Download - AHD3 Merged
GUIDE TO THE APPENDIX
This Dictionary carries the etymology of the English language to its logical and nat-ural conclusion, for if the documentary history of words is of interest and value, sois their reconstructed prehistory. The historical component is given in the etymol-ogies, after the definitions in the main body of the Dictionary. This Appendix sup-plies the prehistoric component, tracing the ultimate Indo-European derivations ofthose English words that are descended from a selected group of Indo-Europeanroots.
The form given in
boldface
type at the head of each entry is, unless otherwiseidentified, an Indo-European root in its basic form; this is followed by a list of someof its more important Modern English descendants. The entry proper begins witha repetition of the basic root form, followed in some cases by one or more variants,also in boldface type. The basic meaning or meanings of the root are given imme-diately after the entry form and its variants (but see the cautionary note under“Semantics” in the preceding essay). Meanings that are different parts of speech areseparated by a semicolon:
kei-
1
.
To lie; bed, couch; beloved, dear.
pel
N
-
2
.
Flat; to spread.
leg-.
To collect; with derivatives meaning “to speak.”
After the basic meaning there may appear further information about the pho-nological shape or nature of the root:
skei-.
To cut, split. Extension of
sek-.
k
w
mi-.
Worm. Rhyme word to
*wrmi
-, worm (see
wer-
2
).
p
7
-.
To protect, feed. Contracted from
*pa
N
-
.
l
X
k-.
Body, form; like, same. Germanic root.
Most, but not all, of the additional information is self-explanatory. In the firsttwo examples, the boldface forms
sek-
and
wer-
2
are cross-references to thoseroots, which are main entries in this Appendix. Every boldface form appearing inthe text of an entry is such a cross-reference. In the example
p
7
-
the form
*pa
N
- rep-resents an older root form; the nature of these contractions is explained in the pre-ceding essay under “Speech Sounds and their Alternations” (page 0000). The entries
l
X
k-, n
K
hw-iz,
and
re-
are not, strictly speaking, Indo-European, since they arerepresented in only one branch of the family, but they are included within boldfacebrackets because of the number of English words among their descendants.
The text of each entry describes in detail the development of Modern Englishwords from the root. Each section of an entry begins with a list, in
SMALL
CAPITALS
,of the Modern English words derived from a particular form of the root. The sim-ple (uncompounded) derivatives are given first; the compounds follow, separatedfrom them by a semicolon. Parentheses indicate that the etymology of a word in themain body of the Dictionary contains a cross-reference to the etymology at anotherentry. In some cases no further semantic or morphological development needs tobe explained, and the
lemma
, the historically attested representative of the root, isimmediately given:
awi-.
Bird.
I. 1.
AVIAN
. . . from Latin
avis,
bird.
Much more commonly, however, intermediate developments require expla-nation. These intermediate stages are reconstructions representing a word stem inIndo-European that is necessary to explain the lemma following it (see the section“Grammatical Forms and Syntax” in the preceding essay). The reconstructed formsare not historically attested; they are preceded by an asterisk (*) to note this fact.Sometimes earlier or later developments of the intermediate forms are given inparentheses, as in the example of
st
7
-
below. In these cases the symbol < is used tomean “derived from” and the symbol > is used to mean “developed into.” The fol-lowing terms are used to describe typical morphological processes of Indo-Euro-pean:
Full-grade form:
A form with e-vocalism (the basic form); so identified fordescriptive contrast
O-grade form:
A form with o-vocalism:
nek
w
-t-.
O-grade form
*nok
w
-t-.
Zero-grade form:
A form with zero-vocalism:
men-
1
. I.
Zero-grade form
*m-.
Lengthened-grade form:
A form with lengthened vocalism:
ked-. 1.
Lengthened-grade form
*k
K
d
-
.
Secondary full-grade form:
A new full-grade form created by inserting the fun-damental vowel
e
in the zero-grade form of an extended root:
st
7
-. V.
Zero-grade extended root
*st
7
- (<
*stu
N
-). . . .
VI.
Secondary full-grade form
*steu
N
-.
Basic form:
The unchanged root; so identified for descriptive contrast.
Suffixed form:
A form with one or more suffixes, written with an internalhyphen:
laks-.
Suffixed form
*laks-o
-.
maghu-.
Suffixed form
*magho-ti
-.
mel-
2
. 1.
Suffixed (comparative) form
*mel-yos
-.
Prefixed form:
A form with a prefix, written with an internal hyphen:
op-. 6.
. . . from prefixed form
*co-op
-.
Extended form:
A form with an extension or enlargement, written without inter-nal hyphens:
pel-
5
. II.
Extended form
*pel
N
-.
Nasalized form:
A form with a nasal infix, written with internal hyphens:
tag-. 1.
Nasalized form
*ta-n-g
-.
Reduplicated form:
A form prefixed by its own initial consonant followed by avowel:
segh-. 5.
Reduplicated form
*si-sgh
-.
Expressive form:
A form with “expressive gemination” (doubling of the finalconsonant), written without internal hyphens:
gal-. 3.
Expressive form
*gall
-.
Compound form.
A form compounded with a form of another root, writtenwith internal hyphens:
dem-. 3.
Compound form
*dems-pot
-.
Shortened form.
A form with shortened vocalism:
sy
-. III.
Suffixed shortened form
*syu-men-
.
Reduced form.
A form with loss of one or more sounds:
ghesor-.
Reduced form
*ghesr
-.
Oldest root form.
A root form showing a laryngeal (
N
) in a position, typically atthe beginning or end of a root, where it is preserved in only a few Indo-Europeanlanguages, such as Greek or Hittite:
ster-
3
. 3.
Oldest root form
*
N
ster
-.
Variant form.
A form altered in any way other than those described in the abovecategories:
deru-. 2. Variant form *dreu-.
These terms can be combined freely to describe in as much detail as necessary the devel-
opment from the root to the lemma.
dhK(i)-. 1. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-mn7–. FEMALE, FEMININE; EFFEMINATE, from
Latin fKmina, woman (< “she who suckles”).
gerN-1. 1. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *gKrN-s-. AGERATUM, GERIATRICS, from
Greek gKras, old age.
petN-. 2. Suffixed (stative) variant zero-grade form *pat-K-. PATENT, PATULOUS, from
Latin patKre, to be open.
In order to emphasize the fact that English belongs to the Germanic branch ofIndo-European and give precedence to directly inherited words in contrast towords borrowed from other branches, the intermediate stages in Germanic etymol-ogies are covered in fuller detail. The Common or Proto-Germanic (here calledsimply Germanic) forms underlying English words are always given. Where noother considerations intervene, Germanic is given first of the Indo-European
groups, and Old English is given first within Germanic, although this order of pre-cedence is not rigidly applied.
The final item in most entries is an abbreviated reference, in brackets, to JuliusPokorny’s Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (Bern, 1959). This, thestandard work of reference and synthesis in the Indo-European field, carries a fullrange of the actual comparative material on which the roots are reconstructed. OurAppendix presents only those aspects of the material that are directly relevant toEnglish. For example, the English word MANY is found at the root menegh-, “copi-ous.” This entry describes the transition of the Indo-European form through Ger-manic *managa- to Old English manig, mænig, “many.” It does not cite the evidenceon which this assertion is based, but it refers to “Pokorny men(e)gh- 730.” The entrymen(e)gh- on page 730 in Pokorny’s dictionary cites, in addition to the Old Englishword, the forms attested in Sanskrit, Celtic, Gothic, Old High German, Old Norse,Slavic, and Lithuanian, from which the reconstruction of the root was made. Thesereferences should serve as a reminder that the information given in this Appendixis assertive rather than expository and that the evidence and evaluation upon whichits assertions are based are not presented here.
Symbols: * unattested< derived from> developed into
I N D O - E U R O P E A N R O O T S
ad-Important derivatives are: at1, aid.To, near, at.
1. ADO, AT1, from Old English æt, near, by, at, and from MiddleEnglish at, “to,” from Old Norse at, both from Germanic *at.
2. AD-, -AD; (ADJUVANT), AID, AMOUNT, (PARAMOUNT), from Latin ad,ad-, to, toward.
[Pokorny 1. ad- 3.]
ag-Important derivatives are: act, agent, agile, ambiguous, essay, exact, navigate, agony.To drive, draw, move.
1. ACT, AGENDUM, AGENT, AGILE, AGITATE; (ALLEGE), AMBAGE, AMBIGUOUS,(ASSAY), (CACHE), COAGULUM, COGENT, ESSAY, EXACT, (EXAMINE),(EXIGENT), FUMIGATE, FUSTIGATE, INTRANSIGENT, LEVIGATE, LITIGATE,NAVIGATE, OBJURGATE, PRODIGALITY, RETROACTIVE, SQUAT, TRANSACT,VARIEGATE, from Latin agere, to do, act, drive, conduct, lead,weigh.
2. -AGOGUE, AGONY; ANAGOGE, (ANTAGONIZE), CHORAGUS, DEMAGOGUE,EPACT, GLUCAGON, HYPNAGOGIC, MYSTAGOGUE, PEDAGOGUE, PROTAGONIST,STRATAGEM, SYNAGOGUE, from Greek agein, to drive, lead, weigh.
3. Suffixed form *ag-to-. AMBASSADOR, EMBASSAGE, (EMBASSY), fromLatin ambactus, servant, from Celtic *amb(i)-ag-to-, “one whogoes around” (*ambi, around; see ambhi).
4. Suffixed form *ag-ti-, whence adjective *ag-ty-o-, “weighty.”AXIOM; AXIOLOGY, CHRONAXIE, from Greek axios, worth, worthy, oflike value, weighing as much.
5. Possibly suffixed form *ag-ro-, driving, pursuing, grabbing.PELLAGRA, PODAGRA, from Greek agra, a seizing.
[Pokorny a´- 4.] Derivative agro-.
agh-Important derivatives are: day, today, dawn.A day (considered as a span of time).
a. DAY; DAISY, TODAY, from Old English dæg, day;
b. LANDTAG, from Old High German tag, day;
c. DAWN, from Old English denominative dagian, to dawn.a, b, and c all from Germanic *dagaz (with initial d- ofobscure origin), day.
[Pokorny agher- 7.]
agro-Important derivatives are: acre, pilgrim, agro-.Field.
Probably a derivative of ag-, “to drive.”
1. ACRE, from Old English æcer, field, acre, from Germanic *akraz.
2. AGRARIAN; AGRICULTURE, PEREGRINE, (PILGRIM), from Latin ager(genitive agrX), earlier *agros, district, property, field.
3. AGRIA, AGRO-; (AGROSTOLOGY), ONAGER, STAVESACRE, from Greekagros, field, and agrios, wild.
[In Pokorny a´- 4.]
ais-An important derivative is: ask.To wish, desire.
Suffixed form *ais-sk-. ASK, from Old English 7scian, 7csian, to ask, seek, fromGermanic *aiskon.
[Pokorny 1. ais- 16.]
aiw-Important derivatives are: no1, ever, every, never, medieval, age, eternal, eon.Vital force, life, long life, eternity; also “endowed with the acme of vital force,young.”
1.
a. NO1, from Old English 7, ever;
b. AUGHT1, from Old English 7wiht, 7uht, anything, “ever acreature”;
c. EVER; EVERY, NEVER, from Old English <fre (secondelement obscure), ever;
d. AYE2; NAY, from Old Norse ei, ever. a, c, and d all fromextended form in Germanic *aiwi; b from Germanic*aiwi + *wihti, “ever a thing, anything” (*wihti-, thing;see wekti-).
2.
a. Suffixed form *aiw-o-. COEVAL, LONGEVITY, MEDIEVAL,PRIMEVAL, from Latin aevum, age, eternity;
b. suffixed form *aiwo-t7(ti)-. AGE; COETANEOUS, from Latinaet7s (stem aet7ti-), age;
c. suffixed form *aiwo-t-erno-. ETERNAL; SEMPITERNAL, fromLatin aeternus, eternal.
3. Suffixed form *aiw-en-. EON, from Greek aion, age, vital force.
[Pokorny ai¯- 17.] See also *yuwen- under yeu-.
ak-Important derivatives are: edge, acute, hammer, heaven, acrid, eager1, vinegar, acid,acme, acne, acro-, oxygen.Sharp.
1. Suffixed form *ak-y7-.
a. EDGE, from Old English ecg, sharp side, from Germanic*agjo;
b. EGG2, from Old Norse eggja, to incite, goad, fromGermanic *agjan.
2. Suffixed form *ak-u-.
a. EAR2, from Old English æhher, Kar, spike, ear of grain,from Germanic *ahuz-;
b. ACICULA, (ACUITY), ACUMEN, ACUTE, AGLET, EGLANTINE, fromLatin acus, needle;
c. ACEROSE, from Latin acus, chaff.
3. Suffixed form *ak-i-. ACIDANTHERA, from Greek akis, needle.
4. Suffixed form *ak-men-, stone, sharp stone used as a tool, withmetathetic variant *ka-men-, with variants:
a. *ka-mer-. HAMMER, from Old English hamor, hammer,from Germanic *hamaraz;
b. *ke-men- (probable variant). HEAVEN, from Old Englishheofon, hefn, heaven, from Germanic *hibin-, “thestony vault of heaven,” dissimilated form of *himin-.
5. Suffixed form *ak-on7-, independently created in:
a. AWN, from Old Norse ˆgn, ear of grain, and Old Englishagen, ear of grain, from Germanic *agano, and
b. PARAGON, from Greek akonK, whetstone.
6. Suffixed lengthened form *7k-ri-. ACERATE, ACRID, ACRIMONY,EAGER1; CARVACROL, VINEGAR, from Latin 7cer, sharp, bitter.
7. Suffixed form *ak-ri-bhwo-. ACERBIC, EXACERBATE, from Latinacerbus, bitter, sharp, tart.
8. Suffixed (stative) form *ak-K-. ACID, from Latin acKre, to besharp.
9. Suffixed form *ak-Kto-. (ACETABULUM), (ACETIC), ACETUM; ESTER,from Latin acKtum, vinegar.
10. Suffixed form *ak-m7-. ACME, (ACNE), from Greek akmK, point.
11. Suffixed form *ak-ro-. ACRO-; (ACROBAT), ACROMION, from Greekakros, topmost.
12. Suffixed o-grade form *ok-ri-. MEDIOCRE, from Latin ocris,rugged mountain.
13. Suffixed o-grade form *ok-su-. AMPHIOXUS, OXALIS, OXYGEN,OXYURIASIS, PAROXYSM, from Greek oxus, sharp, sour.
[Pokorny 2. aˆ- 18, 3. ˆem- 556.]
akw-7-Important derivatives are: island, aquatic, ewer, sewer1.Water.
1. ISLAND, from Old English Xg, Xeg, island, from Germanic *aujo,“thing on the water,” from *agwjo.
2. AQUA, AQUARELLE, AQUARIUM, AQUATIC, AQUI-, EWER, GOUACHE; SEWER1,from Latin aqua, water.
[Pokorny ak¯7- 23.]
al-1
Important derivatives are: alarm, alert, ultimate, ultra-, alternate, adulterate, other,else, alien, alibi, parallel.Beyond.
1. Variant *ol-, “beyond.”
a. Suffixed forms *ol-se-, *ol-so-. ALARM, ALERT, ALLIGATOR, EL
NIÑO, VOIL‡, from Latin ille (feminine illa, neuter illud),“yonder,” that, from Old Latin ollus;
b. suffixed forms *ol-s, *ol-tero-. OUTRÈ, ULTERIOR, ULTIMATE,ULTRA-, UTTERANCE2, from Latin uls, *ulter, ultr7, beyond.
2. Suffixed form *al-tero-, “other of two.”
a. ALTER, ALTERCATE, ALTERNATE, ALTRUISM; SUBALTERN, from
Latin alter, other, other of two;
b. ADULTERATE, (ADULTERINE), (ADULTERY), from Latinadulter7re, to commit adultery with, pollute, probablyfrom the phrase ad alterum, “(approaching) another(unlawfully)” (ad-, to; see ad-);
c. variant suffixed form *an-tero-, “other (of two).”OTHER, from Old English other, other, from Germanic*antharaz.
3. Extended form *alyo-, “other of more than two.”
a. ELSE; ELDRITCH, from Old English el-, elles, else, otherwise,from Germanic *aljaz (with adverbial suffix);
b. ALIAS, ALIEN; ALIBI, ALIQUOT, HIDALGO, from Latin alius,other of more than two;
c. ALLO-; ALLEGORY, ALLELOMORPH, ALLELOPATHY, MORPHALLAXIS,PARALLAX, PARALLEL, TROPHALLAXIS, from Greek allos, other.
[Pokorny 1. al- 24, 2. an- 37.]
al-2
Important derivatives are: old, elder1, haughty, altitude, enhance, exalt, adolescent,alumnus, coalesce, prolific.To grow, nourish.
I. Suffixed (participial) form *al-to-, “grown.”
a. ALDERMAN, OLD, from Old English eald, ald, old;
b. ELDER1, from Old English (comparative) ieldra, eldra,older, elder;
c. ELDEST, from Old English (superlative) ieldesta, eldesta,eldest;
d. (see wX-ro-) Germanic compound *wer-ald-, “life orage of man.” a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *alda-.
2. ALT, ALTO, HAUGHTY, HAWSER; ALTIMETER, ALTIPLANO, ALTITUDE,ALTOCUMULUS, ALTOSTRATUS, ENHANCE, EXALT, (HAUTBOY), from Latin
altus, high, deep.
II. ADOLESCENT, (ADULT), ALIBLE, ALIMENT, ALIMONY, ALTRICIAL, ALUMNUS; COALESCE,from Latin alere, to nourish.
III. Suffixed (causative) form *ol-eye-. ABOLISH, from Latin abolKre, toretard the growth of, abolish (ab-, from; see apo-).
IV. Compound form *pro-al- (pro-, forth; see per1). PROLAN, PROLETARIAN,PROLIFEROUS, PROLIFIC, from Latin prolKs, offspring.
V. Extended form *aldh-. ALTHEA, from Greek althein, althainein, to getwell.
[Pokorny 2. al-26.]
al-3
Important derivatives are: all, also.All.
Germanic and Celtic root.
1. Suffixed form *al-na-. ALL; ALSO, from Old English all, eall, eal-,al-, all, from Germanic *allaz.
2. (see man-1) Germanic prefix *ala-, all, in *Ala-manniz, “allmen.”
albho-Important derivatives are: elf, oaf, albino, album, auburn, daub.White.
a. ELF, from Old English ælf, elf;
b. OAF, from Old Norse alfr, elf;
c. OBERON, from Old French Auberon, from a source akinto Old High German Alberich. a, b, and c all possiblyfrom Germanic *albiz, *albaz, if meaning “whiteghostly apparitions.”
