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AN INTRODUCTION TO NHLAStandard Lumber Grades & Alder Grades
DANA SPESSERTChief Inspector, NHLA
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NHLA's Mission is to serve NHLA Members engaged in the commerce of North American Hardwood Lumber Industry by:
• Maintaining order, structure, rules, and ethics in the changing global hardwood marketplace
• Providing member services unique to the hardwood lumber industry
• Driving collaboration across the hardwood industry to promote demand for North American hardwood lumber and advocate the interest of the hardwood community in public/private policy issues
• Building positive relationships within the global hardwood community.
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• Education
• Promotion
• Advocacy
• Networking
• Industry Services
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NHLA RULESEstablished more than 100 years ago, the NHLA Rulesfor grading North American hardwood lumber make upone of the only standard grading systems in the world.
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The NHLA Rules were designed to provide a measurable percentage of clear, defect-free wood for each grade.Thus, the grade of lumber purchased by a manufacturer will determine both the cost and waste factor that is achieved. Hardwood lumber is graded on the basis of the size and
number of cuttings (pieces) that can be obtained from a board when it is used in manufacture of hardwood products.
Basic Principles of Grading Hardwoods
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Grading from the poor side
Each clear area of the board is measured and considered a “cutting” if large enough
Clear areas of the board are valued using the Cutting Unit Method
Basic Principles of Grading Hardwoods
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The grade shall be determined from the poor side of the piece, except when otherwise specified… (Paragraph 5.)First, each side of the board must be graded independently with NO REGARD for the opposite side. If different grades are achieved on opposite faces, the one with the lesser grade will be the poor face. If both faces have the same grade, the side with the least number of cutting units is the poor side.
Choosing the Grading Face (Poor Side)
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Cuttings
Definition of Cutting – Paragraph 29.A cutting is a portion of a board of plank obtained by cross-cutting or ripping or by both… Diagonal cuttings are not permitted.
YesYesNo
YesYes Yes
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Cutting Unit MethodThe percentage of cutting in a board is determined under theCutting Unit Method. Cutting unit is 1 inch by 1 foot:
1”12”
12”
One square footcontains 12 cutting units:
12”
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SURFACE MEASURE & BOARD FEET
SM = multiply the width of the board in inches by the length of the board in feet and divide the sum by 12, rounding up or down to the nearest whole number.
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GRADING SCALE
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EXAMPLE OF FAS (RED OAK)
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FAS REQUIREMENTS
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Wane12’
6”
Knot
SM = 6” x 12’ ÷ 12 = 6’Number of Cuttings for FAS: SM ÷ 4 = 6/4 = 1½ = 1 cuttingCutting Units needed for FAS: SM x 10 = 6 x 10 = 60 C.U.
10’
6” x 10’ = 60 C.U.
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Wane12’
12”
Knot
SM = 12” x 12’ ÷ 12 = 12’Number of Cuttings for FAS: SM÷ 4 = 12/4 = 3 cuttings
Cutting Units needed for FAS: SM x 10 = 12 x 10 = 120 C.U.42 + 39 + 40 = 121 C.U.
6” x 7’ = 42 C.U.
8” x 5’ = 40 C.U.6” x 6½’ = 39 C.U.
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Knot Wane12’
8”
SM = 8” x 12’ ÷ 12 = 8’Number of Cuttings for FAS:SM ÷ 4 = 8/4 = 2 cuttings
Cutting Units needed for FAS: SM x 10 = 8 x 10 = 80 C.U.24 + 60 = 84 C.U.
3” x 8’ = 24 C.U.
5” x 12’ = 60 C.U.
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FAS APPLICATIONS
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FAS APPLICATIONS
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FAS APPLICATIONS
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EXAMPLE OF No 1 COMMON (RED OAK)
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No 1 COMMON REQUIREMENTS
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No 1 COMMON REQUIREMENTS
If better face meets FAS and poor face makes No 1 Common the gradehas potential to be F1F or selects.
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Wane8’
6”
Wane
SM = 6” x 8’ ÷ 12 = 4’Number of Cuttings for #1 Com: SM+1 ÷ 3 = 5 ÷ 3 = 1 cuttingCutting Units needed for #1 Com: SM x 8 = 4 x 8 = 32 C.U.
4” x 8’ = 32 C.U.
#1 Common
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Knot Wane12’
12”
Wane
SM = 12” x 12’ ÷ 12 = 12’Number of Cuttings for #1Com: SM+1 ÷ 3 = 13 ÷ 3 = 4 cuttingsCutting Units needed for #1Com: SM x 8 = 12 x 8 = 96 C.U.15¾ + 20¼ + 38¼ + 34 = 108¼ C.U.
3½” x 4½‘ = 15¾ C.U.4½” x 4½’ = 20¼ C.U.
8½” x 4½’ = 38¼ C.U.6” x 5 2/3’ = 34 C.U.
#1 Common
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Knot Wane12’
7”
Wane
SM = 7” x 12’ ÷ 12 = 7’Number of Cuttings for #1 Com: SM+1 ÷ 3 = 8÷3 = 2 Cuttings
= 56.Cutting Units needed for #1 Com: SM x 8 = 7 x 824 + 44 = 68 C.U.
