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And Other Extreme Weather Conditions
That You Will Definitely Need to Take Notes
On!!
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Natural Disasters & Other Extreme Weather
Conditions-Natural Disasters are not typical conditions that people can usually expect.-Although infrequent, they are events that can kill thousands of people and destroy buildings, bridges, and roads.-Some examples of Natural Disasters and other Extreme Weather conditions include, but are not limited to:
-Tornadoes-Hurricanes-Wildfires-Earthquakes-Tsunamis-Volcanic Eruptions
-Before we go in depth on each of these, let’s review on what we’ve learned so far about weather.
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What is Weather?• Weather refers to conditions
in the atmosphere closest to Earth, which occur over a short period of time
• Weather includes all forms of humidity, winds, and precipitation (rain, snow, or hail).
• Weather is affected by latitude, elevation (height above sea level), wind patterns, ocean currents, and mountain barriers
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EXPLAINING VOLCANOES, EARTHQUAKES & TSUNAMIS
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Internal Forces At Work• Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and
Tsunamis are often caused by tectonic plate movement
• Tectonic Plates- large slabs of rock which Earth’s continents are attached to
• Where tectonic plates diverge, pressure in the mantle is reduced. – Some of the plate may sink or
melt into the mantle, causing a weakness in the Earth’s crust
• Pockets of molten rock form beneath the surface. Magma breaks through, resulting in an eruption of gas, magma, and ashes– Once the magma reaches the
surface, it becomes lava.
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• The location of earthquakes and volcanoes are almost identical with plate boundaries
• “Ring Of Fire”-area around the Pacific tectonic plate where volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are most likely to occur
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Island Arc Formation• Many mountains and islands have
been formed through volcanic eruptions
• “Hot Spot”- columns of magma rises towards Earth’s surface.– If located near springs of
underground water, steam pressure from the hot spot forces the water upward, producing a geyser.
• Molten rock flows out a crack in Earth’s surface as tectonic plate floats over hot spot.– The Hawaiian Islands are currently
located over a hot spot; therefore, it’s volcanoes are active and frequently erupt.
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Notable Volcanic Eruptions
• Mt. Vesuvius (79 A.D.)- this eruption changed the course of the Sarno River, raised sea levels, and buried thousands of Romans under volcanic ash in the city of Pompeii.
• Krakatoa (1873 A.D.)- volcanic explosion blew its island apart with forces a thousand times more powerful than WWII atomic bombs.
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Earthquakes• Plate movements cause
breaks in Earth’s crust, known as faults. Sudden movements puts stress on the faults, causing vibrations known as earthquakes.
• The magnitude of earthquakes and tsunamis are measured by the Richter Scale.– The Richter Scale measures
the force of the quake from -1 through 9.
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San Andreas Fault
• Lies on the boundary of the North American plate and the Pacific Plate
• Over 750 miles long, the San Andreas Fault cuts through most of California, plaguing the area with frequent earthquakes
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Tsunamis
• Huge ocean or sea wave, caused by an underwater disturbance like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or mudslides.
• Coastal areas are especially at risk
• Common warning sign is water tide recession (or pulling away from) shoreline. Unfortunately, does not give people much time to prepare.
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Notable Earthquakes & Tsunamis• San Francisco Earthquake of
1906: Much of San Francisco was destroyed by this quake, killing over 3000 people. – Because of California’s
situation on the San Andreas Fault Line, more earthquakes are predicted in this area.
• Indonesian Tsunami of 2004: waves as high as 100 feet struck Thai and Indonesian coastal communities, killing over 200,000 people.
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Hurricanes• Hurricanes occur in late summer
and early fall, when ocean water is very warm
• Warm ocean water evaporates so quickly that it creates an area of low pressure, forming an air column that begins to spin at high speeds
• The hot air rises until it cools and condenses, spinning into a circular storm with a calm eye center
• The longer a hurricane stays over warm water, the stronger it becomes…and the more destruction it will cause.
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Hurricane and Tropical Storm Chart
• All Hurricanes begin as Tropical Storms, but are classified as hurricanes once winds reach speeds of 74 mph.
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Notable Hurricanes
• Galveston Hurricane (1906)- Category 4 storm that killed 8000 people in Galveston, TX.
• Hurricane Katrina (2005)- Category 3 storm that killed 1800 but cost nearly $81 billion in damages
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TORNADOES
Beware of Flying Monkeys and Falling Houses!
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Tornadoes
• A tornado is a windstorm that occurs over land
• Caused by the collision of a warm air mass with a cool air mass
• Funnel-shaped cloud that moves erratically across the ground, causing widespread destruction in a very short amount of time
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BLIZZARDS!
(Well…Droughts, Floods, and Wildfires, too.)
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Blizzards• Winter storm with high winds
and drifting or falling snow• Caused by the collision of high
pressure systems (bringing snow) and low pressure systems (bringing wind)
• There is usually a fair amount of warning , so people have adequate time to prepare shelter and protect their water pipes from freezing
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Floods
• Rising water levels that overflow their usual boundaries
• Low-lying areas near large bodies of water are at risk
• Caused by an increase of water in an area, usually because of heavy rains or melting snow
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Wildfire
• Begins in usually uninhabited areas and eventually reach where people live
• Most wildfires are caused by careless human mistakes
• They are more frequent in dry areas, particularly those in a drought.
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Drought
• Long period of time with little or no precipitation (min. of 15 days)
• Areas surrounding deserts are particularly at risk