1. ELFIN, from Old English -elfen, elf, possibly from Germanic*albinjo.
2. ABELE, ALB, ALBEDO, ALBESCENT, ALBINO, ALBITE, ALBUM, ALBUMEN,AUBADE, AUBURN; DAUB, from Latin albus, white.
[Pokorny albho- 30.]
alu-An important derivative is: ale.In words related to sorcery, magic, possession, and intoxication.
Suffixed form *alu-t-. ALE, from Old English (e)alu, ale, from Germanic*aluth-.
[Pokorny alu- 33.]
ambhiImportant derivatives are: by1, be-, ambi-, amphi-.Also cbhiAround.
Probably derived from ant-bhi. See ant-.
1. Reduced form *bhi.
a. BY1; ABAFT, BUT, from Old English bi, bX, be, by;
b. BE-, from Old English be-, on all sides, be-, also intensiveprefix;
c. BELEAGUER, from Middle Dutch bie, by;
d. BIVOUAC, from Old High German bi, by, at. a, b, c, andd all from Germanic *bi, *bi- (intensive prefix).
a. EMBER DAY, from Old English ymbe, around;
b. OMBUDSMAN, from Old Norse um(b), about, around;
c. UMLAUT, from Old High German umbi, around. a, b,and c all from Germanic *umbi.
a. AMBI-, from Latin ambi-, around, about;
b. (ALLEY1); AMBULATE, FUNAMBULIST, (PREAMBLE), from Latinamb-, around, about, in ambul7re, to go about, walk
(*al7re, to go).
2. AMPHI-, from Greek amphi, around, about.
3. (see ag-) Celtic *ambi.
[Pokorny ambhi 34.]
an-Important derivatives are: on, acknowledge, alike, aloft, onslaught, ana-.On.
Extended form *ana.
a. ON; (ACKNOWLEDGE), ALIKE, from Old English an, on, a, on,and prefixed on-;
b. ALOFT, AMISS, from Old Norse 7, in, on;
c. ANLAGE, ANSCHLUSS, from Old High German ana-, on;
d. ONSLAUGHT, from Middle Dutch aen, on. a, b, c, and dall from Germanic *ana, *ano.
1. ANA2, ANA-, from Greek ana, on, up, at the rate of.
[Pokorny 4. an 39.]
anN-Important derivatives are: anima, animal, animus, equanimity, unanimous.To breathe.
Suffixed form *anN-mo-.
a. ANIMA, ANIMADVERT, ANIMAL, ANIMATE, (ANIMATO), ANIMISM,ANIMOSITY, ANIMUS; EQUANIMITY, LONGANIMITY, MAGNANIMOUS,PUSILLANIMOUS, UNANIMOUS, from Latin animus, reason,mind, spirit, and anima, soul, spirit, life, breath;
b. ANEMO-, from Greek anemos, wind.
[Pokorny 3. an(N)- 38.]
angh-Important derivatives are: anger, anxious, anguish, angina.Tight, painfully constricted, painful.
1. AGNAIL, (HANGNAIL), from Old English ang-nægl, “painful spike(in the flesh),” corn, excrescence (nægl, spike; see nogh-),from Germanic *ang-, compressed, hard, painful.
2. Suffixed form *angh-os-. ANGER, from Old Norse angr, sorrow,grief, from Germanic *angaz.
3. Suffixed form *angh-os-ti-. ANGST1, from Old High Germanangust, anxiety, from Germanic *angusti-.
4. ANXIOUS, from Latin angere, to strangle, torment.
5. Suffixed form *angh-os-to-. ANGUISH, from Latin angustus,narrow.
6. QUINSY, from Greek ankhein, to squeeze, embrace.
7. ANGINA, from Greek ankhonK, a strangling.
[Pokorny an´h- 42.]
ansu-Important derivatives are: Aesir, Ormazd.Spirit, demon.
1. AESIR, from Old Norse 7ss, god, from Germanic *ansu-.
2. Suffixed reduced form *isu-ro-. AHURA MAZDA, (ORMAZD), fromAvestan ahura-, spirit, lord.
[Pokorny ansu- 48.]
ant-Important derivatives are: along, end, ante-, advance, anti-, antic, antique, until.Front, forehead.
I. Inflected form (locative singular) *anti, “against,” with derivatives
meaning in front of, before; also end.
1. UN-2; ALONG, from Old English and-, indicating opposition, fromGermanic *andi- and *anda-.
2. END, from Old English ende, end, from Germanic *andja-.
3. ANCIENT1, ANTE, ANTE-, ANTERIOR; ADVANCE, from Latin ante, before,in front of, against.
4. ANTI-; ENANTIOMER, ENANTIOMORPH, from Greek anti, against, andenantios, opposite.
5. Compound form *anti-Nkwo-, “appearing before, having prioraspect” (*Nkw-, appearance; see okw-). ANTIC, ANTIQUE, from LatinantXquus, former, antique.
6. Reduced form *iti-.
a. UNTIL, from Old Norse und, until, unto;
b. ELOPE, from Middle Dutch ont-, away from. Both a andb from Germanic *und-.
7. Variant form *anto-. VEDANTA, from Sanskrit antaU, end.
II. Probable inflected form (ablative plural) *antbhi, “from both sides,”whence *ambhi. See ambhi-.
[Pokorny ant-s 48.]
apo-Important derivatives are: of, off, ebb, apo-, after, post-, deposit, dispose, impose,oppose, position, positive, post2, post3, suppose.Also ap-Off, away.
a. OF, OFF, OFFAL, from Old English of, æf, off;
b. EBB, from Old English ebba, low tide;
c. ABLAUT, from Old High German aba, off, away from;
d. AFT; ABAFT, from Old English æftan, behind, fromGermanic *aftan-. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic*af.
1. AB-1, from Latin ab, ab-, away from.
2. APO-, from Greek apo, away from, from.
3. Suffixed (comparative) form *ap(o)-tero-. AFTER, from OldEnglish æfter, after, behind, from Germanic *aftar-.
4. Suffixed form *ap-t-is-. EFTSOONS, from Old English eft, again,from Germanic *aftiz.
5. Suffixed form *apu-ko-. AWKWARD, from Old Norse ˆfugr,turned backward, from Germanic *afug-.
6. Possible variant root form *po(s), on, in.
a. POGROM, from Russian po, at, by, next to;
b. POST-, POSTERIOR; (POSTMORTEM), PREPOSTEROUS, PUISNE,(PUNY), from Latin post, behind, back, afterward;
c. APPOSITE, (APPOSITION), COMPONENT, (COMPOSE), (COMPOSITE),(COMPOSITION), (COMPOUND), CONTRAPPOSTO, DEPONE, DEPOSIT,DISPOSE, EXPOUND, IMPOSE, INTERPOSE, OPPOSE, POSITION,POSITIVE, POST2, POST3, POSTICHE, POSTURE, PREPOSITION,PROPOSE, PROVOST, REPOSIT, SUPPOSE, TRANSPOSE, from Latinponere, to put, place, from *po-sinere (sinere, to leave,let; of obscure origin).
[Pokorny apo- 53.]
ar-Important derivatives are: arm1, arm2, army, alarm, disarm, harmony, art1, artist,inert, article, aristocracy, order, ordinary, ornate, adorn, rate1, ratio, reason, read,hatred, riddle2, rite, arithmetic, rhyme.Also arN-To fit together.
I. Basic form *arN-.
1. Suffixed form *ar(N)-mo-.
a. ARM1, from Old English earm, arm, from Germanic*armaz;
b. ARM2, (ARMADA), ARMADILLO, ARMATURE, ARMOIRE, ARMY;
ALARM, DISARM, from Latin arma, tools, arms;
c. ARMILLARY SPHERE, from Latin armus, upper arm.
2. Suffixed form *ar(N)-smo-. HARMONY, from Greek harmos, joint,shoulder.
3. Suffixed form *ar(N)-ti-.
a. ART1, ARTISAN, ARTIST; INERT, (INERTIA), from Latin ars (stemart-), art, skill, craft;
b. further suffixed form *ar(N)-ti-o-. ARTIODACTYL, fromGreek artios, fitting, even.
4. Suffixed form *ar(N)-tu-. ARTICLE, from Latin artus, joint.
5. Suffixed form *ar(N)-to-. COARCTATE, from Latin artus, tight.
6. Suffixed form *ar(N)-dhro-. ARTHRO-; ANARTHROUS, DIARTHROSIS,ENARTHROSIS, SYNARTHROSIS, from Greek arthron, joint.
7. Suffixed (superlative) form *ar(N)-isto-. ARISTOCRACY, fromGreek aristos, best.
II. Possibly suffixed variant form (or separate root) *or-dh-.
1. ORDAIN, ORDER, ORDINAL, ORDINANCE, ORDINARY, ORDINATE, ORDO;COORDINATION, INORDINATE, SUBORDINATE, from Latin ordo, order(originally a row of threads in a loom).
2. EXORDIUM, PRIMORDIAL, from Latin ordXrX, to begin to weave.
3. ORNAMENT, ORNATE; ADORN, SUBORN, from Latin orn7re, to adorn.
III. Variant or separate root *rK- (< *reN-).
1. RATE1, RATIO, REASON; (ARRAIGN), from Latin rKrX, to consider,confirm, ratify.
2. Suffixed form *rK-dh-.
i. READ, REDE, from Old English r<dan, to advise;
ii. HATRED, KINDRED, from Old English r<den,condition. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic*rKdan;
i. RATHSKELLER, from Old High German r7t,counsel;
ii. RIDDLE2, from Old English r<dels(e), opinion,riddle. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *rKdaz.
3. Zero-grade form *rN-. (see dekc) Germanic *radam, number.
IV. Variant (or separate root) *rX-.
1. Suffixed form *rX-tu-. RITE, from Latin rXtus, rite, custom, usage.
2. Suffixed form *(a)rX-dhmo-. ARITHMETIC, LOGARITHM, from Greekarithmos, number, amount.
3. RHYME, from a Germanic source akin to Old High German rXm,number, series.
[Pokorny 1. ar- 55.]
arg-An important derivative is: argue.To shine; white; the shining or white metal, silver.
1. Suffixed form *arg-ent-. ARGENT, ARGENTINE, from Latinargentum, silver.
2. Suffixed form *arg-i-l(l)-. ARGIL, from Greek argillos, white clay.
3. Suffixed form *arg-u-ro-. LITHARGE, (PYRARGYRITE), from Greekarguros, silver.
4. Suffixed form *arg-i-n-. ARGININE, from Greek arginoeis,brilliant, bright-shining.
5. Extended form *argu-, brilliance, clarity, ARGUE, from Latindenominative arguere, to make clear, demonstrate.
6. Suffixed form *arg-ro-.
a. (see pel-1). Greek argos (< *argros), white;
b. AGRIMONY, possibly from Greek argos, white.
[Pokorny ar(e)´- 64.]
as-Important derivatives are: ash1, arid, ardent, arson, azalea.To burn, glow.
1. Extended form *asg-. ASH1, from Old English æsce, asce, ash,from Germanic *askon-.
2. Suffixed form *7s-7-. ARA, from Latin 7ra, altar, hearth.
3. Suffixed (stative) form *7s-K-.
a. ARID, from Latin 7ridus, dry, parched, from 7rKre, to bedry;
b. ARDENT, ARDOR, ARSON, from Latin 7rdKre, to burn, be onfire, from 7ridus, parched.
4. Extended form *asd-.
a. ZAMIA, from Greek azein, to dry;
b. AZALEA, from Greek azaleos, dry.
[Pokorny as- 68.]
at-Important derivatives are: annual, anniversary, millennium, perennial.To go; with Germanic and Latin derivatives meaning a year (conceived as “theperiod gone through, the revolving year”).
Suffixed form *at-no-. ANNALS, ANNUAL, ANNUITY; ANNIVERSARY, BIENNIUM,DECENNIUM, MILLENNIUM, PERENNIAL, QUADRENNIUM, QUINDECENNIAL, QUINQUENNIUM,SEPTENNIAL, SEXENNIAL, SUPERANNUATED, TRIENNIUM, VICENNIAL, from Latin annus,year.
[Pokorny at- 69.]
7ter-Important derivatives are: atrium, atrocious.Fire.
1. Suffixed zero-grade form *7tr-o-. ATRABILIOUS, from Latin 7ter(feminine 7tra), black (
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *7tr-yo-. ATRIUM, from Latin 7trium,forecourt, hall, atrium (perhaps originally the place where thesmoke from the hearth escaped through a hole in the roof).
3. Compound shortened zero-grade form *atro-Nkw- (*Nkw-,“looking”; see okw-). ATROCIOUS, from Latin 8trox, “black-looking,” frightful.
[Pokorny 7t(e)r- 69.]
au-Important derivatives are: audible, audience, audio-, audit, auditorium, obey,aesthetic, anesthesia.To perceive.
Compound forms *aw-dh-, *awis-dh-, “to place perception” (see dhK-).
1. Suffixed form *awisdh-yo- or *awdh-yo-. AUDIBLE, AUDIENCE,AUDILE, AUDIO-, AUDIT, AUDITION, AUDITOR, AUDITORIUM, AUDITORY,OYEZ; OBEY, SUBAUDITION, from Latin audXre, to hear.
2. AESTHETIC; ANESTHESIA, from Greek aisthanesthai, to feel.
[Pokorny 8. a¯- 78.]
aug-Important derivatives are: nickname, wax2, auction, augment, author, inaugurate,auxiliary..To increase.
Variant *(a)weg- (< *Nweg-).
1. EKE1, from Old English Kacan, Kcan, to increase;
a. NICKNAME, from Old English Kaca, an addition. Both aand b from Germanic *aukan.
2. Variant extended forms *wogs-, *wegs-.
a. WAX2, from Old English weaxan, to grow, from
Germanic *wahsan;
b. WAIST, from Old English *wæst, growth, hence perhapswaist, size, from Germanic *wahs-tu-.
3. Form *aug-K-. AUCTION, AUGEND, AUGMENT, AUTHOR, (AUTHORIZE),(OCTROI), from Latin augKre, to increase.
4. AUGUR; INAUGURATE, from Latin augur, diviner (
5. AUGUST, from Latin augustus, majestic, august.
6. Suffixed form *aug-s-.
a. AUXILIARY, from Latin auxilium, aid, support, assistance;
b. AUXIN, AUXESIS from Greek auxein, auxanein, to increase.
[Pokorny a¯eg- 84.]
aus-Important derivatives are: east, Easter, aurora.To shine.
a. EAST, from Old English Kast, east (
b. OSTMARK, from Old High German ostan, east. Both a andb from Germanic *aust-.
a. EASTERN, from Old English Kasterne, eastern;
b. OSTROGOTH, from Late Latin ostro-, eastern. Both a and bfrom Germanic *austra-.
1. EASTER, from Old English Kastre, Easter, from Germanic*austron-, a dawn-goddess whose holiday was celebrated at thevernal equinox.
2. Possibly in AUSTRO-1, from Latin auster, the south wind,formally identical to the Germanic forms in 2 and 3, but thesemantics are unclear.
3. Probably suffixed form *ausos-, dawn, also Indo-Europeangoddess of the dawn.
a. AURORA, from Latin aurora, dawn;
b. EO-, EOS; EOSIN, from Greek Kos, dawn.
[Pokorny a¯es- 86.]
awi-Important derivatives are: aviation, bustard, osprey, ostrich, auspice, cockney, oval,ovary, ovum, caviar.Bird.
1. AVIAN, AVIARY, AVIATION; AVICULTURE, AVIFAUNA, BUSTARD, OCARINA,OSPREY, OSTRICH, from Latin avis, bird.
2. Compound *awi-spek-, “observer of birds” (*spek-, to see; seespek-). AUSPICE, from Latin auspex, augur.
II. Possible derivatives are the Indo-European words for egg, *owyo-,*Nyo-.
a. COCKNEY, from Old English <g, egg;
b. EGG1, from Old Norse egg, egg. Both a and b fromGermanic *ajja(m).
2. OVAL, OVARY, OVATE, OVI-, OVOLO, OVULE, OVUM, from Latin ovum,egg.
3. OO-, from Greek oion, egg.
4. CAVIAR, from a source akin to Middle Persian kh7yak, egg, fromOld Iranian *7vyaka-, diminutive of *avya-.
[Pokorny a¯ei- 86.]
awo-Important derivatives are: avuncular, uncle.An adult male relative other than one's father.
1. ATAVISM, from Latin avus, grandfather.
2. AVUNCULAR, UNCLE, from Latin avunculus, maternal uncle.
3. AYAH, from Latin avia, grandmother.
[Pokorny a¯o-s 89.]
ayer-Important derivatives are: early, ere.Day, morning.
a. EARLY, ERE, OR2, from Old English <r, before;
b. OR2, from Old Norse 7r, before. Both a and b fromGermanic *airiz.
1. ERST, from Old English <rest, earliest, from Germanic(superlative) *airistaz.
[Pokorny a˜er- 12.]
ayes-An important derivative is: era.A metal, copper or bronze.
AENEOUS, ERA, from Latin aes, bronze, money.
[Pokorny a˜os- 15.]
bak-Important derivatives are: imbecile, bacterium.Staff used for support.
3. BACILLUS, BAGUETTE, (BAIL4), (BAILEY); BACULIFORM, DEBACLE, IMBECILE,possibly from Latin baculum, rod, walking stick.
4. BACTERIUM; (CORYNEBACTERIUM), from Greek baktron, staff.
[Pokorny bak- 93.]
bel-Derivatives are: Bolshevik, debilitate.
Strong.
6. Suffixed o-grade form *bol-iyo-. BOLSHEVIK, from Russianbol'shoV, large.
7. Prefixed form *dK-bel-i-, “without strength” (dK-, privativeprefix; see de-). DEBILITATE, DEBILITY, from Latin dKbilis, weak.
[Pokorny 2. bel- 96.]
bh7-1
Important derivatives are: beacon, beckon, berry, banner, photo-, fantasy, phase.To shine.
Contracted from *bhaN-.
1. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhN-w-.
a. BEACON, from Old English bKac(e)n, beacon;
b. BECKON, from Old English denominative bKcnan,bKcnian, to make a sign, beckon;
c. BUOY, from Old French boue, buoy. a, b, and c all fromGermanic *baukna-, beacon, signal.
d. BERRY; MULBERRY, from Old English berie, berige, berry,and Old High German beri, berry;
e. FRAMBESIA, from Old French framboise, raspberry,alteration of Frankish *br7m-besi, “bramble berry.”Both a and b from Germanic *bazja-, berry (bh7-1.
f. BANDOLEER, from Spanish banda, sash;
g. BANNER, (BANNERET1), (BANNERET2), from Late Latinbandum, banner, standard. Both a and b fromGermanic *bandwa-, “identifying sign,” banner,standard, sash, also “company united under a(particular) banner.”
