Air Quality Monitoring Networks
Flemish Environment AgencyVMM – Antwerp - Belgium
Edward RoekensVisit Balkan, Brussels, 31/03/09
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Overview
• VMM• Air Quality Networks• State of the Environment - Air• PM 2.5
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VMM - mission
VMM = internally independent agency with powers of jurisdiction (°1990)
Founding Decree of 23 December 2005: mission“contribute to • the realisation of the objectives of the environmental
policy by preventing, limiting and eliminating the harmful effects to water systems and the atmosphere and by reporting on the state of the environment and
• the realisation of the objectives of integrated water management.”
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VMM tasks related to air
• Drawin up an Emission Inventory• Air Quality Monitoring Networks• Advising
• On the granting of environmental permits• Spatial Planning
• Input• State of the Environment Report (MIRA)• Environmental Policy Plan (MINA)
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VMM tasks related to air
• Input: International Policy regarding Air• IRCEL: Interregional Cel for the Environment
• Calibration • Database• Reporting to the EU commission• Smog alerts for Belgium
• Information to the public, reports, • Websites
• www.vmm.be• www.irceline.be
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Air Quality Monitoring Networks
• Telemetric network (37 stations)• Local networks (29 stations)• Mobile laboratory• Network heavy metals (20 stations)• Acid deposition (9 stations)• Organic measurements
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Air Quality Monitoring Networks
• Telemetric network (37 stations)
• SO2, NOx, O3, PM10 and PM2.5, carbon, BTEX, CO, black smoke
• meteo
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Telemetric Network stations 2007
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Measurement station
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Automatic monitors
SO2 – analysis UV-fluorescence
Fine Dust analysis-absorption
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Air Quality Monitoring Networks
• Local networks (23 stations)
• SO2, NOx, PM10 en PM2.5, carbon, black smoke, BTEX, VOC
• Hg • HF (stopped in 2008)
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Monitors 2009 TM LN Need07 95-09
• SO2 22 6 14 -13
• NOx 30 8 17 +24
• O3 20 - 14 +8
• PM10/PM2.5 19/5 14/7 25 +22/+12
• CO 6 - 0 if model +6
• Black smoke/Carbon 3/1 3/4
• Meteo 5 3
• BTEX 5 5 0-8
• Hg - 2
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Needed
Needed for diffuse sources, taking in account concentrations and population density
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Measurement station: local network
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Local network in 2007
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Air Quality Monitoring Networks
• Mobile laboratory• SO2, NOx, O3, PM10, PM2.5• meteo
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Air Quality Monitoring Networks
• Network heavy metals • particles in suspension
small particles ~ PM1020 stations
• deposition of particlesbigger particles10 jauges: non-ferro and background
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Monitoring heavy metals in particulate matter
• Sites (2009)• 20 stations equipped with PM10-Samplers • Industrial
• Non Ferrous : Hoboken and Beerse• Steel: Zelzate and Genk
• Urban : Antwerp ( more > 500.000 citizens) and Ghent
• Rural : Koksijde near the North Sea Coast
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Monitoring heavy metals in PM10 : 2007
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Sampling: Leckel PM10 sequential sampler
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Heavy metals
• PW2400 instrument WD-XRF• 2 tubes/ measurement time
• Rh tube: As, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn : 12 min per sample
• Cr tube: Cd and Sb 3 min per sample
• Epsilon 5 -3D-ED-XRF toestel
• Gd buis with different targets
• Measurement time 30 min per sample
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Air Quality Monitoring Networks
• Acid deposition• 9 monitoring stations
• Natural reserves
• Rainwater: anion + cations
nitrate, sulphate, ammonium
• Dry deposition: NH3, NOx, SO2 by passive samplers
+ depositon speed
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Air Quality Monitoring Networks
• Organic measurements• VOC - Volatile Organic Compounds
8 stations50 components
• PAH - Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons 6 stations, 10PAH + 5 nitro - PAH
• Pesticides in rainwater
• Dioxin and PCB deposition in 50 stations
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VOC• Monitors:, BTEX, VOC
• Manual sampling• 24hr sample every 4th day• Carbotrap
• GC-MS analysis
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PAH
• Low Volume Sampling : 48 m³/day for PAH
• High volume sampling: 120 m³ for nitro-PAH New method: absorption tubes
• Quartz fibre filters : 47 mm diameter
• HPLC with fluoresence detection
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Dioxine deposition
Sampling• Bergerhoff deposition jar
glass jar : 9,5 cm inner diameter20 cm height
• Period 28 2 days
Analysis• Pretreatment
Extraction with dichloromethane• Analysis HRGC-HRMS
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EU limit values – 2008/50/EC
avg time 1-hour max 8-hour 24-hours yearSO2 350 24x yr 125 3x yr
NO2 200 18x yr 40 (2010)
PM10 50 35x yr 40
Pb 0,5
CO 10 000
Benzene 5(2010)
120 25x yr
O3 3y_avgTarget Value (2010) (concentrations in µg/m³)
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EU target values – 2004/107/EC
Flanders Hot SpotAs µg/m³ Hb, Beerse
Cd 5 µg/m³ Beerse, (Hb, Genk)
Ni 20 µg/m³ Genk
BaP 1µg/m³ with actual wrong reference method
could be
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Actual situation 2007 PM10
• Yearly L.V. no exceedances, except Oostrozebeke
• Daily L.V. many exceedances
• 2008 favourable
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Exceedances of daily limit value PM10
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PM10: yearly mean 2007
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
µg/m³
industrieel gebied stedelijk gebied voorstedelijk gebied
landelijk gebied jaargrensw aarde vanaf 2005
Evolution PM10 yearly mean
Back-ground level: 30 µg/m³
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PM2,5 yearly mean2004 - 2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
42N045 42R801* 42R841 44N029** 44R731
µg/m³
2004 2005 2006 2007
*: 42R801: 64% gegevens in 2005; **: 44N029: 54% gegevens in 2004
Levels in Flanders: 20 – 25 µg/m3
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Actual situation 2007 NO2
• Yearly L.V. 2010
• Exceedances in Antwerp agglomeration/harbour
• Study with passive samplers in 2004: also exceedances in cities: Ghent, Leuven, Hasselt
• Probably also in other traffic intense environments t.e. Mortsel
• New study with passive samplers will be planned for 2010
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NO2: yearly mean 2007
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010
2030
4050
6070
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
µg/m
³
x-mean industrie x-mean landelijk x-mean stedelijk x-mean voorstedelijk
GW 2010
GW + OM
Evolution NO2 yearly mean
Increase in industry in 96-97 due to extra stations
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Actual situation 2007
SO2 ,benzene, CO
• No exceedances
Benzo – α – pyrene
• No exceedances, however reference method gives an underestimation
Pb, Cd, As, Ni
• Local problems around non – ferro resp. steel industry
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Yearly mean benzene 2007
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
µg/m
³
mean min max
EU-grensw aarde
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Ozone: Protection human health 2007
Mean Flanders : 887 µg/m³.hrMLTD (2010) : 5800 µg/m³.hr
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Benzo(a)pyrene