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Anatomy & Physiology of Speech
Production
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Anatomy & Physiology of Speech
Production
Three systems of speech production
• Respiratory System
• Laryngeal System
• Articulatory system
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A & P of Speech Production
Articulatory
System
Laryngeal
System
Respiratory System
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Articulatory System
Articulation refers to movement of one structure against another. In this case we are referring to “speech” structures.
Also referred to as the Supra-Laryngeal System (supra = above)
The system consists of a series of cavities, muscles, bones, and teeth.
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The Vocal Tract
Note that portions of the upper respiratory system are also included as part of the
articulatory system
The vocal tract (not “track”)
is an elongated assembly
of tissue and organs that
have a common origin and
function. THE place where
speech articulation occurs
3 Cavities comprise the vocal tract:
Nasal Cavity
Oral Cavity
Pharyngeal Cavity
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The Vocal Tract
Nasal Cavity
Oral Cavity
Pharyngeal
Cavity
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Infant & Adult Vocal Tract
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The Articulators
The structures involved in the articulation of speech can be classified into two categories:
• Movable
• Fixed
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The Articulators: Movable
Lips
tongue
Mandible/lower Jaw
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The Articulators: Fixed
Alveolar ridge
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The Articulators
Movable:
Lips
Tongue
Soft Palate
Pharynx
Mandible
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The Articulators
Fixed:
Incisors
Hard Palate
Aleolar Ridge
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“Regulation” of the Respiratory, Laryngeal, and Articulatory Systems
• The three systems of speech production are controlled via the Nervous System.
• When the nervous system is “compromised”due to developmental abnormalities, acquired damage, or illness, communication is also compromised.
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Nervous System
• Essentially divided into two parts:
– Central Nervous
System (CNS)
– Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
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Central Nervous System
Consists of:
Brain
Brainstem
Spinal cord
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Landmarks of the Brain
Hemispheres
Gyri/Gyrus
Sulci/Sulcus
(or Fissure)
Lobes
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The Brain (continued)
• Frontal Lobe: Motor activity, attention, judgment, Speech production
• Broca’s Area (left lobe only)
Paul Broca (1824-1880)
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Frontal Lobe(judgement)
Trans-orbital Lobotomy
Prefrontal Lobotomy
Electro-convulsive Therapy -ECT
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The Brain (continued)
• Parietal Lobe: Sensation
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The Brain (continued)
Temporal Lobe: hearing, speech comprehension
• Wernicke’s Area (left lobe only)
Carl Wernicke
1848-1904
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Broca’s & Wernicke’s Areas
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The Brain (continued)
Temporal Lobe: hearing, speech comprehension
• Primary Auditory Area (Heschl’s Ggyrus)
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The Brain (continued)
• Occipital Lobe: vision
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llllllllllll
The Brain (continued)
F
T
P
O
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The Brain (continued)
• Cerebellum: balance, coordination
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Peripheral Nervous System
• The remaining nerves
which lie outside the
brain, brainstem, and
spinal cord.
• The PNS “connects”
the brain to the outside
world.
• Damage to the PNS
can affect speech and
hearing ability
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How is speech produced?
• S x T = P
• S = Source
• T = Transfer function (filter)
• P = Product
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S x T = P or The Source-Filter Theory of Phonation
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Speech Examples
Vowels:
• Source = respiration & vocal fold vibration
• Transfer Function = tongue movement
• Product = specific vowels such as /ee/ vs /u/
Consonants:
• Source = respiration and maybe vf vibration
• Transfer Function = fixed/movable articulators
• Product = specific consonants such as /f/ vs /m/