2. Suffixed form *bhN-w-es-. PHOS-, PHOT, PHOTO-; PHOSPHORUS, fromGreek phos (stem phot-), light.
3. Extended and suffixed form *bhN-n-yo-. FANTASY, (PANT), -PHANE,PHANTASM, (PHANTOM), PHASE, PHENO-, PHENOMENON; DIAPHANOUS,EMPHASIS, EPIPHANY, HIEROPHANT, PHANEROGAM, (PHANTASMAGORIA),PHOSPHENE, SYCOPHANT, THEOPHANY, (TIFFANY), from Greekphainein, “to bring to light,” cause to appear, show, andphainesthai (passive), “to be brought to light,” appear, withzero-grade noun phasis (*bhN-ti-), an appearance.
[Pokorny 1. bh7- 104.]
bh7-2
Important derivatives are: fable, fate, infant, preface, prophet, abandon, banish,bandit, fame, phono-, symphony, confess, blame.To speak.
Contracted from *bhaN-.
4. FABLE, FATE; AFFABLE, (FANTOCCINI), INEFFABLE, INFANT, (INFANTRY),PREFACE, from Latin f7rX, to speak.
5. -PHASIA; APOPHASIS, PROPHET, from Greek phanai, to speak.
a. BAN1, from Old English bannan, to summon, proclaim,and Old Norse banna, to prohibit, curse;
b. BANAL, BANNS; ABANDON, from Old French ban, feudaljurisdiction, summons to military service,proclamation, Old French bandon, power, and OldEnglish gebann, proclamation;
c. BANISH, from Old French banir, to banish;
d. CONTRABAND, from Late Latin bannus, bannum,proclamation;
e. BANDIT, from Italian bandire, to muster, band together(a, b, c, d, and e all from Germanic suffixed form*ban-wan, *bannan, to speak publicly (used ofparticular kinds of proclamation in feudal or prefeudalcustom; “to proclaim under penalty, summon to thelevy, declare outlaw”).
6. Suffixed form *bh7-ni-.
a. BOON1, from Old Norse bon, prayer, request;
b. BEE1, perhaps from Old English bKn, prayer, from aScandinavian source akin to Old Norse bon, prayer.Both a and b from Germanic *boni-.
7. Suffixed form *bh7-ma.
a. FAME, FAMOUS; DEFAME, INFAMOUS, from Latin f7ma, talk,reputation, fame;
b. EUPHEMISM, from Greek phKmK, saying, speech.
8. Suffixed o-grade form *bho-n7. PHONE2, -PHONE, PHONEME,PHONETIC, PHONO-, -PHONY; ANTHEM, (ANTIPHON), APHONIA,CACOPHONOUS, EUPHONY, SYMPHONY, from Greek phonK, voice,sound, and (denominative) phonein, to speak.
9. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhN-to-. CONFESS, PROFESS, from LatinfatKrX, to acknowledge, admit.
10. (BLAME), BLASPHEME, from Greek blasphKmos, evil-speaking,blasphemous (first element obscure).
[Pokorny 2. bh7- 105.]
bha-bh7-An important derivative is: bean.Broad bean.
4. FAVA BEAN, from Latin faba, broad bean.
5. Variant form *bha-un-. BEAN, from Old English bKan, broadbean, bean of any kind, from Germanic *bauno.
6. Possible suffixed form *bha-ko-. PHACOEMULSIFICATION, fromGreek phakos, lentil.
[Pokorny bhabh7 106.]
bhad-Important derivatives are: better, best.
Good.
14. BETTER, from Old English betera, better, from Germanic(comparative) *batizo.
15. BEST, from Old English bet(e)st, best, from Germanic(superlative) *batistaz.
16. BOOT2, from Old English bot, remedy, aid, from Germanic noun*boto.
17. BATTEN1, ultimately from Old Norse batna, to improve, fromGermanic verb *batnan, to become better.
[Pokorny bh7d- 106.]
bhag-Derivatives are: phago-, -phagous.To share out, apportion, also to get a share.
3. -PHAGE, -PHAGIA, PHAGO-, -PHAGOUS, from Greek phagein, to eat (
4. NEBBISH, from a Slavic source akin to Czech neboh, poor,unfortunate, from Common Slavic *ne-bogƒ, poor (“un-endowed”).
5. PAGODA; BHAGAVAD-GITA, from Sanskrit bhagaU, good fortune.
6. Extended form *bhags-. BAKSHEESH, (BUCKSHEE), from PersianbakhshXdan, to give, from Avestan bakhsh-.
[Pokorny 1. bhag- 107.]
bh7ghu-An important derivative is: bough.Arm.
BOUGH, from Old English bog, boh, bough, from Germanic *boguz.
[Pokorny bh7gh˙-s 108.]
bh7go-Important derivatives are: book, buckwheat, beech.Beech tree.
d. BOOK, from Old English boc, written document,composition;
e. BUCKWHEAT, from Middle Dutch boek, beech;
f. BOKMÂL, from Norwegian bok, book. a, b, and c all fromGermanic *boko, beech, also “beech staff for carvingrunes on” (an early Germanic writing device).
4. BEECH, from Old English bKce, beech, from Germanic *bokjon-.
[Pokorny bh7go-s 107.]
bhardh-7-Important derivatives are: beard, barb1, barber.Beard.
1. BEARD, from Old English beard, beard, from Germanic *bardaz.
2. HALBERD, from Old High German barta, beard, ax, fromGermanic *bardo, beard, also hatchet, broadax.
3. BARB1, BARBEL1, BARBELLATE, BARBER, (BARBETTE), BARBICEL, BARBULE;REBARBATIVE, from Latin barba, beard.
[Pokorny bhardh7 110.]
bhares-Important derivatives are: barley, barn, farina.Also bhars-Barley.
a. BARN, from Old English bere, barley, from Germanic*bariz-;
b. BARLEY, from Old English bærlic, barley-like, barley,from Germanic *barz-.
3. FARINA, (FARINACEOUS), (FARRAGINOUS), FARRAGO, from Latin far(stem farr-), spelt, grain.
[Pokorny bhares- 111.]
bhau-Important derivatives are: beat, buttock, halibut, butt1, button, refute.To strike.
Contracted from *bhaNu-
3. BEAT, from Old English bKatan, to beat, from Germanic*bautan.
4. BEETLE3, from Old English b«tl, hammer, mallet, from Germanic*bautilaz, hammer.
5. BASTE3, probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norsebeysta, to beat, denominative from Germanic *baut-sti-.
6. BUTTOCK, from Old English diminutive buttuc, end, strip ofland, from Germanic *b7taz.
a. HALIBUT, from Middle Dutch butte, flatfish;
b. TURBOT, from a Scandinavian source akin to OldSwedish but, flatfish. Both a and b from Germanic*butt-, name for a flatfish.
7. (BOUTON), BUTT1, BUTTON, BUTTRESS; ABUT, REBUT, SACKBUT, from OldFrench bo(u)ter, to strike, push, from Germanic *buttan.
8. Zero-grade form *bh7- (*bhuN-) with verbal suffix -t7-.
a. CONFUTE, from Latin conf7t7re, to check, suppress,restrain (com-, intensive prefix; see kom);
b. REFUTE, from Latin ref7t7re, to drive back, rebut (re-,back; see re-).
9. Possibly reduced suffixed form *bhu-tu- (*bhNu-). FOOTLE, fromLatin futuere, to have intercourse with (a woman).
[Pokorny 1. bhau- 112.]
bhegw-
Derivatives are: -phobe, -phobia.To run.
4. BECK2, from Old Norse bekkr, a stream, from Germanic *bakjaz,a stream.
5. -PHOBE, -PHOBIA, from Greek phobos, panic, flight, fear, fromphebesthai, to flee in terror.
[Pokorny bheg¯- 116.]
bhei-An important derivative is: bee1.A bee.
BEE1, from Old English bKo, a bee, from Germanic suffixed form *bXon-.
[Pokorny bhei- 116.]
bheid-Important derivatives are: beetle1, bite, bit1, bitter, bait1, boat, fission.To split; with Germanic derivatives referring to biting (hence also to eating and tohunting) and woodworking.
a. BEETLE1, BITE, from Old English bXtan, to bite;
b. TSIMMES, from Old High German bXzan, bizzan, to bite.Both a and b from Germanic *bXtan.
2. Zero-grade form *bhid-.
a. BIT2, from Old English bite, a bite, sting, from Germanic*bitiz;
b. (i) BIT1, from Old English bita, a piece bitten off, morsel;(ii) BITT, from a Germanic source akin to Old Norse biti,bit, crossbeam. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *biton-;
c. suffixed form *bhid-ro-. BITTER, from Old Englishbit(t)er, “biting,” sharp, bitter.
3. O-grade form *bhoid-.
a. BAIT1, from Old Norse beita (verb), to hunt with dogs,and beita (noun), pasture, food;
b. ABET, from Old French beter, to harass with dogs. Both aand b from Germanic *baitjan.
4. BATEAU, BOAT; (BOATSWAIN), from Old English b7t, boat, fromGermanic *bait-, a boat (
5. Nasalized zero-grade form *bhi-n-d-. -FID, FISSI-, (FISSILE),(FISSION), (FISSURE), from Latin findere, to split.
[Pokorny bheid- 116.]
bheidh-Important derivatives are: bide, abide, fiancÈ, affidavit, confide, confident, defy,federal, faith, fidelity, infidel.To trust, confide, persuade.
1. BIDE; ABIDE, (ABODE), from Old English bXdan, to wait, stay, fromGermanic *bXdan, to await (bheidh-.
2. FIANCÈ, FIDUCIAL, (FIDUCIARY); AFFIANCE, (AFFIANT), (AFFIDAVIT),(CONFIDANT), CONFIDE, (CONFIDENT), (DEFIANCE), DEFY, DIFFIDENT,from Latin fXdere, to trust, confide, and fXdus, faithful.
3. Suffixed o-grade form *bhoidh-es-. FEDERAL, FEDERATE;CONFEDERATE, from Latin foedus (stem foeder-), treaty, league.
4. Zero-grade form *bhidh-. FAITH, FEALTY, FIDELITY; INFIDEL, PERFIDY,from Latin fidKs, faith, trust.
[Pokorny bheidh- 117.]
bhel-1
Important derivatives are: blue, bleach, bleak1, blaze1, blemish, blind, blend, blond,blank, blanket, blush, black, flagrant, flame.To shine, flash, burn; shining white and various bright colors.
1. BELUGA, from Russian belyV, white.
2. PHALAROPE, from Greek phalaros, having a white spot.
3. Suffixed variant form *bhlK-wo-. BLUE, from Old French bleu,blue, from Germanic *blKwaz, blue.
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhlN-wo-. FLAVESCENT, FLAVO-; (FLAVIN),(FLAVONE), (FLAVOPROTEIN), from Latin fl7vus, golden or reddishyellow.
II. Various extended Germanic forms.
1. BLEACH, from Old English bl<can, to bleach, from Germanic*blaikjan, to make white.
2. BLEAK1, from Old Norse bleikr, shining, white, from Germanic*blaikaz, shining, white.
3. BLITZKRIEG, from Old High German bl”cchazzen, to flash, lighten,from Germanic *blikkatjan.
a. BLAZE1, from Old English blæse, torch, bright fire;
b. BLESBOK, from Middle Dutch bles, white spot;
c. BLEMISH, from Old French ble(s)mir, to make pale. a, b,and c all from Germanic *blas-, shining, white.
d. BLIND; (BLINDFOLD), (PURBLIND), from Old English blind,blind;
e. BLENDE, from Old High German blentan, to blind,deceive;
f. BLEND, from Old Norse blanda, to mix;
g. BLOND, from Old French blond, blond. a, b, c, and d allfrom Germanic *blendaz, clouded, and *bland-, *bland-ja-, to mix, mingle (
h. BLENCH1, from Old English blencan, to deceive;
i. BLANCH, BLANK, BLANKET; BLANCMANGE, from Old Frenchblanc, white. Both a and b from Germanic *blenk-,*blank-, to shine, dazzle, blind.
4. BLUSH, from Old English blyscan, to glow red, from Germanic*blisk-, to shine, burn.
III. Extended form *bhleg-, to shine, flash, burn.
1. O-grade form bhlog-. BLACK, from Old English blæc, black, fromGermanic *blakaz, burned.
2. Zero-grade form *bh_g-.
a. FULGENT, FULGURATE; EFFULGENT, FOUDROYANT, REFULGENT,from Latin fulgKre, to flash, shine, and fulgur, lightning;
b. FULMINATE, from Latin fulmen (< *fulg-men), lightning,thunderbolt.
c. FLAGRANT; CONFLAGRANT, (CONFLAGRATION), DEFLAGRATE, fromLatin flagr7re, to blaze;
d. (FLAMBÈ), (FLAMBEAU), (FLAMBOYANT), FLAME, FLAMINGO,FLAMMABLE; INFLAME, from Latin flamma (< *flag-ma), aflame.
3. PHLEGM, PHLEGMATIC, PHLEGETHON, from Greek phlegein, to burn.
4. O-grade form *bhlog-. PHLOGISTON, PHLOX; PHLOGOPITE, fromGreek phlox, a flame, also a wallflower.
[Pokorny 1. bhel- 118, bheleg- 124, bhleu-(k)- 159.]
bhel-2
Important derivatives are: bowl1, bulk1, boulevard, boulder, bull1, phallus, ball1,balloon, ballot, bold, fool.To blow, swell; with derivatives referring to various round objects and to thenotion of tumescent masculinity.
3. Zero-grade form bh_-.
a. BOWL1, from Old English bolla, pot, bowl;
b. BOLE, from Old Norse bolr, tree trunk;
c. BULK, from Old Norse bulki, cargo (
d. ROCAMBOLE, from Old High German bolla, ball;
e. (BOULEVARD), BULWARK, from Middle High German bole,beam, plank;
f. BOLL, from Middle Dutch bolle, round object;
g. BILTONG, from Middle Dutch bille, buttock;
h. BOULDER, from a Scandinavian source akin to Swedishbullersten, “rounded stone,” boulder, from *buller-,“round object.” a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h all fromGermanic *bul-.
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *bh_-n-.
a. BULL1, from Old Norse boli, bull, from Germanic*bullon-, bull;
b. BULLOCK, from Old English bulluc, bull, from Germanic*bulluka-;
c. PHALLUS; ITHYPHALLIC, from Greek phallos, phallus;
d. FULL2, from Latin fullo, a fuller, possibly from bhel-2.
5. O-grade form *bhol-.
a. BOLLIX, from Old English beallucas, testicles;
b. BALL1, from Old English *beall, ball;
c. BILBERRY, probably from a Scandinavian source akin toDanish bolle, round roll;
d. BALLOON, BALLOT, (BALLOTTEMENT), from Italian dialectalballa, ball;
e. PALL-MALL, from Italian palla, ball;
f. BALE1, from Old French bale, rolled-up bundle. a, b, c,d, e, and f all from Germanic *ball-.
6. Possibly suffixed o-grade form *bhol-to-.
a. BOLD, from Old English bald, beald, bold;
b. BAWD, from Old Low German bald, bold. Both a and bfrom Germanic *balthaz, bold.
7. Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-n-. FILS2, FOLLICLE, FOOL;(FOLLICULITIS), from Latin follis, bellows, inflated ball.
8. BALEEN, from Greek phal(l)aina, whale, possibly from bhel-2.
9. PHELLEM; PHELLODERM, PHELLOGEN, from Greek phellos, cork, corkoak, conceivably from bhel-2 (but more likely unrelated).
[Pokorny 3. bhel- 120. (The following derivatives of this root are enteredseparately: bhel-3, bhelgh-, bhleu-.)]
bhel-3
Important derivatives are: foliage, folio, bloom1, blossom, flora, flour, flourish,flower, bleed, blood, bless, blade.To thrive, bloom. Possibly from bhel-2.
III. Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-yo-, leaf.
1. FOIL2, (FOLIAGE), FOLIO, FOLIUM; (CINQUEFOIL), DEFOLIATE, EXFOLIATE,FEUILLETON, FOLIICOLOUS, MILFOIL, PERFOLIATE, PORTFOLIO, TREFOIL,from Latin folium, leaf.
2. (-PHYLL), PHYLLO-, -PHYLLOUS; CHERVIL, GILLYFLOWER, PODOPHYLLIN,from Greek phullon, leaf.
IV. Extended form *bhlK- (< *bhleN-).
1. O-grade form *bhlo-.
a. suffixed form *bhlo-w-. BLOW3, from Old Englishblowan, to flower, from Germanic *blo-w-;
i. BLOOM1, from Old Norse blom, blomi, flower,blossom;
ii. BLOOM2, from Old English bloma, a hammeredingot of iron (semantic development obscure).Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic suffixed form*blo-mon-;
b. BLOSSOM, from Old English blostm, blostma, flower,blossom, from Germanic suffixed form *blo-s-;
c. FERRET2, (FLORA), FLORA, (FLORAL), FLORIATED, FLORID, FLORIN,FLORIST, -FLOROUS, (FLOUR), FLOURISH, FLOWER; (CAULIFLOWER),DEFLOWER, EFFLORESCE, ENFLEURAGE, FLORIGEN, from Latin flos(stem flor-), flower, from Italic suffixed form *flo-s-;
d. suffixed form bhlo-to-;
i. BLEED, BLOOD, from Old English blod, blood;
ii. BLESS, from Old English bloedsian, blKtsian, toconsecrate, from Germanic *blodison, to treat orhallow with blood. Both (i) and (ii) fromGermanic *blo-dam, possibly from bhel-3 in themeaning “swell, gush, spurt.”
2. EMBLEMENTS, from Medieval Latin bl7dum, bladium, produce ofthe land, grain, from Germanic suffixed form *blK-da-.
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhlN-to-. BLADE, from Old Englishblæd, leaf, blade, from Germanic *bladaz.
[Pokorny 4. bhel- 122.]
bhelgh-Important derivatives are: bellows, belly, billow, budget, bulge.To swell.
Extension of bhel-2.
