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ALGAE CULTUREMOLLUSCS CULTURE
Lukáš Kalous
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What we will talk about?
Algea production
Planctonic
Macrophyta
Mollucs prouction
Both aquaculture productions has some similarities
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Algae production planctonic
Source: Dr. C. S. Kasper presentation
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Introduction
You have got larval fish!! Great!!
Now what??
You should feed them.
By what?
Plankton
Phytoplankton
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Microalgae (phytoplankton)
Nutritionally, microalgae are a good source of macro and micronutrients for some larval fish.
Fatty acids and pigments gained from ingestion of microalgae are especially important for larval fish health.
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Spirulina: Ultimate Food?
Cultured for over 600 years.
~65-68% protein (similar to herring)
One ha of this stuff
produces 25 tons of protein
(wheat only gets you 5 tons)
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Other
Chlorella and Scenedesmus are also excellent sources of protein.
Could yield 100 tons/ha/yr
That would be feeding 2500 cows for a year with a one ha pond of this stuff 1m deep!!
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Phytoplankton Production
Feeding Larvae
Cell Size 4-8 µm
Species
Isochrysis galbana
Chaetoceros gracilis
Nannochloris sp.
Chlorella sp.
Pavlova lutheri
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Pavlova lutheri
Morphology
Golden brown
Spherical with 2 flagella
3-6 µm
Salinity
8-32 ppt
Temperature
11-26 °C
Culture media
Guillards f/2
Proximate Analysis
52% Protein
24% Carbs
29% Fat
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Isochrysis galbana
Morphology Tahiti (T-Iso strain) Golden brown Cells spherical with 2 flagella 5-6 µm length, 2-4 µm wide
Salinity 8-32 ppt
Temperature 23 - 28°C
Culture media Guillards f/2
Proximate Analysis 47% Protein 24% Carbs 17% Fat
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Chaetoceros gracilis
Morphology Golden brown diatom Medium-size 12 µm wide,
10.5 µm long Cells united in chains
Salinity 26 - 32 ppt
Temperature 28 - 30°C
Culture media Guillards f/2 with Si
Proximate Analysis 28% Protein 23% Carbs 9% Fat
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Plankton for Larger Fry/Shellfish
Broodstock and Spat
Cell Size 10-24 microns
Species
Tetraselmis sp.
Green
Thalassiosra sp.
Diatom
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Tetraselmis sp.
Morphology
Ovoid green cells
14 to 23 µm L X 8 µm W
4 flagella
Salinity
28-36 ppt
Temperature
22-26°C
Culture media
Guillards f/2
Proximate Analysis
55% Protein
18% Carbs
14% Fat
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Thalassiosra sp.
Morphology
Golden brown diatom Cells united in chains Barrel-shaped Non-motile 4 µm
Salinity
26 – 32 ppt Temperature
22-29 °C Culture media
Guillards f/2 with Si Other characteristics
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Micro Algae Culture
General Conditions
Culture Phases
Culture Water
Sterilization
Nutrient Enrichment
Inoculation
Cell Counts
Harvest and Feeding
Stock Culture
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Figure 2.3. Five growth phases of micro-algae cultures.
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Culture Types
Indoor/Outdoor. Indoor culture allows control over illumination, temperature, nutrient level, contamination with predators and competing algae, whereas outdoor algal systems make it very difficult to grow specific algal cultures for extended periods.
Open/Closed. Open cultures such as uncovered ponds and tanks (indoors or outdoors) are more readily contaminated than closed culture vessels such as tubes, flasks, carboys, bags, etc.
Axenic (=sterile)/Xenic. Axenic cultures are free of any foreign organisms such as bacteria and require a strict sterilization of all glassware, culture media and vessels to avoid contamination. The latter makes it impractical for commercial operations.
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Inoculation
Culture vessels 1,000 ml flask 18.7 L (5 gal.)
Carboy (glass) 178 L (47 gal) Transparent
Tank Add enough algae to give a strong
tint to the water 100,000-200,000/ml
Lighting Types Sunlight Fluorescent VHO fluorescent Metal halide
Highest Densities: 24/7
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Figure 2.8.
Carboy culture apparatus
(Fox, 1983).
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Harvesting and Feeding
Batch
Total harvest occurs once or over several days
Semi-Continuous
Works well with diatoms
Part of the algae remains in the vessel
New media is added to replenish the algae removed
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Algae production macrophyta
Uses of Seaweeds
Food
Feed
Fertilizer
Medicine
Cosmetics
Textile
Paper
Leather
Major Sources of Phycocolloids
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Food Value of Seaweeds
Average percentage of protein – 5 – 10 %
Average percentage of fat – 0.5 – 1.5 %
Average percentage of ash – 10 – 18 %
Average percentage of fibre – 3 – 6 %
Average percentage of carbohydrate – 40 –60 %
Rich concentration of Minerals, Vitamins and Trace elements
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Food
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World Sea weed Utilization
221 Species of seaweeds are commercially used.
• 145 species as food 79 Red
38 Brown
28 Green
• 101 species for phycocolloids.
