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COHESION IN WRITING AND THE ROLE OF
CULTUREAisha Sayidina, PhD.
Department of EnglishAmerican University of Sharjah
Copy right Aisha Sayidina, 2010. This work (except slide 2) is the intellectual property of the author. Permission is granted for this material to be shared for non-commercial, educational purposes, provided
that this copyright statement appears on the reproduced materials.
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Discourse Organization Across Cultures (Kaplan, 1966)
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Transition Words: Four main types of propositional relations are
identified for the purpose of this study:(i) Additive: and, also, furthermore, moreover,
besides, in addition, for example.(ii) Adversative: but, yet, however, nevertheless,
although, despite.(iii) Temporal: then, next, previously, before, after;
first, second; the first point, the second point, the final point.
(iv) Causative: so, therefore, hence, because, as a result, consequently, for this reason.
Model of Analysis
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Grammatical cohesion contains three main sub-classes:
(i) Reference: The use of pronouns (personal, demonstrative, comparative) to refer to an entity mentioned elsewhere in the discourse.
(ii) Substitution: The use of a word (e.g. one, ones, do, so) in place of another word or sentence.
(iii) Ellipsis: Substitution by zero. Here, a head noun, main verb, or a whole clause mentioned previously is subsequently elided.
Several types of lexical cohesion can be identified: repetition of lexical items or whole clauses/ sentences. Repetition of lexical items includes repetition of the same noun or repetition of a synonym.
Cohesion
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Total Transitions means
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Means of Same Noun Repetition and Grammatical Cohesion
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(i) Arabic texts contain more coordination than subordinations. By contrast, subordinations are more common than coordination in the English texts.
(ii) Additive transition words in the Arabic texts are
used more frequently than adversative, temporal, and causative transition words combined. In the English texts, on the other hand, non-additive transitions are more common than the additive ones.
Summary of Findings
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The semantic implication of the above findings is that Arabic rhetoric is characterized by additive modes of propositional development, while English rhetoric is characterized by non-additive modes of propositional development.
(iii) The most common cohesive device in the Arabic texts is the repetition of the same noun.
Summary of Findings Cont...
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Interrelationships between cultural and cohesive contrasts: Arabic and English
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Kaplan, R. (1966). Cultural-thought patterns in intercultural communication. Language Learning, 16, 1-20.
References