7. O-grade form *bholgh-. BELLOWS, BELLY, from Old English bel(i)g,bælig, bag, bellows, from Germanic *balgiz.
8. Zero-grade form *bh_gh-. BILLOW, from Old Norse bylgja, awave, from Germanic *bulgjan.
9. Zero-grade form *bh_gh-. BOLSTER, from Old English bolster,cushion, from Germanic *bulgstraz.
10. O-grade form *bholgh-. BUDGET, BULGE, from Latin bulga, leathersack, from Celtic *bolg-.
[Pokorny bhelgh- 125.]
bhendh-Important derivatives are: bind, bend1, band1, bond, bundle.To bind.
a. BIND; WOODBINE, from Old English bindan, to bind;
b. BINDLESTIFF, from Old High German binten, to bind.Both a and b from Germanic *bindan.
1. BANDANNA, from Sanskrit bandhati, he ties.
2. O-grade form *bhondh-.
a. BEND2; RIBBON, from Old English bend, band, and OldFrench bende, band;
b. BEND1, from Old English bendan, to bend;
c. BAND1, BOND, from Old Norse band, band, fetter;
d. BAND1, from Old French bande, bond, tie, link. a, b, c,and d all from Germanic *band-.
3. Suffixed form *bhond-o-. BUND1; (CUMMERBUND), from OldIranian banda-, bond, fetter.
4. Zero-grade form *bhidh-.
a. BUND2, from Middle High German bunt, league;
b. BUNDLE, from Middle Dutch bondel, sheaf of papers,bundle. Both a and b from Germanic *bund-.
[Pokorny bhendh- 127.]
bher-1
Important derivatives are: bear1, burden1, birth, bring, fertile, differ, offer, prefer,suffer, transfer, furtive, metaphor.To carry; also to bear children.
i. BEAR1, from Old English beran, to carry;
ii. FORBEAR1, from Old English forberan, to bear,endure (for-, for-; see per1). Both (i) and (ii)from Germanic *beran;
c. BIER, from Old English bKr, b<r, bier, and Old Frenchbiere bier, both from Germanic *bKro;
d. BORE3, from Old Norse b7ra, wave, billow, fromGermanic *bKr-.
e. BAIRN, from Old English bearn, child, from Germanic*barnam;
f. BARROW1, from Old English bearwe, basket, wheelbarrow,from Germanic *barwon-.
g. BURLY, from Old English *borlic, excellent, exalted (*bur-;
h. BURDEN1, from Old English byrthen, burden, fromGermanic *burthinja;
i. BIRTH, from a source akin to Old Norse burdhr, birth,from Germanic *burthiz;
j. BIRR1, from Old Norse byrr, favorable wind, perhapsfrom Germanic *burja-.
7. Compound root *bhrenk-, to bring (< *bher- + *enk-, to reach;see nek-2). BRING, from Old English bringan, to bring, fromGermanic *brengan.
8. -FER, FERTILE; AFFERENT, CIRCUMFERENCE, CONFER, (DEFER1), DEFER2,DIFFER, EFFERENT, INFER, OFFER, PREFER, (PROFFER), REFER, SUFFER,TRANSFER, VOCIFERATE, from Latin ferre, to carry.
9. OPPROBRIUM, from Latin probrum, a reproach (< *pro-bhr-o-,“something brought before one”; pro-, before; see per1).
10. Probably lengthened o-grade form *bhor-. FERRET1, FURTIVE,FURUNCLE; (FURUNCULOSIS), from Latin f7r, thief.
11. FERETORY, -PHORE, -PHORESIS, -PHOROUS; AMPHORA, ANAPHORA,DIAPHORESIS, EUPHORIA, METAPHOR, PERIPHERY, PHEROMONE, TELPHER,TOCOPHEROL, from Greek pherein, to carry, with o-grade nounphoros, a carrying.
12. PARAPHERNALIA, from Greek phernK, dowry (“something broughtby a bride”).
13. SAMBAL, from Sanskrit bharati, he carries, brings.
[Pokorny 1. bher- 128.]
bher-2
Important derivatives are: brown, burnish, beaver1, bear2.Bright, brown.
5. Suffixed variant form *bhr7-no-.
a. BROWN, from Old English br7n, brown;
b. BRUIN, from Middle Dutch bruun;
c. BRUNET, BURNET, BURNISH, from Old French brun, shining,brown. a, b, and c all from Germanic *br7naz.
6. Reduplicated form *bhibhru-, *bhebhru-, “the brown animal,”beaver. BEAVER1, from Old English be(o)for, beaver, fromGermanic *bebruz.
7. BEAR2, from Old English bera, bear, from Germanic *bero, “thebrown animal,” bear.
8. BERSERKER, from Old Norse bjˆrn, bear, from Germanic *bernuz.
[Pokorny 5. bher- 136.]
bherNg-Important derivatives are: bright, birch.To shine; bright, white.
4. BRIGHT, from Old English beorht, bright, from Germanic*berhtaz, bright.
5. “The white tree,” the birch (also the ash).
a. BIRCH, (BIRK), from Old English birc(e), birch, fromGermanic *birkjon-;
b. probably suffixed zero-grade form *bhrag-s-. FRAXINELLA,from Latin fraxinus, ash tree.
[Pokorny bherNg- 139.]
bhergh-1
Important derivatives are: bury, burial, borrow, bargain.
To hide, protect.
a. (see kwel-1) Germanic compound *h(w)als-berg-,“neck-protector,” gorget (*h(w)alsaz, neck);
b. (see sker-1) Germanic compound *skKr-berg-, “sword-protector,” scabbard (*skKr-, sword). Both a and b fromGermanic *bergan.
3. Zero-grade form *bhygh-.
a. BURY, from Old English byrgan, to bury, from Germanic*burgjan;
b. BURIAL, from Old English byrgels, burial, from Germanicderivative *burgisli-.
c. BORROW, from Old English borgian, to borrow, fromGermanic *borgKn, to pledge, lend, borrow;
d. BARGAIN, from Old French bargaignier, to haggle, fromGermanic derivative *borganjan.
[Pokorny bhergh- 145.]
bhergh-2
Important derivatives are: iceberg, bourgeois, burglar, force, fort, comfort, effort,enforce, fortify.High; with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts.
c. BARROW2, from Old English beorg, hill;
d. ICEBERG, from Middle Dutch bergh, mountain. Both aand b from Germanic *bergaz, hill, mountain.
7. (see koro-) Germanic compound *harja-bergaz, “army-hill,”hill-fort (*harjaz, army).
8. BELFRY, from Old French berfroi, tower, from Germaniccompound *berg-frij-, “high place of safety,” tower (*frij-,peace, safety; see prX-).
9. Zero-grade form *bhygh-.
a. BOROUGH, BURG, from Old English burg, burh, byrig,(fortified) town;
b. BURGHER, from Old High German burg, fortress;
c. BURGOMASTER, from Middle Dutch burch, town;
d. BOURG, (BOURGEOIS), BURGESS, BURGLAR; FAUBOURG, from LateLatin burgus, fortified place, and Old French burg,borough. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *burgs, hill-fort.
10. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *bhygh-to-. FORCE, FORT,(FORTALICE), FORTE1, FORTE2, FORTIS, (FORTISSIMO), FORTITUDE, FORTRESS;COMFORT, DEFORCE, EFFORT, (ENFORCE), FORTIFY, (PIANOFORTE),(REINFORCE), from Latin fortis, strong (but this is also possiblyfrom dher-).
[Pokorny bheregh- 140.]
bhes-Important derivatives are: psyche, psychic, psycho-.To breathe. Probably imitative.
Zero-grade form *bhs-. PSYCHE, PSYCHIC, PSYCHO-; METEMPSYCHOSIS, from GreekpsukhK, spirit, soul, from psukhein (< *bhs-7-kh-), to breathe.
[Pokorny 2. bhes- 146.]
bheudh-Important derivatives are: bid, forbid, bode1, Buddha2.To be aware, to make aware.
c. BID, from Old English bKodan, to proclaim;
d. FORBID, from Old English forbKodan, to forbid;
e. VERBOTEN, from Old High German farbiotan, to forbid.a, b, and c all from Germanic *(for)beudan (*for,before; see per1).
4. BODE1, from Old English bodian, to announce, from boda,
messenger, from Germanic *budon-.
5. BEADLE, from Old English bydel, herald, messenger, and OldHigh German butil, herald, both from Germanic *budilaz,herald.
6. OMBUDSMAN, from Old Norse bodh, command, from Germanic*budam.
7. BUDDHA2; BODHISATTVA, BO TREE, from Sanskrit bodhati, he awakes,is enlightened, becomes aware, and bodhiU, perfect knowledge.
[Pokorny bheudh- 150.]
bheuN-Important derivatives are: be, husband, booth, build, future, neighbor, beam.Also bheu-To be, exist, grow.
III. Extended forms *bhwiy(o)-, *bhwX-.
1. BE, from Old English bKon, to be, from Germanic *biju, I am,will be.
2. FIAT, from Latin fierX, to become.
3. Possibly suffixed form *bhwX-lyo-. (see dhK(i)-) Latin fXlius,son.
IV. Lengthened o-grade form *bhow-.
a. BONDAGE, BOUND4; BUSTLE1, HUSBAND, from Old Norse b7a,to live, prepare, and b7ask, to make oneself ready (-sk,reflexive suffix; see s(w)e-);
b. BAUHAUS, from Old High German b7an, to dwell;
c. BOOTH, from Middle English bothe, market stall, from aScandinavian source akin to Old Danish both, dwelling,stall. a, b, and c all from Germanic *bowan.
V. Zero-grade form *bhu-.
a. BUILD, from Old English byldan, to build, from bold,dwelling, house, from Germanic *buthla;
b. BOODLE, from Middle Dutch bodel, riches, property,from alternate Germanic form *bothla.
2. PHYSIC, PHYSICS, PHYSIO-, PHYSIQUE, -PHYTE, PHYTO-, (PHYTON);APOPHYSIS, DIAPHYSIS, DIPHYODONT, EPIPHYSIS, EUPHUISM, HYPOPHYSIS,IMP, MONOPHYSITE, NEOPHYTE, PERIPHYTON, SYMPHYSIS, TRACHEOPHYTE,from Greek phuein, to bring forth, make grow, phutos, phuton,a plant, and phusis, growth, nature.
3. Suffixed form *bhu-t7-. EISTEDDFOD, from Welsh bod, to be.
4. Suffixed form *bhu-tu-. FUTURE, from Latin fut7rus, “that is tobe,” future.
VI. Zero-grade form *bh7- (< *bhuN-).
a. BOWER1, from Old English b7r, “dwelling space,” bower,room;
b. NEIGHBOR, from Old English geb7r, dweller (ge-,collective prefix; see kom);
c. BOER, BOOR, from Middle Dutch gheboer, ghebuer,peasant. a, b, and c all from Germanic *b7ram, dweller,especially farmer.
2. BYRE, from Old English b«re, stall, hut, from Germanic *b7rjam,dwelling.
3. BYLAW, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse b«r,settlement, from Germanic *b7wi-.
4. Suffixed form *bh7-lo-. PHYLE, PHYLETIC, PHYLUM; PHYLOGENY, fromGreek phulon, tribe, class, race, and phulK, tribe, clan.
VII. Suffixal forms in Latin.
1. (see dwo-) Latin dubius, doubtful, and dubit7re, to doubt,from *du-bhw-io-.
2. (see per1) Latin probus, upright, from *pro-bhw-o-, “growingwell or straightforward.”
3. (see uper) Latin superbus, superior, proud, from *super-bhw-o-, “being above.”
a. BEAM, from Old English bKam, tree, beam;
b. BOOM2, from Middle Dutch boom, tree;
c. BUMPKIN1, from Flemish boom, tree. a, b and c all fromGermanic *baumaz (and *bagmaz), tree (? bheuN-.
[Pokorny bheu- 146.]
bheug-Important derivatives are: bow3, bow2, bog.To bend; with derivatives referring to bent, pliable, or curved objects.
I. Variant form *bheugh- in Germanic *beug-.
a. BEE2, from Old English bKag, a ring;
b. BAGEL, from Old High German boug, a ring. Both a andb from Germanic *baugaz.
c. BOW3, from Old English boga, a bow, arch;
d. (see el-) Germanic compound *alino-bugon-, “bend ofthe forearm,” elbow (*alino-, forearm);
e. BOW1, from a source akin to Middle Low German boog,bow of a boat. a, b, and c all from Germanic *bugon-.
2. BOW2, BUXOM, from Old English b7gan, to bend, from Germanicb7gan.
3. BAIL3, from Middle English beil, a handle, perhaps from OldEnglish *bKgel or from a Scandinavian source akin to OldSwedish *b¯ghil, both from Germanic *baugil-.
4. BIGHT, from Old English byht, a bend, angle, from Germanic*buhtiz.
II. BOG, from Scottish and Irish Gaelic bog, soft, from Celtic *buggo-,“flexible.”
[Pokorny 3. bheug- 152.]
bhlK-Important derivatives are: blow1, bladder, blast, flavor, inflate.Also bhl7-To blow. Possibly identical to bhel-3 II *bhlK- above.
2. BLOW1, from Old English bl7wan, to blow, from Germanicsuffixed form *blK-w-.
a. BLADDER, from Old English bl<dre, blister, bladder;
b. BLATHER, from Old Norse bladhra (noun), bladder, andbladhra (verb), to prattle. Both a and b from Germanicsuffixed form *blKdram, “something blown up.”
c. BLAST, from Old English bl<st, a blowing, blast;
d. ISINGLASS, from Middle Dutch blas(e), a bladder;
e. BLASÈ, BLAZE3, from Middle Dutch bl7sen, to blow up,swell. a, b and c all from Germanic extended form*blKs-.
3. Variant form *bhl7-. FLABELLUM, FLATUS, FLAVOR; AFFLATUS,CONFLATE, (DEFLATE), INFLATE, SOUFFLÈ, from Latin fl7re, to blow.
[In Pokorny 3. bhel- 120.]
bhleu-Important derivatives are: bloat, fluctuate, fluent, fluid, affluent, influence.To swell, well up, overflow.
Extension of bhel-2.
1. BLOAT, from Old Norse blautr, soft, wet, from Germanic *blaut-,possibly from bhleu-.
2. Extended form *bhleugw-. FLUCTUATE, FLUENT, FLUERIC, FLUID, FLUME,FLUOR, (FLUORO- ), (FLUSH2), FLUVIAL, FLUX; AFFLUENT, CONFLUENT, EFFLUENT,(EFFLUVIUM), (EFFLUX), (FLUORIDE), FLUVIOMARINE, INFLUENCE, (INFLUENZA),MELLIFLUOUS, REFLUX, SUPERFLUOUS, from Latin fluere, to flow, and -fluus, flowing.
3. Zero-grade form *bhlu-. PHLYCTENA, from Greek phluein, phluzein,to boil over.
4. PHLOEM, from Greek phloos, phloios, tree bark (bhleu-.
[Pokorny bhleu- 158.]
bhoso-An important derivative is: bare1.Naked.
a. BARE1, from Old English bær, bare;
b. BALLAST, from Old Swedish and Old Danish bar, bare.Both a and b from Germanic *bazaz.
[Pokorny bhoso-s 163.]
bhr7ter-Important derivatives are: brother, fraternal, pal.Brother, male agnate.
a. BROTHER, from Old English brothor, brother;
b. BULLY1, from Middle Dutch broeder, brother. Both a andb from Germanic *brothar-.
1. FRA, FRATERNAL, FRIAR; CONFRERE, FRATRICIDE, from Latin fr7ter, brother.
2. PHRATRY, from Greek phratKr, fellow member of a clan.
3. PAL, from Sanskrit bhr7t7, bhr7tar-, brother.
[Pokorny bhr7ter- 163.]
bhreg-Important derivatives are: break, breach, fraction, fracture, fragile, fragment, frail1,infringe, suffrage.To break.
a. BREAK, from Old English brecan, to break;
b. BREACH, from Old English brKc, a breaking;
c. (BRASH2), BRECCIA, from Italian breccia, breccia, rubble,
breach in a wall, from Old High German *brehha, frombrehhan, to break;
d. BRAY2, from Old French breier, to break;
e. BRIOCHE, from Old French brier, dialectal variant ofbroyer, to knead. a, b, c, d, and e all from Germanic*brekan.
1. BRACKEN, (BRAKE4), from Middle English brake(n), bracken, probablyfrom a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse *brakni,undergrowth;
a. BRAKE5, from Middle Low German brake, thicket. Both aand b from Germanic *brak-, bushes (
2. BRAKE2, from Middle Low German brake, flax brake, from Germanic*br7k-, crushing instruments.
3. Nasalized zero-grade form *bhy-n-g-. (FRACTED), FRACTION,(FRACTIOUS), FRACTURE, FRAGILE, FRAGMENT, FRAIL1, FRANGIBLE;ANFRACTUOUS, CHAMFER, DEFRAY, DIFFRACTION, (INFRACT), INFRANGIBLE,INFRINGE, OSSIFRAGE, REFRACT, (REFRAIN2), (REFRINGENT), SAXIFRAGE,SEPTIFRAGAL, from Latin frangere, to break.
a. SUFFRAGAN, SUFFRAGE, from Latin suffr7gium, the right tovote, from suffr7g7rX, to vote for (?
b. IRREFRAGABLE, from Latin refr7g7rX, to vote against.
[Pokorny 1. bhreQ- 165.]
bhreu-Important derivatives are: brew, bread, broth, brood, breed, ferment, fervent.To boil, bubble, effervesce, burn; with derivatives referring to cooking andbrewing.
1. BREW, from Old English brKowan, to brew, from Germanic*breuwan, to brew.
2. BREAD, from Old English brKad, piece of food, bread, fromGermanic *braudam, (cooked) food, (leavened) bread.
a. BROTH, from Old English broth, broth;
b. BREWIS, BROIL2, from Vulgar Latin *brodum, broth. Both aand b from Germanic *brudam, broth.
II. Variant form *bhrK-.
a. BROOD, from Old English brod, offspring, brood;
b. BREED, from Old English brKdan, to beget or cherishoffspring, breed, from Germanic denominative*brodjan, to rear young. Both a and b from Germanicderivative *brod-o, “a warming,” hatching, rearing ofyoung.
c. BRATWURST, SAUERBRATEN, from Old High German br7t,br7to, roast meat;
d. BRAWN, from Old French braon, meat. Both a and bfrom Germanic derivative *brKd-on-, roast flesh. Both 1and 2 from Germanic *brKdan, to warm.
e. Variant form *bhres-. BRAISE, BRAZE2, (BRAZIER2), BREEZE2,from Old French brese, burning coal, ember;
f. BRACIOLA, from Italian dialectal bras'a, burning coal.Both a and b from Germanic *bres-.
