
• Roofwatercaptureforreuseandgroundwaterrecharge
• Parkedgedesignadjacenttoallwaterways
• Nativetrees/plantsonlyespeciallywithinallroadways
• Ridgelineshilltopsandwetlandsareprotected
• TeArangaPrinciplesareincludedindesignconcepts
• Morethanminimumrequirementsprovidedfor
• Sustainabledevelopmentisreflectedindesignandoutcomes
37
iCarmenKirkwood,EnvironmentCourtEvidence,DecisionNo.A093/2004,para12.iiIbid.iiiDavidArmstrong,44. ivGBPP.1864(3277).36.