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AN INTRODUCTION TO TAXONOMY: THE BACTERIA
CHAPTER 9
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I.Taxonomy Definition The science of classification. Taxon (taxa): category Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Binomial
Nomenclature Strains: subgroup of species
with one or more characteristics that distinguish it from other subgroups of the same species.
Escherchia coli ML3-, K12, 0157:H7 Table 9.1.
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I. Using Taxonomy Key:classification Hierarchy, Fig 9.4
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Tools of Taxonomy
Dichotomous keys
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Problem in Taxonomy
Phylogenetic or evolutionary relationshipWhat constitutes a species, or what
constitutes a kingdom?
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Developments since Linnaeus’s Time
1866 Ernst H. Haeckel: Protista: Simple forms of Life, bacteria, many algae, protozoa, multicellular fungi and sponges .
1937 Procaryotes and Eukaryotes 1957 Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 1956 Lynn Margulis and H. F. Copeland 4 kingdoms system of classification: 1. Monera: Bacteria, blue-green algae 2. Protocista: algae, protozoa, fungi 3.Plantae: 4.Animalia 1962 C. B. Van Niel and R. Stanier: Definition of Bacteria
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5 Kingdom Classification
R. H. Whittaker 1969
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Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Monera
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Archaeans
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Kingdom Protista
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Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Fungi
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Kingdom Plantae
Chlorophylls Chloroplasts Plant-Microbes Interactions Plant pathogens quinine
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Kingdom Animalia
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The Evolution of Procaryotic organisms
Stromatolites: fossilized photosynthetic photosynthetic procaryotes: age of microorganisms. Life started 4 billion years.
Archaeobacteria: extreme environmentMethanogensExtreme halophilesextremethermophiles
Domain
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The Tree of Life is Replaced by a Shrub
Figure 9.13, 9.14. Universal common ancestor? Bacteria and archaea Eukarya branch fro archaea?
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3 Domain Classification: Carl Woese, G. F. Fox, 1976
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
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Table 9.3. bacteria, eukarya and archaea Compared
Figure 9. 13
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Evolution
“Tree” versus “Shrub”
Lateral gene transfer
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Virus Classification No Kingdoms
Classification characteristics– Morphology
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THE SARCH FOR EVOLTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
Single Chromosome Megaplasmid Brucella suis Mesoploidy Special Methods needed for prokaryotes: most ancestral prokaryotes disappeared.
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Taxonomic Methods Numerical Taxonomy
Genetic Homology Base Composition DNA and RNA Sequencing DNA hybridization Protein profiles and Amino Acid
SequencesPolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE) Protein sequencing
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Taxonomic Methods Ribosomal gene
sequencing
Immunology
Phage typing
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Significance of FindingsDivergent evolution
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Bacterial Taxonomy
Classification Table 9.5 Table 9.6
Identification Type strain American Type
Culture Collection
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Bergey and His Manuals: 1923