III. Reduced form *bher-, especially in derivatives referring tofermentation.
a. Suffixed form *bher-men-, yeast. BARM, (BARMY), fromOld English beorma, yeast, from Germanic *bermon-;
b. further suffixed form *bhermen-to-. FERMENT, fromLatin fermentum, yeast.
2. Extended form *bherw-. FERVENT, FERVID, (FERVOR); DEFERVESCENCE,EFFERVESCE, from Latin fervKre, to be boiling or fermenting.
IV. As a very archaic word for a spring.
1. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhru-n(e)n-. BOURN1, BURN2, from OldEnglish burn, burna, spring, stream, from Germanic *brunnon-.
2. Suffixed form *bhrKw-y. PHREATIC, from Greek phrear, spring.
[Pokorny bh(e)reu- 143, 2. bher- 132.]
bhr7-Important derivatives are: brow, bridge1..Eyebrow.
Contracted from *bhruN-.
1. BROW, from Old English br7-, eyebrow, eyelid, eyelash, fromGermanic *br7s.
2. Possibly in the sense of a beam of wood, and perhaps a log bridge.BRIDGE1, from Old English brycg(e), bridge, from Germanic *brugjo(with cognates in Celtic and Slavic).
[Pokorny 1. bhr7- 172, 2. bhr7- 173.]
d7-Important derivatives are: democracy, epidemic, demon, tide1, time.To divide. Contracted from *daN-.
I. Suffixed form *d7-mo-, perhaps “division of society.” DEME, DEMOS,DEMOTIC; DEMAGOGUE, DEMIURGE, DEMOCRACY, DEMOGRAPHY, ENDEMIC, EPIDEMIC,PANDEMIC, from Greek dKmos, people, land.
II. Variants *dai-, *dX-, from extended root *daNi-.
1. Root form *dai-. GEODESY, from Greek daiesthai, to divide.
2. Suffixed form *dai-mon-, divider, provider. DEMON, from Greekdaimon, divinity.
3. Suffixed variant form *dX-ti-.
a. TIDE1; EVENTIDE, from Old English tXd, time, season;
b. TIDE2, from Old English denominative tXdan, to happen (
c. TIDING, from Old Norse tXdhr, occurring;
d. ZEITGEIST, from Old High German zXt, time. a, b, c, andd all from Germanic *tXdiz, division of time.
4. Suffixed variant form *dX-mon-. TIME, from Old English tXma,time, period, from Germanic *tXmon-.
[Pokorny d7- 175.]
dail-Important derivatives are: deal1, ordeal.To divide.
Northern Indo-European root extended from *da(N)i- (see d7-).
8. DEAL1, from Old English d<lan, to share, from Germanic*dailjan.
9. DOLE1, from Old English d7l, portion, lot, from Germanic*dailaz.
10. ORDEAL, from Old English ord7l, trial by ordeal, from Germanicprefixed form *uz-dailjam, “a portioning out,” judgment (*uz-,out; see ud-).
11. FIRKIN, from Middle Dutch deel, part, from Germanic *dailiz.
[In Pokorny d7- 175.]
daiwer-A derivative is: levirate.Husband's brother.
LEVIRATE, from Latin lKvir, husband's brother.
[Pokorny d7i¯Kr 179.]
dakru-An important derivative is: tear2.Tear.
a. TEAR2, from Old English tKar, tehher, tear;
b. TRAIN OIL, from Middle Dutch trane, tear, drop. Both aand b from Germanic *tahr-, *tagr-.
4. Suffixed form *dakru-m7. LACHRYMAL, from Latin lacrima (OldLatin dacruma), tear.
[Pokorny dakru- 179.]
de-Important derivatives are: to, too, de-, deteriorate.Demonstrative stem, base of prepositions and adverbs.
a. TO, TOO, from Old English to, to;
b. TSIMMES, from Old High German zuo, ze, to;
c. TATTOO1, from Middle Dutch toe, to, shut. a, b, and c allfrom Germanic *to.
11. DE-, from Latin dK, dK-, from, perhaps from de-.
12. (see kwo-) Latin quando, when.
13. DETERIORATE, from Latin dKterior, worse.
14. (see bel-) Latin dKbilis, weak.
15. EISTEDDFOD, from Welsh eistedd, sitting, from Celtic *eks-dX-sedo- (*dX- from *dK-).
[Pokorny de-, do- 181.]
deik-Important derivatives are: teach, token, digit, toe, dictate, addict, condition, predict,preach, index, indicate, judge, prejudice, revenge, disk.To show, pronounce solemnly; also in derivatives referring to the directing ofwords or objects.
I. Variant *deig-.
1. O-grade form *doig-.
a. TEACH, from Old English t<can, to show, instruct, fromGermanic *taikjan, to show;
i. TOKEN, from Old English t7cen, t7cn, sign, mark;
ii. BETOKEN, from Old English t7cnian, to signify;
iii. TETCHY, from Gothic taikns, sign;
iv. TACHISME, from Old French tache, teche, mark,stain. (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) all from Germanic*taiknam.
2. DIGIT, from Latin digitus, finger (< “pointer,” “indicator”).
II. Basic form *deik-.
1. Possibly o-grade form *doik-. TOE, from Old English t7, tahe,toe, from Germanic *taihwo.
2. Basic form *deik-. DICTATE, DICTION, DICTUM, DITTO, DITTY; ADDICT,BENEDICTION, CONDITION, CONTRADICT, EDICT, FATIDIC, (INDICT), INDITE,INTERDICT, JURIDICAL, JURISDICTION, MALEDICT, PREDICT, VALEDICTION,VERDICT, VERIDICAL, VOIR DIRE, from Latin dXcere, to say, tell.
3. Zero-grade form *dik-7-. ABDICATE, DEDICATE, PREACH, PREDICATE,from Latin dic7re, to proclaim.
4. Agential suffix *-dik-.
a. INDEX, INDICATE, from Latin index, indicator, forefinger(in-, toward; see en);
b. JUDGE, JUDICIAL; PREJUDICE, from Latin i7dex (< *yewes-dik-), judge, “one who shows or pronounces the law” (i7s,law; see yewes-);
c. (VENDETTA), VINDICATE; (AVENGE), REVENGE, from Latinvindex (first element obscure), surety, claimant,avenger.
5. DEICTIC; APODICTIC, PARADIGM, POLICY2, from Greek deiknunai, toshow, with deigma (*deik-mi), sample, pattern.
6. Zero-grade form *dik-. DISK; DICTYOSOME, from suffixed form*dik-skos, from Greek dikein, to throw (
7. Form *dik7. DICAST; SYNDIC, THEODICY, from Greek dikK, justice,right, court case.
[Pokorny deiˆ- 188.]
deiw-Important derivatives are: Tuesday, deity, divine, jovial, July, Jupiter, Zeus, dial,diary, dismal, journey, psychedelic.To shine (and in many derivatives, “sky, heaven, god”).
I. Noun *deiwos, god.
a. TIU, (TUESDAY), from Old English TXw (genitive TXwes),god of war and sky;
b. TYR, from Old Norse T«r, sky god. Both a and b fromGermanic *TXwaz.
2. DEISM, DEITY, DEUS, JOSS; ADIEU, DEIFIC, from Latin deus, god.
3. DIVA, DIVINE, from Latin dXvus, divine, god.
4. DIVES, from Latin dXves, rich (< “fortunate, blessed, divine”).
5. Suffixed zero-grade form *diw-yo-, heavenly. DIANA, from LatinDi7na, moon goddess.
6. DEVI; DEODAR, DEVANAGARI, from Sanskrit de- vaU, god, and deva-,divine.
II. Variant *dyeu-, Jove, the name of the god of the bright sky, head of theIndo-European pantheon.
1. JOVE, JOVIAL, from Latin Iovis, Jupiter, or Iov-, stem of Iuppiter,Jupiter.
2. JULY, from Latin I7lius, “descended from Jupiter” (name of aRoman gens), from derivative *iou-il-.
3. Vocative compound *dyeu-pNter-, “O father Jove” (*pNter-,father; see pNter-). JUPITER, from Latin Iuppiter, I7piter, head ofthe Roman pantheon.
4. DIONE, ZEUS; DIOSCURI, from Greek Zeus (genitive Dios), Zeus.
III. Variant *dyK- (< *dyeN-). DIAL, DIARY, DIET2, DISMAL, DIURNAL; ADJOURN,CIRCADIAN, (JOURNAL), (JOURNEY), MERIDIAN, (POSTMERIDIAN), QUOTIDIAN,SOJOURN, from Latin diKs, day.
IV. Variant *deiN-. PSYCHEDELIC, from Greek dKlos, (< *deyalos), clear.
[Pokorny 1. dei- 183.]
dek-Important derivatives are: decent, doctor, doctrine, document, dogma, paradox,decorate, dainty, dignity, disdain, indignant, disciple, discipline.To take, accept.
7. Suffixed (stative) form *dek-K-. DECENT, from Latin decKre, to befitting (
8. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *dok-eye-.
a. DOCENT, DOCILE, DOCTOR, DOCTRINE, DOCUMENT, from LatindocKre, to teach (
b. DOGMA, (DOGMATIC); DOCETISM, DOXOLOGY, HETERODOX,ORTHODOX, PARADOX, from Greek dokein, to appear, seem,think (
9. Suffixed form *dek-es-.
a. (DÈCOR), DECORATE, from Latin decus, grace, ornament;
b. DECOROUS, from Latin decor, seemliness, elegance,beauty.
10. Suffixed form *dek-no-. DAINTY, DEIGN, DIGNITY, CONDIGN, DIGNIFY,DISDAIN, INDIGN, (INDIGNANT), (INDIGNATION), from Latin dignus,worthy, deserving, fitting.
11. Reduplicated form *di-dk-ske-. DISCIPLE, (DISCIPLINE), from Latindiscere, to learn.
12. (DOWEL), PANDECT, SYNECDOCHE, from Greek dekhesthai, to accept.
13. DIPLODOCUS, from Greek dokos, beam, support.
[Pokorny 1. deˆ- 189.]
dekcImportant derivatives are: ten, December, decimal, dime, dozen, dean, decade, tenth,hundred, cent, century, percent.
Ten.
I. Basic form *dekc.
a. TEN, from Old English tXen, ten;
b. (see okto(u)) Old Norse tjan, ten. Both a and b fromGermanic *tehun.
2. EIGHTEEN, FIFTEEN, FOURTEEN, NINETEEN, SEVENTEEN, SIXTEEN, THIRTEEN,from Old English suffix -tKne, -tXne, -t«ne, ten, -teen, fromGermanic *tehan.
3. DECEMBER, DECEMVIR, DECI-, DECIMAL, DECIMATE, DECUPLE, DICKER, DIME;(DECENNARY), DECENNIUM, DECUSSATE, DOZEN, DUODECIMAL,OCTODECIMO, SEXTODECIMO, from Latin decem, ten.
4. (DENARIUS), DENARY, (DENIER2), from irregular Latin distributivedKnX, by tens, ten each (formed by analogy with nonX, nineeach).
5. DEAN, DECA-, DECADE, (DOYEN); DECAGON, DECALOGUE, DODECAGON,from Greek deka, ten.
II. Extended form *dekct-. (see dwo-) Old English -tig, ten, fromGermanic *-tig.
III. Ordinal number *dekcto-. TENTH, (TITHE), from Old English teogotha,tKotha, tenth, from Germanic *teguntha-.
IV. Suffixed zero-grade form *-dkc-t8, reduced to *-kct8, andlengthened o-grade form *-dkom-t8, reduced to *-kont8.
1. NONAGENARIAN, OCTOGENARIAN, SEPTUAGINT, SEXAGENARY, from Latin -gint7, ten times.
2. PENTECOST, from Greek *-konta, ten times.
V. Suffixed zero-grade form *dkc-tom, hundred, reduced to *kctom.
1. HUNDRED, from Old English hundred, hundred (-red, fromGermanic *radam, number; see ar-), from Germanic *hundam,hundred.
2. (see teuN-) Germanic *th7s-hundi, “swollen hundred,”thousand.
3. CENT, CENTAL, CENTAVO, (CENTENARIAN), CENTENARY, CENTESIMAL, CENTI-
, CENTIME, (CENTNER), CENTUM, CENTURY; CENTENNIAL, CINQUECENTO,PERCENT, QUATTROCENTO, SEICENTO, (SEN2), (SENITI), SEXCENTENARY,TRECENTO, from Latin centum, hundred.
4. HECATOMB, HECTO-, from Greek hekaton, a hundred (?dissimilated from *hem-katon, one hundred; see sem-1).
5. STOTINKA, from Old Church Slavonic sƒto, hundred.
6. SATEM, from Avestan satNm, hundred.
[Pokorny deˆc 191. See also compound root wXkctX.]
del-1
Important derivatives are: linger, long1, long2, length, Lent, longitude, lunge, prolong.Long.
Probably extended and suffixed zero-grade form *dlon-gho-.
a. LONG1, from Old English lang, long, long;
b. LANGLAUF, from Old High German lang, long;
c. BELONG, from Old English gelang, along;
d. LONG2, from Old English denominative langian, to growlonger, yearn for, from Germanic *langon;
e. LINGER, from Old English lengan, to prolong (possiblyinfluenced by Old Norse lengja, to lengthen), fromGermanic *langjan, to make long;
f. LOMBARD, from Latin compound Longobardus,Langobardus (with Germanic ethnic name *Bardi). a, b,c, d, e, and f all from Germanic *langaz, long.
g. LENGTH, from Old English lengthu, length;
h. LENT, from Old English lengten, lencten, spring, Lent,from West Germanic *langitinaz, lengthening of day;
i. LING1, from Middle English lenge, ling, ling, from a LowGerman source akin to Dutch lenghe, linghe, “long one.”
a, b, and c all from Germanic abstract noun *langitho.
4. LONGERON, LONGITUDE; ELOIGN, (ELONGATE), LONGEVITY, LUNGE, OBLONG,PROLONG, PURLOIN, from Latin longus, long.
5. Possibly suffixed variant *d_N-gho-. DOLICHOCEPHALIC,DOLICHOCRANIAL, from Greek dolikhos, long.
[Pokorny 5. del- 196.]
del-2
Important derivatives are: tell, tale, talk.To recount, count.
4. TELL, from Old English tellan, to count, recount, fromGermanic *taljan.
5. TALL, from Old English getæl, quick, ready, from WestGermanic *(ge-)tala-.
a. TALE, from Old English talu, story;
b. TAAL2, from Middle Dutch t7le, speech, language. Both aand b from Germanic *talo.
6. TALK, from
Middle English talken, to talk, from a source probably akin to Old Englishdenominative talian, to tell, relate.
1. DOLERITE, SEDULOUS, from Greek dolos, ruse, snare, perhaps from del-2.
[Pokorny 1. del- 193.]
dem-Important derivatives are: dome, domestic, danger, domain, dominate, timber.House, household.
6. Suffixed o-grade form *dom-o-, dom-u-, house.
a. DOME, DOMESTIC, DOMICILE; MAJOR-DOMO, from Latin domus,house;
b. suffixed form *dom-o-no-. DAME, DAN2, DANGER, DOM,DOMAIN, DOMINATE, DOMINICAL, DOMINIE, DOMINION,(DOMINO1), DOMINO2, DON1, DUNGEON; (MADAM), MADAME,MADEMOISELLE, MADONNA, PREDOMINATE, from Latindominus, master of a household (feminine domina).
7. Possibly lengthened-grade form *dom-c. DOME, from Greekdoma, house.
8. Compound *dems-pot-, “house-master” (*-pot-, powerful; seepoti-). DESPOT, from Greek despotKs, master, lord.
9. Root form *dem(N)-, to build (possibly a separate root).
a. TIMBER, from Old English timber, building material,lumber, from Germanic *timram;
b. TOFT, from Old Norse topt, homestead, from Germanic*tumfto.
[Pokorny dem- 198.]
demN-Important derivatives are: tame, daunt, adamant, diamond.To constrain, force, especially to break in (horses).
6. Suffixed o-grade form *dom(N)-o-. TAME, from Old Englishtam, domesticated, from Germanic *tamaz.
7. O-grade form *domN-. DAUNT; INDOMITABLE, from Latin dom7re,to tame, subdue.
8. Zero-grade form *dcN-. ADAMANT, (DIAMOND), from Greekdaman, to tame ( adamas, unconquerable, from *i-dcN-nt-).
[Pokorny (demN-), domN- 199.]
dent-Important derivatives are: tooth, tusk, dental, dandelion, indent1.Tooth.
(Originally participle of ed- in the earlier meaning “to bite”.)
5. O-grade form *dont-. TOOTH, from Old English toth, tooth,from Germanic *tanthuz.
6. Zero-grade form *dit-. TUSK, from Old English t7sc, t7x, caninetooth, from Germanic *tunth-sk-.
7. Full-grade form *dent-. DENTAL, DENTATE, DENTI-, DENTICLE, DENTIST;DANDELION, EDENTATE, EDENTULOUS, INDENT1, (INDENTURE), TRIDENT,from Latin dKns (stem dent-), tooth.
8. O-grade variant form *(o)dont-. -ODON, -ODONT, ODONTO-;CERATODUS, MASTODON, from Greek odon, odous, tooth.
[In Pokorny ed- 287.]
der-Important derivatives are: tear1, tart2, turd, epidermis, drab1, drape.To split, peel, flay; with derivatives referring to skin and leather.
5. TEAR1, from Old English teran, to tear, from Germanic *teran.
6. TART1, from Old English teart, sharp, severe, from Germanic*ter-t.
7. Suffixed zero-grade form *dy-tom, “something separated ordiscarded.” TURD, from Old English tord, turd, from Germanic*turdam, turd.
8. Reduplicated form *de-dr-u-. TETTER, from Old English tet(e)r,eruption, skin disease.
9. DERRIS, from Greek derris, leather covering.
10. Suffixed form *der-mi. -DERM, DERMA1, -DERMA, DERMATO-;EPIDERMIS, from Greek derma, skin.
[Pokorny 4. der- 206.]
deru-Important derivatives are: tree, truce, true, truth, trust, tray, trough, trim, tar1,endure, druid.Also dreu-To be firm, solid, steadfast; hence specialized senses “wood,” “tree,”
and derivatives referring to objects made of wood.
10. Suffixed variant form *drew-o-.
a. TREE, from Old English trKow, tree, from Germanic*trewam;
b. TRUCE, from Old English trKow, pledge, from Germanic*treuwo.