33 Agar
27 Carrageenan
41 Alginates
24 species are used for Medicines
25 species are used in Agriculture.
2 species are used for paper manufacturing.
THE TOTAL ANNUAL MARKET OF SEAWEED IS US$ 6.2 BILLION
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Seaweed Industry
1984 Production 1994/1995 %
(Wet Weight) (Wet Weight) (Growth Rate)
Chlorophyceae 8,402 tons 39,986 tons 376%
Phaeophyceae 2,392,958 tons 4,736,519 tons 97%
Rhodophyceae 1,035,760 tons 2,770,249 tons 167%
Total 3,437,120 tons 7,546,754 tons 119%
(Over all Increase)
90% of these seaweeds came from just six countries.
China, Japan, Korea, France, United Kingdom and Chile.
52% of seaweeds are produced through Mariculture.
74 % Green
22 % Red
82 % Brown
China, Japan and Korea contribute to 90% Mariculture
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Ulva sp.
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Glacilaria sp.
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Eucheuma sp.
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Sarcothalia crispata
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Laminaria
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BENEFITS OF SEAWEEDS CULTIVATION
Seaweeds farms acts as nutrient sinks
Seaweeds farms increase the primary productivity
The farms act as habitat for certain fish and shell fish
Seaweeds farming provides a sustainable lively hoods
In many cases women are involved in seaweeds farming
Many old people are engaged in tying and drying of seaweeds
Since it is a sustainable and lucrative business, it prevents
migration
Since seaweeds are cash crops it gives instant money to the
farmers
In many island nations, these seaweeds have become the crops
with highest export earnings
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Molusca
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Production of molluscs in the World
In 2000, the World aquaculture production of molluscs was estimated at 10.73 millions of metric tonnes by the FAO it represented 23.5% contribution to the global aquaculture production
Top five cultivated mollusc species the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (3 944 042 metric tons)
the Japanese carpet shell, Ruditapes philippinarum (1 693 tmt)
the Yesso scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis (1 132 tmt)
the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis (458 tmt)
and the blood cockle, Anadara granosa (319 tmt),
a total of 42 mollusc species contributes to the production
This production is still increasing
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C. gigas
P. yessoensis
R. philippinarum
M. edulis
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Crassostera gigasPacific cupped oyster
2,92 mil. t.
3,23 bil.US$
2,92 mil. t.
3,23 bil.US$
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OystersRafts used to
suspend oysters in
baskets
Harvesting a
rope of oysters
Oyster bed on ocean floor
Raking oysters from bed
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World yield of whole oysters was
about 4,5 MT in 2003
France
117,000 China
3,668,237Korea
238,326
Japan
260,644
United States
108,723
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Pearl Oyster
Japan is the
leading producer
of pearls
Inserting a nucleus
Removing a pearl
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Patinopecten yessoensisYeasso scallop
1,27 mil. t.
1,62 bil.US$
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Ruditapes philippinarumJapanese carpet shell
1,12 mil. t.
1,52 bil.US$
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Mytilus edulis
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Mytilus sp.
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Abalone sp.
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Video!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAMLE6zG7z4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKAQz3DnIq8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hyoM-_UBI58&feature=related
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Common problems
Mollusc aquaculture is primarily an aquaculture activity and therefore shares common problems with the finfish and crustacean aquaculture sectors;
Although no specific problems as compared to finfish and crustacean aquaculture, relative importance of these problems may be specific to the mollusc aquaculture sector.
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Transfers and introductions: a baseline of mollusc aquaculture
In many countries, mollusc aquaculture is traditionally based on wild stocks which frequently do not fulfil market demand
because of poor market value of the products, over-fishing of the resource, environmental disorders or impact of diseases
An answer to this has very often been the introduction of new species or transfers of new stocks
cultural improvements and hatchery production increase the demand for transfers of live molluscs
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Management of diseases
No vaccines, and treatments difficult to apply
Health management in impacted zones
In an area free of a disease, the key point is to avoid any introduction of infected stocks
standards, guidelines and recommendations are provided at international, regional and national levels
efforts have been made to improve diagnostic methods for diseases of molluscs
however, transfers are not the unique route of disease introduction or emergence
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Summary
Mollusc production, world-wide 5 main species of economic interest highly dynamic sector of production Asia is the main region although important producing countries
exist outside the region variety of culture systems
Current problems most of current problems are shared with other sectors transfers and introductions as underlying cause of disease outbreaks health management for invertebrates is a challenge in open water
systems zoning, monitoring and surveillance of important diseases is the corner
stone of health management other control option may exist depending on the culture system