3” x 8’ = 24 C.U.
4” x 11’ = 44 C.U.
#1 Common
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No 1 COMMON APPLICATIONS
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EXAMPLE OF No 2 COMMON (RED OAK)
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No 2 COMMON REQUIREMENTS
2A Common is clear cuttings 2B Common is sound
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No 2 COMMON REQUIREMENTS
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Wane Knot9’
7”
Wane
SM = 7” x 9’ ÷12 = 5’Number of Cuttings for #2A Com: SM ÷ 2 = 2 cuttingsCutting Units needed for #2A Com: SM x 6 = 5 x 6 = 3020 + 15 = 35 C.U.Clear-face cuttings
C.U.
4” x 5’ = 20 C.U. 6” x 2½’ = 15 C.U.
#2A Common
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Wane Wane12’
12”
Knot Knot
SM = 12” x 12’ ÷ 12Number of Cuttings
= 12’for #2 Com:SM ÷ 2 = 12÷2 = 6 Cuttings
Cutting Units needed for #2 Com: SM x 6 = 12 x 6 = 72 C.U.10 + 18 + 14 + 42 = 84 C.U.Clear-face cuttings
12” x 3½’ = 42 C.U.6” x 3’ = 18 C.U.5” x 2’ = 10
C.U.
3½” x 4’ = 14 C.U.
#2A Common
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Wane Checks Wane12’
12”
Worm holes Knot Split
SM = 12” x 12’ ÷ 12Number of Cuttings
= 12’for #2 Com:SM ÷ 2 = 12÷2 = 6 Cuttings
Cutting Units needed for #2 Com: SM x 6 = 12 x 6 = 72 C.U.10 + 18 + 14 + 42 = 84 C.U.
Sound cuttings
12” x 3½’ = 42 C.U.6” x 3’ = 18 C.U.5” x 2’ = 10
C.U.
3½” x 4’ = 14 C.U.
#2B Common
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No 2 COMMON APPLICATIONS
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No 2 COMMON APPLICATIONS
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NHLA Grading Chart
Common
1½”wide
square inches
sound
FAS F1F Select #1 Common #2A & #2B Common
#3 A Common #3 B
MinimumBoard Size 6’’ x 8’ 6’’ x 8’ 4’’ x 6’ 3’’ x 4’ 3’’ x 4’ 3’’ x 4’ 3’’ x 4’
MinimumCutting Size
4’’x 5’3’’x 7’ Better Face to
Grade FAS
Poor Face toGrade #1Common
4’’x 2’3’’x 3’
3’’ x 2’ 3’’ x 2’
Not less than
containing 36
Basic Yield83% orSM x 10
66% orSM x 8
50% orSM x 6
33% orSM x 4
25% orSM x 3
Formula to Determine Number of
Cuttings
SM4
(4 max.)
SM+13
(5 max.)
SM2
(7 max.)Unlimited
Unlimited
cuttings
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AMERICAN RED ALDER
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AMERICAN RED ALDER
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Utilizes most of the Standard Grades and General Instructions with some exceptions:
Pin knots no defect¼” in greatest dimension1/8” unsound centers
Inspected from the better face, unless otherwise specified Applies to all stages of MC% Reverse side of all Cuttings must be sound as defined in
Sound Cutting, unless otherwise specified Any exceptions to these rules must be stated on the
purchase order
Basic Principles of Grading Alder
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Superiors
• Minimum Size Board – 4” x 6’• Minimum Size Cuttings:
– Better Face » 4” x 3’» 3” x 6’
– Poor Face» 4” x 2’» 3” x 3’
• Must yield 83 1/3% (10/12) on the better face with the reverse side not grading below Cabinet grade
– Reverse side of cuttings not required to be sound
• Unlimited # of Cuttings
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Superiors - continued
• Other limitations on grade– Pith– Splits– Wane– Side Bend
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Superiors – Better Face
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Superiors – Poor Face
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Cabinet
• Minimum Size Board – 4” x 6’– 5% of 3” widths allowed
• No limit to # of Cuttings • Cutting Sizes:
– 4” x 2’– 3” x 3’
• Grade determined from the poor side– Both faces of Cuttings are required to be Clear
• Minimum yield 66 2/3% (8/12)
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Cabinet
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Custom Shop
• Same requirements as Cabinet grade except, graded from the Better Face
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Com-Shop
• Minimum Size Board – 4” x 6’– 5% of 3” widths allowed
• No limit to # of Cuttings • Cutting Sizes:
– 3” x 2’
• Grade determined from the better face• Reverse side of Cuttings to be Sound• Minimum yield 50%
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Com-Shop
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Knotty AlderPremium/Rustic/Character• Minimum Size Board – 4” x 7’• No limit to # of Cuttings• Minimum Size Cuttings – 4” x 2’
– Better Face must contain 1 cutting of 4” x 7’
• Better Face must yield 83 1/3% (10/12)– Sound Cuttings
• Poor Face must yield 66 2/3% (8/12)– Sound Cuttings
• Limitations on various characteristics also apply
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Knotty Alder
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Questions?
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* Alder pictures provided by Cascade Hardwood Group.