11. Variant form dreu-.
a. TRUE, from Old English trKowe, firm, true;
b. TROW, from Old English trKowian, tr7wian, to trust;
c. TRIG1, from Old Norse tryggr, firm, true;
d. TROTH, TRUTH; BETROTH, from Old English trKowth faith,loyalty, truth, from Germanic abstract noun *treuwitho;
e. TRUST, from Old Norse traust, confidence, firmness,from Germanic abstract noun *traustam;
f. TRYST, from Old French triste, waiting place (treysta, totrust, make firm. a, b, c, d, e, and f all from Germanic*treuwaz.
12. Variant form *drou-. TRAY, from Old English trKg, trXg, woodenboard, from Germanic *traujam.
13. Suffixed zero-grade form *dru-ko-. TROUGH, from Old Englishtrog, wooden vessel, tray, from Germanic *trugaz.
14. Suffixed zero-grade form *dru-mo-.
a. TRIM, from Old English trum, firm, strong;
b. SHELTER, from Old English truma, troop. Both a and bfrom Germanic *trum-.
15. Variant form *derw-. TAR1, from Old English te(o)ru, resin,pitch (obtained from the pine tree), from Germanic *terw-.
16. Suffixed variant form *dr7-ro-. DOUR, DURAMEN, DURESS, DURUM;(DURA MATER), ENDURE, INDURATE, OBDURATE, from Latin d7rus, hard
(many of whose English derivatives represent a semantic crosswith Latin d7r7re, to last long; see deuN-).
17. Lengthened zero-grade form *dr7-. DRUPE, DRYAD; DRYOPITHECINE,GERMANDER, HAMADRYAD, from Greek drus, oak.
18. Reduplicated form *der-drew-, dissimilated with suffix in *der-drew-on. DENDRO-, DENDRON; PHILODENDRON, RHODODENDRON, fromGreek dendron, tree.
19. DRUID, from Latin druides, druids, probably from Celticcompound *dru-wid-, “strong seer” (*wid-, seeing; see weid-),the Celtic priestly caste.
20. O-grade form *doru-. DEODAR, from Sanskrit d7ru, wood,timber.
[Pokorny deru- 214.]
deu-1
An important derivative is: tire1.To lack, be wanting.
1. Possibly suffixed form *deu-s-.
a. TIRE1, from Old English tKorian, tyrian, to fail, tire(*teuzon;
b. DEONTOLOGY, from Greek dein, to lack, want.
2. Suffixed form *deu-tero-. DEUTERO- ; DEUTERAGONIST, (DEUTERIUM),DEUTERONOMY, from Greek deuteros, “missing,” next, second.
[Pokorny 3. deu- 219. (For suffixed zero-grade form *du-s-, combining form of*dew-es-, a lack, see dus-.)]
deu-2
Important derivatives are: bonus, bounty, benefactor, benefit, benign, beauty,embellish, dynamic, dynamite, dynasty.To do, perform, show favor, revere.
11. Suffixed form *dw-enos. BONBON, BONITO, BONUS, BOON2, BOUNTY;
BONANZA, BONHOMIE, DEBONAIR, from Latin bonus, good (< “useful,efficient, working”).
12. Adverbial form *dw-enK. BENEDICTION, BENEFACTION, (BENEFACTOR),(BENEFIC), (BENEFICENCE), (BENEFIT), BENEVOLENT, (BENIGN), (HERB
BENNET), from Latin bene, well.
13. Diminutive *dw-en-elo-. BEAU, BEAUTY, BELLE; BELDAM, BELLADONNA,BELVEDERE, EMBELLISH, from Latin bellus, handsome, pretty, fine.
14. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *dw-eye-. (BEATITUDE);BEATIFIC, (BEATIFY), from Latin be7re, to make blessed.
15. Possible (but unlikely for formal and semantic reasons)suffixed zero-grade form *du-nN-. DYNAMIC, (DYNAMITE), DYNAST,(DYNASTY); AERODYNE, from Greek dunasthai, to be able.
[Pokorny 2. deu- 218.]
deuN-Important derivatives are: durable, duration, during.Also dwaN-Long (in duration).
Suffixed zero-grade form *d7-ro- (< *duN-ro-). DURABLE, DURANCE, DURATION,DURING; PERDURABLE, THERMODURIC, from Latin d7r7re, to last.
[In Pokorny 3. deu- 219.]
deuk-Important derivatives are: tug, wanton, tow1, tie, team, dock1, duct, duke, abduct,conduct, deduce, introduce, produce, reduce, subdue, educate.To lead.
c. TUG; WANTON, from Old English tKon, to pull, draw, lead;
d. ZUGZWANG, from Old High German ziohan, to pull. Botha and b from Germanic *teuhan.
5. Suffixed zero-grade form *duk-7-. TOW1, from Old Englishtogian, to draw, drag, from Germanic *tugon.
6. Suffixed o-grade form *douk-eyo-. TIE, from Old English
*tXegan, tXgan, to bind.
7. Suffixed o-grade form *douk-mo-. TEAM, from Old EnglishtKam, descendant, family, race, brood, team, from Germanic*tau(h)maz.
8. TEEM1, from Old English tKman, tXeman, to beget, fromGermanic denominative *tau(h)mjan.
9. Basic form *deuk-. DOGE, DOUCHE, (DUCAL), (DUCAT), (DUCE),(DUCHESS), (DUCHY), DUCT, DUCTILE, DUKE; (ABDUCENS), ABDUCT,ADDUCE, CIRCUMDUCTION, (CON3), (CONDOTTIERE), CONDUCE,(CONDUCT), DEDUCE, (DEDUCT), EDUCE, (ENDUE), INDUCE, INTRODUCE,PRODUCE, (REDOUBT), REDUCE, SEDUCE, SUBDUCTION, SUBDUE, TRADUCE,TRANSDUCER, from Latin d7cere, to lead.
10. Suffixed zero-grade form *duk-7-. EDUCATE, from Latin Kduc7re,to lead out, bring up (K- < ex-, out; see eghs).
[Pokorny deuk- 220.]
dhK-Important derivatives are: do1, deed, doom, -dom, deem, fact, factor, fashion, feat1,feature, affair, affect1, affection, amplify, benefit, defeat, defect, effect, efficient,infect, justify, modify, notify, perfect, profit, qualify, sacrifice, face, surface,difficulty, thesis, theme.To set, put.
Contracted from *dheN-.
14. O-grade form *dho-. DO1; FORDO, from Old English don, to do,from Germanic *don.
15. Suffixed form *dhK-ti-, “thing laid down or done, law, deed.”DEED, from Old English d<d, doing, deed, from Germanic*dKdiz.
16. Suffixed o-grade form *dho-mo-.
a. DOOM, from Old English dom, judgment (
b. -DOM, from Old English -dom, abstract suffix indicatingstate, condition, or power;
c. (see k7-) Old Norse -domr, condition;
d. DUMA, from Russian Duma, Duma, from a Germanicsource akin to Gothic doms, judgment;
e. DEEM, from Old English dKman, to judge, fromGermanic denominative domjan. a, b, c, d, and e allfrom Germanic domaz.
17. Suffixed o-grade form *dho-t-. (see sak-) Latin sacerdos, priest,“performer of sacred rites.”
18. Zero-grade form *dhN-.
a. prefixed form *kom-dhN-. ABSCOND, INCONDITE, RECONDITE,SCONCE2, from Latin condere, to put together, establish,preserve (*kom, together; see kom);
b. prefixed and suffixed form *kom-dh(N)-yo-. CONDIMENT,from Latin condXre, to season, flavor;
c. compound *kred-dhN-. (see kerd-)
19. Suffixed zero-grade form dhN-k-.
a. -FACIENT, FACT, FACTION1, -FACTION, FACTITIOUS, FACTITIVE,FACTOR, FASHION, FEASIBLE, FEAT1, FEATURE, (FETISH), -FIC, (-FY),HACIENDA; AFFAIR, AFFECT1, (AFFECT2), (AFFECTION), (AMPLIFY),ARTIFACT, ARTIFICE, (BEATIFIC), BENEFACTION, (BENEFIC),(BENEFICE), (BENEFICENCE), (BENEFIT), CHAFE, COMFIT, CONFECT,(CONFETTI), COUNTERFEIT, (DEFEASANCE), DEFEAT, DEFECT,(DEFICIENT), (DISCOMFIT), (EDIFICE), (EDIFY), EFFECT,(EFFICACIOUS), (EFFICIENT), FACSIMILE, FACTOTUM, FORFEIT,INFECT, (JUSTIFY), MALEFACTOR, (MALFEASANCE), MANUFACTURE,MISFEASANCE, (MODIFY), (MOLLIFY), (NIDIFY), (NOTIFY),(NULLIFY), OFFICINAL, ORIFICE, PERFECT, (PETRIFY), (PLUPERFECT),PONTIFEX, PREFECT, (PROFICIENT), PROFIT, PUTREFY, (QUALIFY),RAREFY, (RECTIFY), REFECT, (REFECTORY), RUBEFACIENT,SACRIFICE, SATISFY, SPINIFEX, SUFFICE, (SUFFICIENT), SURFEIT,TUBIFEX, TUMEFACIENT, (VIVIFY), from Latin facere (< *fak-yo-), to do, make, and Latin combining form -fex (< *-fak-s), “maker”;
b. FAÁADE, FACE, (FACET), (FACIAL), FACIES; (DEFACE), EFFACE,
(SURFACE), from Latin derivative faciKs, shape, face (
c. OFFICE, from Latin compound officium (< *opi-fici-om),service, duty, business, performance of work (*opi-,work; see op-);
d. further suffixed form *dhN-k-li-. FACILE, (FACILITATE),FACULTY, DIFFICULTY, from Latin facilis (facul), feasible,easy.
20. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhN-s- (probably identical withzero-grade of dhKs-). NEFARIOUS, from Latin f7s, divine law,right.
21. MULTIFARIOUS, OMNIFARIOUS, from Latin -f7riam, adverbial suffix,as in bif7riam, in two places, parts, double, from *dwi-dh(N)-,“making two” (*dwi-, two; see dwo-).
22. Reduplicated form *dhi-dhN-. THESIS, THETIC; ANATHEMA,ANTITHESIS, DIATHESIS, EPENTHESIS, EPITHET, HYPOTHESIS, METATHESIS,PARENTHESIS, PROSTHESIS, PROTHESIS, SYNTHESIS, from Greek tithenai,to put, with zero-grade noun thesis (*dhN-ti-), a placing, andverbal adjective thetos (*dhN-to-), placed.
23. Suffixed form *dhK-k-. THECA, TICK3; AMPHITHECIUM, APOTHECARY,(APOTHECIUM), BIBLIOTHECA, (BODEGA), (BOUTIQUE), CLEISTOTHECIUM,ENDOTHECIUM, PERITHECIUM, from Greek thKkK, receptacle.
24. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhN-mi. (THEMATIC), THEME, fromGreek thema, “thing placed,” proposition.
25. Reduplicated form *dhe-dhK-. SANDHI, from Sanskrit dadh7ti, heplaces.
26. Basic form *dhK-. PURDAH, from Old Persian d7-, to place.
27. Suffixed form *dhK-to-, set down, created. (see s(w)e-) OldIranian compound *khvato-d7ta-, created from oneself.
28. Reduced form *dh-. (see au-)
[Pokorny 2. dhK- 235.]
dhK(i)-
Important derivatives are: female, feminine, fawn2, fetus, fennel, affiliate.To suck.
Contracted from *dheN(i)-.
9. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-mn7-. FEMALE, FEMININE; EFFEMINATE,from Latin fKmina, woman (
10. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-to-. FAWN2, (FETAL), FETUS; EFFETE,(FETICIDE), SUPERFETATE, from Latin fKtus, pregnancy,childbearing, offspring, with adjective fKtus, fKta, pregnant.
11. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-kwondo-. FECUND, from LatinfKcundus, fruitful.
12. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-no-. FENNEL, FINOCHIO; (FENUGREEK),SAINFOIN, from Latin fKnum, faenum, hay (< “produce”).
13. Perhaps suffixed zero-grade form *dhX-lyo- (< *dhiN-lyo-).FILIAL, FILIATE; FILS1; AFFILIATE, HIDALGO, from Latin fXlius, son, andfXlia, daughter (but these are equally possibly from the rootbheuN-).
14. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-lo-. FELLATIO, from Latin fKl7re,fell7re, to suck.
15. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-l-Xk-. FELICITATE, FELICITY; FELICIFIC,INFELICITY, from Latin fKlXx, fruitful, fertile, lucky, happy.
16. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-l7-. ENDOTHELIUM, EPITHELIUM,(MESOTHELIUM), from Greek thKlK, nipple.
17. Suffixed reduced form *dhK-l-u-. THEELIN, from Greek thKlus,female.
[Pokorny dhK(i)- 241.]
dheigh-Important derivatives are: dairy, lady, dough, figure, faint, fiction, effigy, paradise.To form, build.
6. DAIRY, from Old English d<ge, bread kneader, from Germanic*daigjon-.
7. LADY, from Old English compound hl<fdige, mistress of ahousehold (hl7f, bread, loaf), from Germanic *dXg-.
8. Suffixed o-grade form *dhoigh-o-.
a. DOUGH, from Old English d7g, dough;
b. TEIGLACH, from Old High German teic, dough. Both aand b from Germanic *daigaz.
9. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhigh-7r7. FIGURE; CONFIGURE,DISFIGURE, PREFIGURE, TRANSFIGURE, from Latin fig7ra, form, shape (
10. Nasalized zero-grade form *dhi-n-gh-. (FAINT), FEIGN, (FEINT),FICTILE, FICTION, FIGMENT; EFFIGY, from Latin fingere, to shape.
11. Probable nasalized zero-grade form *dhi-n-g(h)-. THIGMOTAXIS,THIXOTROPY, from Greek thinganein, to touch.
12. Suffixed o-grade form *dhoigh-o-. PARADISE, from AvestandaKza-, wall (originally made of clay or mud bricks).
[Pokorny dheigh- 244.]
dher-Important derivatives are: farm, firm1, confirm, throne.To hold firmly, support.
4. Suffixed form *dher-mo-. FARM, FERMATA, FIRM1, FIRM2,(FIRMAMENT); AFFIRM, CONFIRM, INFIRM, (INFIRMARY), from Latinfirmus, firm, strong.
5. Perhaps extended form *dhergh-. (see bhergh-2) Latin fortis,strong (but this is also possibly from bhergh-2).
6. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhr-ono-. THRONE, from Greekthronos, seat, throne (< “support”).
7. Suffixed form *dher-mi. DHARMA, from Sanskrit dharma,statute, law (
8. Suffixed form *dher-eno-. DHARNA, from Prakrit dharaha, aholding firm.
9. Suffixed o-grade form *dhor-o-. SIRDAR, TAHSILDAR, ZAMINDAR,from Iranian d7ra-, holding, whence Persian -d7r.
[Pokorny 2. dher- 252.]
dhers-An important derivative is: dare.To venture, be bold.
O-grade form *dhors- and zero-grade form *dhys-. DARE, (DURST), from OldEnglish dearr and durst, first and third person singular present and pastindicative of durran, to venture, respectively from Germanic *dors- and *durs-.
[Pokorny dhers- 259.]
dhKs-Important derivatives are: fair2, feast, festival, fanatic, profane, atheism,enthusiasm.Root of words in religious concepts.
Contracted from dheNs-. Possibly an extension of dhK-.
11. Suffixed form *dhKs-y7. FAIR2, FERIA, from Latin fKriae (fKsiae),holidays.
12. Suffixed form *dhKs-to-. FEAST, (-FEST), (FESTAL), FESTIVAL, FESTIVE,(FESTOON), (FETE), (FIESTA); (GABFEST), OKTOBERFEST, from LatinfKstus, festive.
13. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhNs-no-. FANATIC; PROFANE, fromLatin f7num, temple.
14. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhNs-o-. THEO-; APOTHEOSIS, ATHEISM,ENTHUSIASM, PANTHEON, POLYTHEISM, from Greek theos (< *thes-os),god.
[Pokorny dhKs- 259.]
dheu-1
An important derivative is: dew.To flow.
a. DEW, from Old English dKaw, dew;
b. SUNDEW, from Middle Dutch dau, dew;
c. (see melit-) Germanic compound *melith-dauwaz,“honeydew.” a, b, and c all from Germanic *dauwaz,dew.
[Pokorny 1. dheu- 259.]
dheu-2
Important derivatives are: dead, death, die1, dwindle.To die.
1. Suffixed o-grade form *dhou-to-. DEAD, from Old English dKad,dead, from Germanic *daudaz.
2. Suffixed o-grade form *dhou-tu-. DEATH, from Old EnglishdKath, death, from Germanic *dauthuz.
3. Suffixed o-grade form *dhow-yo-. DIE1, from Old Norse deyja,to die.
4. Suffixed extended zero-grade form *dhwX-no-. DWINDLE, fromOld English dwXnan, to diminish, languish, from Germanic*dwXnan.
[Pokorny 2. dheu- 260. See dh7-no-.]
dheub-Important derivatives are: deep, depth, dip, dive.Deep, hollow.
1. DEEP, (DEPTH), from Old English dKop, deep, from Germanic*deupaz.
2. DIP, from Old English dyppan, to immerse, dip, from Germanicexpressive denominative *duppjan.
3. Parallel root form *dheubh-. DIVE, from Old English d«fan, to
dip, and d7fan, to sink, dive, from Germanic verb *d7bjan,from *deub-, *dub-.
[Pokorny dheu-b- 267.]
dheugh-Derivatives are: doughty, Pentateuch..To produce something of utility.
4. DOUGHTY, from Old English dyhtig, dohtig, strong (<“productive”), from Germanic extended form *duht-.
5. Suffixed form *dheugh-os-. HEPTATEUCH, (HEXATEUCH),PENTATEUCH, from Greek teukhos (< *theukhos), gear, anythingproduced, tool, container, scroll.
[Pokorny dheugh- 271.]
dhghem-Important derivatives are: bridegroom, chamomile, humble, homage, homicide,human..Earth.
5. Suffixed zero-grade form *(dh)ghc-on-, “earthling.”BRIDEGROOM, from Old English guma, man, from Germanic*gumon-.
6. O-grade form *dh(e)ghom-. CHTHONIC; AUTOCHTHON, from Greekkhthon, earth.
7. Zero-grade form *dhghc-. CHAMAEPHYTE, CHAMELEON, CHAMOMILE,GERMANDER, from Greek khamai, on the ground.
8. Suffixed o-grade form *(dh)ghom-o-. HUMBLE, (HUMILIATE),(HUMILITY), HUMUS1; EXHUME, INHUME, TRANSHUMANCE, from Latinhumus, earth.
