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Alleles segregate during gamete formation, but do they do it independently?
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Two-factor Cross, F1
RRYY x rryyRound/yellow peas wrinkled/green
What will offspring look like?
Gives hybrid plants needed for next cross
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Two-Factor Cross, F2
RrYy x RrYy
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Independent Assortment
•Genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
•Leads to genetic variation in plants, animals, and other organisms.
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Not all genes show simple patterns of dominant and
recessive
•Incomplete dominance•Codominance•Multiple alleles•Polygenic traits•Sex-linked
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Incomplete Dominance
• One allele NOT dominant over another
• Four o’clock plants
RR x WW
RW
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Codominance• Both alleles contribute to the
phenotype
• Chicken: black feathers codom with white
• Heterozygous = erminette (speckled)
• Humans: protein controlling cholesterol levels
• Blood type
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Multiple Alleles
• Many genes have more than 2 alleles
• Coat color in rabbits
• Human gene for blood type
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Polygenic Traits• Traits controlled by two or more genes
• At least three genes involved in reddish-brown pigment in eyes of fruit flies
• Different combinations of alleles produce different eye colors
• Polygenic traits often show a wide range of phenotypes
• Skin color in humans partly because more than four different genes probably control this trait
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Sex-linked Genes