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Animal Interactions and Symbioses
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Predation
• Any animal that either totally or partly consumes a plant or other animal
• A “True Predator” kills and eats another animal
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Parasitism
• A parasite spends most, or all of its life living on or in another organism, the Host
• Parasite obtains nourishment from host tissues
• The host may be weakened but usually does not die
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Parasitoid
• An insect that lays eggs on a host
• Larvae hatch and feed off of the host
• Host may eventually die, but not until larvae has obtained all its nutrients
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Herbivore
• Animal that eats only plants
• Granivores = seed eaters only
• Grazers = eat grasses
• Browsers = Eat leaves
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Carnivore
• Eats meat (herbivores or carnivores)
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Omnivore
• Eats both plants and animals
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Symbiosis
• Describes two species that live together in close contact during a portion (or all) of their lives
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Mutualism
• A relationship where both species benefit from the interaction with each other
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Commensalism
• One species benefits, while the second species is neither helped nor harmed
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Parasitism
• The parasite benefits form the living arrangement while the host is harmed
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Coevolution
• Inherited traits that allow prey to successfully evade predators
• Inherited traits that allow predators to more successfully capture prey
• NATURAL SELECTION LEADS TO THE COEVOLUTION OF PREDATOR AND PREY
• Evolution of one species in response to another
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Secondary Compounds
• Toxic chemicals produced by plants that discourage herbivores from eating them
Tobacco Plant - Nicotine
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Camouflage
• Also called Cryptic Coloration
• Any color, pattern, shape, or behavior that enables an animal to blend in with its surroundings
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Can you find me?
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Can you find me?
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Can you find me?
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Can you find me?
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Can you find me?
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Can you find me?
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Can you find me?
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Can you find me?
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Can you find me?
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Can you find me?
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Can you find me?
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Aposematic Coloration
• Warning Coloration
• A conspicuous pattern or color in an animal that warns predators that they sting, bite, taste bad, or otherwise should be avoided
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Mimicry
• Two or more species resemble one another in appearance
• Mullerian Mimicry = when several animals, all with some special defense mechanism, all share the same coloration. More easily learned by predators
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Mimicry• Batesian Mimicry = when an animal
without any special defense mechanism takes on the coloration pattern of an animal that does possess a defense
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Coral Snake vs. Milk Snake
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