9. Suffixed o-grade form *(dh)ghom-on-, “earthling.”
a. HOMAGE, HOMBRE1, HOMINID, HOMO1, HOMUNCULUS, OMBRE;BONHOMIE, HOMICIDE, from Latin homo, human being,man;
b. HUMAN, (HUMANE), from Latin h7m7nus, human, kind,humane (in part from dhghem-).
10. Suffixed form *(dh)ghem-y7. CHERNOZEM, SIEROZEM, ZEMSTVO,from Old Russian zemV, land, earth.
11. Full-grade form *(dh)ghem-. ZAMINDAR, from Persian zamXn,earth, land.
[Pokorny ´h?em- 414.]
dhgh(y)es-An important derivative is: yesterday.Yesterday.
Suffixed (comparative) form *(dh)ghes-ter-. YESTER-, (YESTERDAY), from OldEnglish geostran, giestran, “yester-,” from Germanic *ges-ter-.
[Pokorny ´h?˜Ès 416.]
dhXgw-Important derivatives are: dike1, ditch, dig, fix, prefix.To stick, fix.
c. DIKE1, DITCH, from Old English dXc, trench, moat;
d. DIG, from Middle English diggen, to dig, from a sourceperhaps akin to Old French digue, trench. Both a and bfrom Germanic *dXk-.
1. FIBULA, FICHU, FINCA, FIX, (FIXATE), (FIXITY), (FIXTURE); AFFIX, ANTEFIX,CRUCIFY, INFIX, MICROFICHE, PREFIX, SUFFIX, TRANSFIX, from LatinfXgere, to fasten, fix.
[Pokorny dhKig¯- 243.]
dhreg-Important derivatives are: drink, drench, drown.To draw, glide.
4. DRINK, from Old English drincan, to drink, from nasalized
Germanic form *drenkan, to draw into the mouth, drink.
5. DRENCH, from Old English drencan, to soak, from nasalized o-grade Germanic causative form *drankjan, “to cause to drink.”
6. DROWN, from a Scandinavian or late Old English source similarto Old Norse drukkna, to drown, from Germanic zero- gradesuffixed form *drunk-non.
[Pokorny dhre´- 273.]
dhreibh-Important derivatives are: drive, drift.To drive, push; snow.
4. DRIVE, DROVE2, from Old English drXfan, to drive, rush, fromGermanic *drXban.
5. DRIFT, from Middle English drift, drove, herd, akin to Old Norsedrift, snowdrift, and Middle Dutch drift, herd, from Germaniczero-grade suffixed form *driftiz.
[Pokorny dhreibh- 274.]
dhreu-Important derivatives are: drizzle, dreary, drowse, drop, droop, drip.To fall, flow, drip, droop.
1. Extended form *dhreus-. DRIZZLE, from Old English -drysnian(in gedrysnian, to pass away, vanish), from zero-gradeGermanic derived verb *drus-inon.
2. Extended o-grade form *dhrous-.
a. DREARY, from Old English drKor, flowing blood, fromGermanic *drauzaz;
b. DROWSE, from Old English dr7sian, to be sluggish, fromGermanic *dr7sjan.
3. Extended zero-grade form *dhrub-.
a. DROP, from Old English dropa, drop, from Germanic*drupan;
b. DROOP, from Old Norse dr7pa, to hang down, fromGermanic *dr7pon, to let fall;
c. DRIP, from Middle English drippen, to drip, drop, froman unattested Old English *dryppan or another sourceakin to Old English droppa, drop, from Germanicgeminated *drupp-.
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhrubh-yo-. LITHOTRIPTER,(LITHOTRITY), from Greek thruptein, to crumble.
[Pokorny dhreu- 274.]
dhughNter-An important derivative is: daughter.Daughter.
DAUGHTER, from Old English dohtor, daughter, from Germanic *dohtKr.
[Pokorny dhug(h)Nter- 277.]
dh7-no-Important derivatives are: down1, dune, town.Enclosed, fortified place.
Derivative of a verb *dhuN-, “to close, finish,” probably related to dheu-2,“to die.”
a. DOWN1, DOWN3, from Old English d7n, hill;
b. DUNE, from Middle Dutch d7ne, sandy hill. Both a andb from Germanic *d7naz, possibly from dh7-no-.
3. TOWN, from Old English t7n, enclosed place, homestead, village,from Germanic *t7naz, fortified place, borrowed from Celtic*d7n-o-, hill, stronghold.
[In Pokorny 4. dheu- 261.]
dhwer-Important derivatives are: door, foreign, forest, forfeit, forum.Door, doorway (usually in plural).
Originally an apophonic noun *dhwor, *dhur-, in the plural, designatingthe entrance to the enclosure (*dhwor-o-) surrounding the house proper.
1. Zero-grade form *dhur- in suffixed forms *dhur-is (accusativeplural) and *dhur-o- (neuter). DOOR, from Old English duru,door (feminine, originally plural), and dor, door (neuter),respectively from Germanic *durunz and *duram.
2. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-7ns (accusative plural). FOREIGN,from Latin for7s, (toward) out of doors, outside.
3. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-ois (locative plural). FOREST;(AFFOREST), FAUBOURG, FORECLOSE, FORFEIT, from Latin forXs, (being)out of doors.
4. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-o-. FORENSIC, FORUM, from Latinforum, marketplace (originally the enclosed space around ahome).
5. DURBAR, from Old Persian duvara-, door, gate.
6. Zero-grade form *dhur-. THYROID, from Greek thura, door.
[Pokorny dh¯Lr- 278.]
digh7-Important derivatives are: tongue, language, linguist.Tongue.
a. TONGUE, from Old English tunge, tongue;
b. BILTONG, from Middle Dutch tonghe, tongue. Both a andb from Germanic *tungon-.
1. LANGUAGE, LANGUET, LIGULA, LIGULE, LINGO, LINGUA, LINGUIST;(BILINGUAL), from Latin lingua (dingua), tongue, language.
[Pokorny di´h7 223.]
do-Important derivatives are: date, add, betray, edition, rent1, surrender, tradition,traitor, vend, donation, pardon, endow, dose, antidote.To give.
Contracted from *doN-.
a. Zero-grade form *dN-. DADO, DATE1, DATIVE, DATUM, DIE2;ADD, (BETRAY), EDITION, PERDITION, RENDER, (RENT1),(SURRENDER), TRADITION, (TRAITOR), (TREASON), VEND, fromLatin dare, to give;
b. (see 4) Greek dosis, something given.
1. Suffixed form *do-no-. DONATION, (DONATIVE), (DONOR); CONDONE,PARDON, from Latin donum, gift.
2. Suffixed form *do-t(i)-.
a. DOT2, DOWAGER, DOWER, (DOWRY); ENDOW, from Latin dos(genitive dotis), dowry;
b. DACHA, from Russian dacha, gift, dacha, from Slavic*datja;
c. SAMIZDAT, from Russian samizdat, samizdat, from dat',to give.
3. Suffixed form *do-ro-. LOBSTER THERMIDOR, from Greek doron,gift.
4. Reduplicated form *di-do-. DOSE; ANECDOTE, ANTIDOTE, APODOSIS,EPIDOTE, from Greek didonai, to give, with zero-grade noun dosis(< *dN-ti-), something given.
[Pokorny do- 223.]
dus-A derivative is: dys-.Bad, evil; mis- (used as a prefix).
Derivative of deu-1. DYS-, from Greek dus-, bad.
[Pokorny dus- 227.]
dwo-Important derivatives are: two, twelve, twilight, biscuit, twist, twice, twenty, twine,between, twin, binary, combine, twig1, diploma, deuce1, dozen, dual, duet, double,duplicate, doubt, dubious.Two.
I. Variant form *duwo.
a. TWO, from Old English tw8, two (nominative feminineand neuter);
b. TWAIN, from Old English twKgen, two (nominative andaccusative masculine). Both a and b from Germanic*twa, two.
2. TWELFTH, TWELVE, from Old English twelf, twelve, and twelfta,twelfth, from Germanic compound *twa-lif-, “two left (overfrom ten),” twelve (*-lif-, left; see leikw-).
II. Adverbial form *dwis and combining form *dwi-.
a. TWIBILL, TWILIGHT, from Old English twi-, two;
b. ZWIEBACK, ZWITTERION, from Old High German zwi-,twice. Both a and b from Germanic *twi-.
2. BI-1, BIS; BALANCE, BAROUCHE, BEZEL, BISCUIT, from Latin bis(combining form bi-), twice.
3. DI-1, from Greek dis (combining form di-), twice.
4. TWIST, from Old English -twist, divided object, fork, rope, fromGermanic *twis.
5. TWICE, from Old English twige, twiga, twice, from Germanic*twiyes.
6. TWENTY, from Old English twKntig, twenty, from Germaniccompound *twKgentig, “twice ten” (*-tig, ten; see dekc).
7. TWINE, from Old English twXn, double thread, from Germanic*twXhna, double thread, twisted thread.
8. BETWEEN, BETWIXT, (TWIXT), from Old English betwKonum andbetweox, betwix, between, from Germanic compounds *bi-twXhna and *bi-twisk, “at the middle point of two” (bi, at, by;see ambhi).
9. TWILL, from Old English twilic, woven of double thread, fromGermanic compound *twilic-, “two-threaded fabric.”
10. Suffixed form *dwis-no-.
a. TWIN, from Old English twinn, getwinn, two by two,twin, from Germanic *twisnaz, double;
b. BI-, BINAL, BINARY; COMBINE, from Latin bXnX, two by two,two each.
11. Suffixed form *dwi-ko-. TWIG1, from Old English twigge, abranch, from Germanic *twig(g)a, a fork.
12. Compound *dwi-plo-, twofold (*-plo-, -fold; see pel-2). DIPLO-,DIPLOE, DIPLOID, DIPLOMA; ANADIPLOSIS, from Greek diploos, diplous,twofold.
13. Suffixed reduplicated form *dwi-du-mo-. DIDYMIUM, DIDYMOUS;EPIDIDYMIS, TETRADYMITE, from Greek didumos, double, thetesticles.
14. Suffixed form *dwi-gha. DICHASIUM, DICHO-, from Greek dikha,in two.
III. Inflected form *duwo.
1. DEUCE1, DOZEN, DUAL, DUET, DUO, DUO-; DUODECIMAL, from Latin duo,two.
2. DUAD, DYAD; DODECAGON, HENDIADYS, from Greek duo, duo, two.
IV. Variant form *du-.
1. Compound *du-plo-, twofold (*-plo-, -fold; see pel-2). DOUBLE,(DOUBLET), DOUBLOON, DUPLE, from Latin duplus, double.
2. Compound *du-plek-, twofold (*-plek-, -fold; see plek-).DUPLEX, DUPLICATE, DUPLICITY; CONDUPLICATE, from Latin duplex,double.
3. Suffixed form *du-bhw-io-. DOUBT, DUBIOUS; (REDOUBTABLE), fromLatin dubius, doubtful (dubit7re, to be in doubt.
[Pokorny d¯o(u)- 228.]
ed-Important derivatives are: eat, etch, edible.To eat; original meaning “to bite.” See dent-.
a. EAT, from Old English etan, to eat;
b. ETCH, from Old High German ezzen, to feed on, eat;
c. ORT, from Middle Dutch eten, to eat;
d. FRET1, from Old English fretan, to devour, fromGermanic compound *fra-etan, to eat up (*fra-,completely; see per1). a, b, c, and d all from Germanic*etan.
5. EDACIOUS, EDIBLE, ESCAROLE, ESCULENT, ESURIENT; COMEDO, COMESTIBLE,OBESE, from Latin edere, to eat.
6. PRANDIAL, from Latin compound prandium (syncopated from*pram-ed-ium), “first meal,” lunch (*pram-, first; see per1).
7. Suffixed form *ed-un-7. ANODYNE, PLEURODYNIA, from GreekodunK, pain (
8. SAMOYED, from Russian -ed, eater.
[Pokorny ed- 287.]
egImportant derivatives are: I, ego.I.
Nominative form of the personal pronoun of the first person singular. Foroblique forms see me-1.
12. I, from Old English ic, I, from Germanic *ek.
13. Extended form *ego. EGO, (EGOIST), (EGOTISM), from Latin ego, I.
[Pokorny e´- 291.]
eghsImportant derivatives are: ex-, exotic, external, extra-, strange, extreme.Out.
5. Variant *eks.
a. EX1, EX-, from Latin ex, ex-, out of, away from;
b. ECTO-, EXO-, EXOTERIC, EXOTIC; ELECTUARY, SYNECDOCHE, fromGreek ex, ek, out of, from.
6. Suffixed (comparative) variant form *eks-tero-. EXTERIOR,EXTERNAL, EXTRA-, STRANGE, from Latin exter, outward (feminineablative exter7, extr7, on the outside).
7. Suffixed (superlative) form. EXTREME, from Latin extrKmus,outermost (*-mo-, superlative suffix).
8. Suffixed form *eghs-ko-. ESCHATOLOGY, from Greek eskhatos,outermost, last.
9. EISTEDDFOD, from Welsh eistedd, sitting, from Celtic *eks-dX-sedo-.
10. SAMIZDAT, from Russian iz, from, out of, from Balto-Slavic *iz.
[Pokorny e´hs 292.]
Kgwh-A derivative is: inebriate.To drink.
Suffixed form *Kgwh-r-yo-.
a. INEBRIATE, from Latin Kbrius, drunk;
b. (see s(w)e-) Latin compound sobrius (sK, without).
ei-
Important derivatives are: ambition, circuit, exit2, issue, perish, sudden, transit, ion,commence, initial, janitor, January.To go.
8. Full-grade form *ei-.
a. ADIT, AMBIENT, (AMBITION), CIRCUIT, COITUS, COMITIA, EXIT,INTROIT, ISSUE, OBITUARY, PERISH, PRAETOR, PRETERIT, SEDITION,(SUBITO), SUDDEN, (TRANCE), TRANSIENT, (TRANSIT),(TRANSITIVE), from Latin Xre, to go;
b. ION; ANION, CATION, DYSPROSIUM, from Greek ienai, to go.
9. Suffixed zero-grade form *i-t-.
a. further suffixed form *i-t-yo-. COMMENCE, INITIAL,INITIATE, from Latin initium, entrance, beginning (in-, in;see en);
b. COUNT2, COUNTY; CONCOMITANT, CONSTABLE, (VISCOUNT), fromLatin comes (stem comit-), companion (com-, with; seekom).
10. Suffixed form *i-ter. ERRANT, EYRE, ITINERANT, ITINERARY, fromLatin iter, journey.
11. Extended form *y7- (< *yaN-) in suffixed forms *y7-no-, *y7-nu-.
a. JANITOR, JANUARY, JANUS, from Latin i7nus, archway, andI7nus, god of doors and of the beginning of a year;
b. HINAYANA, MAHAYANA, from Sanskrit y7nam, way (inBuddhism, “mode of knowledge,” “vehicle”).
[Pokorny 1. ei- 293.]
Kik-Important derivatives are: ought1, owe, own, freight.To be master of, possess.
1. OUGHT1, OWE, from Old English 7gan, to possess, from Germanic*aigan, to possess.
2. OWN, from Old English 7gen, one's own, from Germanicparticipial form *aiganaz, possessed, owned.
3. FRAUGHT, FREIGHT, from Middle Low German and Middle Dutchvrecht, vracht, “earnings,” hire for a ship, freight, fromGermanic prefixed form *fra-aihtiz, absolute possession,property (*fra-, intensive prefix; see per1).
[Pokorny Kik- 298.]
eis-Important derivatives are: irate, hierarchy, iron.In words denoting passion.
14. Suffixed form *eis-7-. IRASCIBLE, IRATE, IRE, from Latin Xra, anger.
15. Suffixed zero-grade form *is-(N)ro-, powerful, holy. HIERATIC,HIERO-; HIERARCH, (HIERARCHY), HIEROGLYPHIC, HIEROPHANT, fromGreek hieros, “filled with the divine,” holy.
a. IRON, from Old English Xse(r)n, Xren, iron;
b. GISARME, SPIEGELEISEN, from Old High German Xsarn, Xsan,iron. Both a and b from Germanic *Xsarno-, “holymetal” (possibly from Celtic).
16. Suffixed o-grade form *ois-tro-, madness. ESTRUS; (ESTRONE),from Greek oistros, gadfly, goad, anything causing madness.
[Pokorny 1. eis- 299.]
ekwo-Derivatives are: equestrian, hippopotamus.Horse.
Probably originally derived from oku-.
7. EQUESTRIAN, EQUINE, EQUITANT, (EQUITATION); EQUISETUM, from Latinequus, horse.
8. EOHIPPUS, HIPPOCAMPUS, HIPPOCRENE, HIPPODROME, HIPPOGRIFF,HIPPOPOTAMUS, from Greek hippos, horse.
[Pokorny eˆ¯o-s 301.]
el-An important derivative is: elbow.Elbow, forearm.
Extended o-grade form *olin7, elbow.
a. ELL2, from Old English eln, forearm, cubit, fromGermanic *alino;
b. ELBOW, from Old English elnboga, elbow, fromGermanic compound *alino-bugon-, “bend of theforearm,” elbow (*bugon-, bend, bow; see bheug-);
c. ULNA, from Latin ulna, forearm;
d. lengthened variant form *olen7-. OLECRANON, fromGreek olenK, elbow.
[Pokorny 8. el- 307.]
em-Important derivatives are: example, exempt, premium, prompt, ransom, redeem,sample, vintage, assume, consume, resume.To take, distribute.
7. ADEMPTION, EXAMPLE, (EXEMPLARY), (EXEMPLIFY), (EXEMPLUM),(EXEMPT), (IMPROMPTU), PEREMPTORY, PREEMPTION, PREMIUM, PROMPT,(RANSOM), REDEEM, (REDEMPTION), (SAMPLE), VINTAGE, from Latinemere, to obtain, buy.
8. SUMPTUARY, (SUMPTUOUS); ASSUME, CONSUME, PRESUME, RESUME,SUBSUME, from Latin s7mere (< *sus(e)m-), to take, obtain, buy(sus-, variant of sub-, up from under; see upo).
[Pokorny em- 310.]
enImportant derivatives are: in1, inner, en-1, intro-, enter, intimate2, industry, episode,
and.In.
a. IN1 (preposition), from Old English in, in;
b. IN1 (adverb), from Old English inn, into, inne, inside;
c. INN, from Old English inn, habitation, inn;
d. TSIMMES, from Old High German in, in;
e. INNER, from Old English innera, farther in, inner, fromGermanic (comparative) *inn(e)ra;
i. BEN, from Old English binnan, within;
ii. BILANDER, from Middle Dutch binnen, within (be,by; see ambhi + innan, in, within). Both (i) and(ii) from Germanic *innan. a, b, c, d, e, and fall from Germanic *in.
