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All measurements contain a number and a unit.
Every unit is based upon standard.
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Units and Standards
• A standard is an exact quantity that people agree to use to compare measurements.
2 Standards of Measurement
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Measurement Systems
• The English system of measurement is commonly used in the United States.
• Most other nations use the metric system—a system of measurement based on multiples of ten.
Standards of Measurement
2
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International System of Units • All SI standards are universally accepted
and understood by scientists throughout the world.
• The standard kilogram is kept in Sèvres, France.
Standards of Measurement
• All kilograms used throughout the world must be exactly the same as the kilogram kept in France.
2
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International System of Units
• Each type of SI measurement has a base unit.
Standards of Measurement
• The meter is the base unit of length.
2
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International System of Units
• Every type of quantity measured in SI has a symbol for that unit.
Standards of Measurement
• All other SI units are obtained from these seven units.
2
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SI Prefixes
• The SI system is easy to use because it is based on multiples of ten.
Standards of Measurement
2
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SI Prefixes
Standards of Measurement
• The most frequently used prefixes are shown.
• Prefixes are used with the names of the units to indicate what multiple of ten should be used with the units.
2
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Prefixes 1 kilo (unit) = 1 000 (base)
1 (base) = 1 (base)
10 deci (base) = 1 (base) 100 centi (base) = 1 (base) 1000 milli (base) = 1 (base)
1 000 000 µ (base) = 1 (base) 1 000 000 000 nano (base) = 1 (base)
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Measuring Distance • In scientific measurement length is the
distance between two points.
Standards of Measurement
• The SI base unit of length is the meter, m.
• Metric rulers and metersticks are used to measure length.
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Measuring Volume
• The amount of space occupied by an object is called its volume.
Standards of Measurement
• If you want to know the volume of a solid rectangle, such as a brick, you measure its length, width, and, height and multiply the three numbers and their units together (V = 1 x w x h).
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Measuring Volume
• For a brick, your measurements probably would be in centimeters.
Standards of Measurement
• The volume would then be expressed in cubic centimeters, cm3.
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Measuring Liquid Volume
• In measuring a liquid’s volume, you are indicating the capacity of the container that holds that amount of liquid.
Standards of Measurement
• The most common units for expressing liquid volumes are liters and milliliters.
2
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Measuring Liquid Volume • A liter occupies the same volume as a cubic
decimeter, dm3.
Standards of Measurement
• A cubic decimeter is a cube that is 1 dm, or 10cm, on each side.
2
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Measuring Matter
• Mass is a measurement of the quantity of matter in an object.
Standards of Measurement
• A bowling ball has a mass of about 5,000 g.
2
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Measuring Matter
Standards of Measurement
• This makes its mass roughly 100 times greater than the mass of a golf ball and 2,000 times greater than a table-tennis ball’s mass.
2
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Density • The mass and volume of an object can be
used to find the density of the material the object is made of.
Standards of Measurement
2
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Density
Standards of Measurement
• Density is the mass per unit volume of a material.
2
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Density
Standards of Measurement
• You find density by dividing an object’s mass by the object’s volume. Density = mass/volume
2
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Derived Units
• The measurement unit for density, g/cm3 is a combination of SI units.
Standards of Measurement
• A unit obtained by combining different SI units is called a derived unit.
• An SI unit multiplied by itself also is a derived unit.
2
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Measuring Time and Temperature • It is often necessary to keep track of how
long it takes for something to happen, or whether something heats up or cools down.
Standards of Measurement
• These measurements involve time and temperature.
• Time is the interval between two events.
• The SI unit for time is the second.
2
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What’s Hot and What’s Not
• Think of temperature as a measure of how hot or how cold something is.
Standards of Measurement
• For most scientific work, temperature is measured on the Celsius (C) scale.
2
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What’s Hot and What’s Not
Standards of Measurement
• On this scale, the freezing point of water is 0°C, and the boiling point of water is 100°C.
• Between these points, the scale is divided into 100 equal divisions. Each one represents 1°C.
2
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Kelvin
Standards of Measurement
• The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K).
• Zero on the Kelvin scale (0 K) is the coldest possible temperature, also known as absolute zero.
• Absolute zero is equal to -273°C which is 273° below the freezing point of water.
2
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Fahrenheit
Standards of Measurement
• The temperature measurement you are probably most familiar with is the Fahrenheit scale, which was based roughly on the temperature of the human body, 98.6°.
2
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Making Measurements
• Measured values are reported such that only the last digit is estimated.
• In other words, when you are recording a measurement, you should write down all of the digits that you are able to read off of the scale on the instrument, plus one additional, estimated digit.
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Length Measurements
10 11 12 13 14
What is the measurement?
A) 12.92 m B) 12 m C) 12.9 m
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Length Measurements
10 11 12 13 14
What is the measurement?
A) 10.3 m B) 10.28 m C) 10 m
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Length Measurements
10 11 12 13 14
What is the measurement?
A) 11.5 m B) 11.55 m C) 11 m
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Meniscus
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Section Check
A __________ is an exact quantity that people agree to use to compare measurements.
A. variable B. standard C. unit D. control
2 Question 1
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Section Check
2 Answer
The answer is B. SI standards are universally accepted and understood by scientists throughout the world.
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Section Check
The amount of space occupied by an object is called _________.
2 Question 3
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Section Check
The answer is volume. To find the volume of a solid rectangle, measure the rectangle’s length by its width by its height.
Answer 2