2. EN-1, IN-2, from Latin in, in-, in, into.
3. EN-2; ENKEPHALIN, PARENCHYMA, PARENTHESIS, from Greek en, en-.
4. Suffixed form *en-t(e)ro-.
a. INTRO-; INTRODUCE, INTROIT, INTROMIT, INTRORSE, INTROSPECT,from Latin intro, inward, within;
b. ENTER, INTRA-; (INTRADOS), from Latin intr7, inside, within;
c. INTERIM, INTRINSIC, from Latin interim, meanwhile, withablative suffix -im; intrXnsecus, on the inside, fromint(e)rim + secus, alongside (see sekw-1).
5. Suffixed form *en-ter. ENTRAILS, INTER-, INTERIOR, INTERNAL, fromLatin inter, inter-, between, among.
6. INTIMA, INTIMATE2, from Latin (superlative) intimus, innermost(*-mo-, superlative suffix).
7. Extended form *en-do.
a. INDUSTRY, from Latin industrius, diligent (*stru-, toconstruct; see ster-2);
b. INDIGENT, from Latin indigKre, to be in need (egKre, to bein need). Both a and b from indu-, within, from OldLatin endo;
c. ENDO-, from Greek endo, endo-, within.
8. Suffixed form *en-tos.
a. DEDANS, INTESTINE, INTINE, INTUSSUSCEPTION, from Latinintus, within, inside;
b. ENTO-, from Greek entos, within.
9. Suffixed form *en-tero-. (ENTERIC), ENTERO-, ENTERON; DYSENTERY,EXENTERATE, MESENTERY, from Greek enteron, intestine.
10. Extended form *ens.
a. EPISODE, from Greek eis, into;
b. suffixed form *ens-o. ESOTERIC, from Greek eso, within.
11. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *i-dha. AND, from OldEnglish and, and, from Germanic *anda, *unda.
[Pokorny 1. en 311.]
epiAn important derivative is: epi-.Also opiNear, at, against.
10. OB-, from Latin ob, ob-, before, to, against.
11. EPI-, from Greek epi, on, over, at.
12. OPISTHOBRANCH, OPISTHOGNATHOUS, from Greek opisthen, behind,at the back.
13. Zero-grade *pi, on. (see sed-) Greek piezein, to press tight.
14. OBLAST, from Russian oblast', oblast, from Old Church Slavonicob, on.
15. Prefix *op- in *op-wer-yo-, to cover over (see wer-4).
[Pokorny epi 323.]
er-1
Important derivatives are: are1, earnest1, orient, origin, original, abort.To move, set in motion.
9. ARE1, ART2, from Old English eart and aron, second personsingular and plural present of bKon, to be, from Germanic *ar-,*or-, *art(a), to be, exist, probably from er-1.
10. EARNEST1, from Old English eornoste, zealous, serious, fromGermanic suffixed form *er-n-os-ti-, perhaps from er-1.
11. Suffixed form *or-yo-. ORIENT, ORIGIN, (ORIGINAL); ABORT, fromLatin orXrX, to arise, appear, be born.
12. Suffixed form *or-sm7-. HORMONE, from Greek hormK, impulse,onrush.
[Pokorny 3. er- 326; ergh- 339.]
er-2
An important derivative is: earth.Earth, ground.
Extended form *ert-.
a. EARTH, from Old English eorthe, earth;
b. AARDVARK, AARDWOLF, from Middle Dutch aerde, eerde,earth. Both a and b from Germanic *ertho.
[Pokorny 4. er- 332.]
erN-Important derivatives are: row2, rudder.To row.
11. Variant form *rK- (< *reN-).
a. ROW2, from Old English rowan, to row, from Germanic
*ro-;
b. suffixed form *ro-tro-. RUDDER, RUSSIAN, from OldEnglish rother and Old Norse rodhr, steering oar, bothfrom Germanic *rothra, rudder;
c. suffixed form *rK-smo-. BIREME, REMEX, TRIREME, fromLatin rKmus, oar.
12. Oldest variant form *NreN- becoming *erK-. TRIERARCH, fromGreek triKrKs, trireme.
[Pokorny 1. erN- 338.]
ers-Important derivatives are: race2, erratic, error.To be in motion.
21. Variant form *rKs-. RACE2, from Old Norse r7s, rushing, fromGermanic *rKs-.
22. Form *ers-7-. ERR, ERRATIC, ERRATUM, ERRONEOUS, ERROR; ABERRATION,from Latin err7re, to wander.
[Pokorny 2. ere-s- 336.]
es-Important derivatives are: am1, is, yes, soothe, sin1, essence, absent, interest, present1,proud.To be.
3. Athematic first person singular form *es-mi. AM1, from OldEnglish eam, eom, am, from Germanic *izm(i).
4. Athematic third person singular form *es-ti. IS, from OldEnglish is, is, from Germanic *ist(i).
5. Optative stem *sX-. YES, from Old English gKse, yes, (gKa, yea; seei- + sXe), from sXe, may it be (so), from Germanic *sijai-.
6. Participial form *sont-, being, existing, hence real, true.
a. SOOTH, SOOTHE, from Old English soth, true, from
Germanic *santhaz;
b. suffixed (collective) zero-grade form *sit-y7, “thatwhich is.” SIN1, from Old English synn, sin, fromGermanic *sun(d)jo, sin (
c. SUTTEE; BODHISATTVA, SATYAGRAHA, from Sanskrit sat-, sant-, existing, true, virtuous.
7. Basic form *es-. ENTITY, ESSENCE; ABSENT, (IMPROVE), INTEREST, OSSIA,PRESENT1, (PRESENT2), PROUD, (QUINTESSENCE), (REPRESENT), from Latinesse, to be.
8. Basic form *es-. -ONT, ONTO-; (-BIONT), HOMOIOUSIAN, PAROUSIA,(SCHIZONT), from Greek einai (present participle ont-, being), tobe (in pareinai, to be present).
9. Suffixed form *es-ti-. SWASTIKA, from Sanskrit sv-as-ti-, “well-being” (see su-).
[Pokorny es- 340. See extension (e)su-.]
(e)su-A derivative is: eu-.Good.
Suffixed form of es-. EU-, from Greek eu-, well, combining form of eus, good.
[Pokorny esu-s 342. See su-.]
eu-1
A derivative is: endue.To dress.
16. ENDUE, from Latin induere, to don (ind-, variant of in-, in, on;see en).
17. EXUVIAE, from Latin exuere, to doff (ex-, off; see eghs).
18. REDUVIID, from Latin reduvia, fragment (red-, back, in reverse;see re-).
[Pokorny 2. eu- 346. See extension wes-2.]
eu-2
Important derivatives are: wane, want, vanish, vacant, vacation, vacuum, void,avoid, evacuate, waste.Lacking, empty.
Extended forms *euN-, *w7-, *wN-.
11. Suffixed form *wN-no-.
a. WANE, from Old English wanian, to lessen, and wana,lack, from Germanic *wanKn;
b. WANT, from Old Norse vanta, to lack, from NorthGermanic *wanaton.
12. Suffixed form *w7-no-. VAIN, VANITY, VAUNT; EVANESCE, VANISH,from Latin v7nus, empty.
13. Extended form *wak-. VACANT, VACATE, VACATION,(VACUITY),VACUUM, VOID; (AVOID), (DEVOID), EVACUATE, from Latinvac7re (variant voc7re), to be empty.
14. Extended and suffixed form *w7s-to-. WASTE; DEVASTATE, fromLatin v7stus, empty, waste.
[Pokorny 1. eu- 345.]
euN-dh-yDerivatives are: udder, exuberant.Udder.
Related to wK-r-.
29. Suffixed zero-grade form *7dh-y. UDDER, from Old English7der, udder, from Germanic *7dr-.
30. Suffixed o-grade form *oudh-y. (EXUBERANT), EXUBERATE, fromLatin adjective 7ber, fertile, derived from 7ber, “breast.”
[Pokorny Kudh- 347.]
gal-Important derivatives are: call, clatter.To call, shout.
9. CALL, from Old Norse kalla, to call, from Germanic expressiveform *kall-.
10. CLATTER, from Old English *clatrian, to clatter, from Germanic*klat-.
11. Expressive form *gall-. GALLINACEOUS, (GALLINULE), from Latingallus, cock (Gallus, Gallic, as if to mean “the bird of Gaul,” thecock being archaeologically attested as an important symbol inthe iconography of Roman and pre-Roman Gaul).
12. Suffixed form *gal-so-. GLASNOST, from a Slavic source akin toOld Church Slavonic glasƒ, voice.
13. Reduplicated form gal-gal-. GLAGOLITIC, from a Slavic sourceakin to Old Church Slavonic glagolƒ, word.
[Pokorny 2. gal- 350.]
g7u-Important derivatives are: gaudy1, joy, enjoy, rejoice.To rejoice; also to have religious fear or awe.
Contracted from *gaNu-.
14. Suffixed form *gau-d-K-. GAUD, (GAUDY1), GAUDY2, JOY; ENJOY,REJOICE, from Latin gaudKre, to rejoice.
15. Form (with nasal infix) *gN-n-u-. GANOID, from Greek ganusthai,to rejoice.
[Pokorny g7u- 353.]
gel-Important derivatives are: chill, cold, cool, jelly, glacier.Cold; to freeze.
11. CHILL, from Old English c(i)ele, chill, from Germanic *kaliz,
coldness.
12. COLD, from Old English ceald, cold, from Germanic *kaldaz,cold.
a. COOL, from Old English col, cold, cool;
b. KEEL3, from Old English cKlan, to cool, from Germanic*koljan, to cool. Both a and b from Germanic *kol-,cool.
13. Suffixed form *gel-7-. GELATIN, GELATION, JELLY; CONGEAL, fromLatin gel7re, to freeze.
14. Suffixed form *gel-u-. GELID, from Latin gel7, frost, cold.
15. Probably suffixed zero-grade form *g_-k-. (GLACÈ), GLACIAL,GLACIATE, GLACIER, GLACIS, from Latin glaciKs, ice.
[Pokorny 3. gel(N)- 365.]
gembh-Important derivatives are: comb, unkempt, gem.Tooth, nail.
I. Suffixed o-grade form *gombh-o-.
a. COMB, KAME, from Old English comb, camb, comb;
b. CAM, from Dutch kam, cog, comb;
c. UNKEMPT, from Old English cemban, to comb, fromGermanic denominative *kambjan, to comb. a, b, andc all from Germanic *kambaz, comb.
2. GOMPHOSIS, from Greek gomphos, tooth, peg, bolt.
II. Suffixed zero-grade form *gcbh-on-. OAKUM, from Old English 7-cumba, oakum.
III. CHIME2, from Old English cim-, cimb-, rim (only in compounds), fromGermanic *kimb-, perhaps from gembh-.
IV. Possibly suffixed form *gembh-m7. GEM, GEMMA, GEMMATE, GEMMULE,from Latin gemma, bud, hence gem.
[Pokorny ´embh- 369.]
gemN-Derivatives are: gamete, -gamous, -gamy.To marry.
Suffixed zero-grade form *gcN- o-. GAMETE, GAMO-, -GAMOUS, -GAMY, from Greekgamos, marriage.
[Pokorny ´em(e)- 369.]
genN-Important derivatives are: kin, king, kind1, kind2, gentle, general, generate, genius,engine, genuine, germ, genital, pregnant, nation, native, nature.Also gen-To give birth, beget; with derivatives referring to aspects and results ofprocreation and to familial and tribal groups.
12. Suffixed zero-grade form *gi-yo-.
a. KIN; KINDRED, from Old English cyn(n), race, family, kin;
b. KING, from Old English cyning, king, from Germanic*kuningaz, king. Both a and b from Germanic *kunjam,family.
13. Suffixed zero-grade form *gi-t-.
a. KIND2, from Old English cynd, gecynd(e), origin, birth,race, family, kind, from Germanic *kundjaz, family,race;
b. KIND1, from Old English gecynde, natural, native, fitting(ge-, collective prefix; see kom), from Germanic*kundiz, natural, native;
c. Suffixed form *gi-ti-. GENS, (GENTEEL), (GENTILE), GENTLE;GENDARME, from Latin gKns (stem gent-), race, clan;
d. KINDERGARTEN, KRISS KRINGLE, from Old High Germankind, child, from Germanic secondary full-grade variant*kentham.
14. Suffixed full-grade form *gen-es-.
a. GENDER, GENERAL, GENERATE, (GENERATION), GENERIC,GENEROUS, GENRE, GENUS; CONGENER, DEGENERATE, (ENGENDER),MISCEGENATION, from Latin genus (stem gener-), race,kind;
b. GENE; ALLOGENEIC, GENEALOGY, GENOCIDE, GENOTYPE,HETEROGENEOUS, SYNGENEIC, from Greek genos and genea,race, family;
c. -GEN, -GENY; EPIGENE, from Greek suffix -genKs, “-born.”
15. Suffixed full-grade form *gen-yo-.
a. GENIAL1, GENIUS; (CONGENIAL), from Latin genius,procreative divinity, inborn tutelary spirit, innatequality;
b. ENGINE, INGENIOUS, from Latin ingenium, inborn character(in-, in; see en).
16. Suffixed full-grade form *gen-7-. INDIGEN, (INDIGENOUS), fromLatin indigena, born in (a place), indigenous (indu-, within; seeen).
17. Suffixed full-grade form *genN-wo-. (GENUINE), INGENUOUS, fromLatin ingenuus, born in (a place), native, natural, freeborn (in-,in; see en).
18. Suffixed full-grade form *gen-men-. GERM, GERMAN2, (GERMANE),GERMINAL, GERMINATE, from dissimilated Latin germen, shoot,bud, embryo, germ.
19. Suffixed secondary zero-grade form *giN-ti-. GENESIS, -GENESIS,from Greek genesis, birth, beginning.
20. Reduplicated form *gi-gn-. GENITAL, GENITIVE, GENITOR, GENT1,(GINGERLY); CONGENITAL, PRIMOGENITOR, PRIMOGENITURE, PROGENITOR,(PROGENY), from Latin gignere (past participle genitus), to beget.
21. Suffixed zero-grade form *-gn-o-. BENIGN, MALIGN, from Latinbenignus, good-natured, kindly (bene, well; see deu-2), andmalignus, evil-natured, malevolent (male, ill; see mel-3).
22. Zero-grade form *giN- becoming *gn7-. PREGNANT1, from Latinpraegn7s, pregnant (prae-, before; see per1).
23. Suffixed zero-grade form *giN-sko- becoming *gn7-sko-. NAIVE,NASCENT, NATAL, NATION, NATIVE, NATURE, NÈE, NO”L; (ADNATE),AGNATE, COGNATE, CONNATE, ENATE, INNATE, NEONATE, PUISNE, (PUNY),RENAISSANCE, from Latin gn7scX, n7scX (present participle n7scKns,past participle gn7tus, n7tus), to be born.
24. Suffixed o-grade form *gon-o-. GONAD, GONO-, -GONY;ARCHEGONIUM, EPIGONE, from Greek gonos (combining form -gonos), child, procreation, seed.
25. Zero-grade form *gi-. (see kwymi-) Sanskrit kxmi-ja-,“produced by worms,” from ja-.
[Pokorny 1. ´en- 373.]
genu-1
Important derivatives are: knee, kneel, diagonal.Knee; also angle.
4. Variant form *gneu-.
a. KNEE, from Old English cnKo, knee, from Germanic*knewam;
b. KNEEL, from Old English cnKowlian, to kneel, fromGermanic *knewljan.
5. Basic form *genu-. GENICULATE, GENUFLECT, from Latin gen7, knee.
6. O-grade form *gonu. POLYGONUM, PYCNOGONID, from Greek gonu,knee.
7. Suffixed variant form *gonw-yN-. -GON, GONION; AMBLYGONITE,DIAGONAL, GONIOMETER, ORTHOGONAL, from Greek gonia, angle,corner.
[Pokorny 1. ´enu- 380.]
genu-2
An important derivative is: chin.Jawbone, chin.
17. Form *genw-. CHIN, from Old English cin(n), chin, fromGermanic *kinnuz.
18. Basic form *genu-. GENIAL2, from Greek genus, jaw, chin.
19. Suffixed variant form *gnN-dho-. GNATHAL, GNATHIC, -GNATHOUS;CHAETOGNATH, from Greek gnathos, jaw.
20. Variant form *g(h)enu-. HANUMAN, from Sanskrit hanu, jaw.
[Pokorny 2. ´enu- 381.]
ger-Important derivatives are: cram, congregate, segregate, category.To gather.
9. Extended form *grem-. CRAM, from Old English crammian, tostuff, cram, from Germanic *kramm-.
10. Reduplicated form *gre-g-. GREGARIOUS; AGGREGATE, CONGREGATE,EGREGIOUS, SEGREGATE, from Latin grex (stem greg-), herd, flock.
11. Earliest forms *Nger-, *Ngor-7-. AGORA1, AGORAPHOBIA, ALLEGORY,CATEGORY, PANEGYRIC, from Greek ageirein, to assemble, andaguris, agora, marketplace.
[Pokorny 1. ger- 382.]
gerbh-Important derivatives are: carve, crab1, crawl1, gram1, grammar, diagram,paragraph, program.To scratch.
6. CARVE, from Old English ceorfan, to cut, from Germanic*kerban.
7. KERF, from Old English cyrf, a cutting (off), from zero-gradeGermanic form *kurbiz.
8. Variant form *grebh-.
a. CRAB1, from Old English crabba, a crab, from Germanic*krab(b)-;
b. CRAYFISH, from Old High German kerbiz, ediblecrustacean, from Germanic *krabiz-;
c. CRAWL1, from Old Norse krafla, to crawl, from Germanic*krab-, perhaps from gerbh-.
9. Zero-grade form *gybh-. GRAFFITO, GRAM1, -GRAM, GRAMMAR, -GRAPH,-GRAPHER, GRAPHIC, -GRAPHY; AGRAPHA, AGRAPHIA, ANAGRAM, DIAGRAM,EPIGRAM, (EPIGRAPH), GRAPHITE, (ICONOGRAPHY), PARAGRAPH,PARALLELOGRAM, PROGRAM, PSEUDEPIGRAPHA, TETRAGRAMMATON,(TOPOGRAPHY), from Greek graphein, to scratch, draw, write,gramma (< *gybh-mi), a picture, written letter, piece ofwriting, and grammK, a line.
[Pokorny gerebh- 392.]
gerN-1
An important derivative is: geriatrics.To grow old.
9. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *gKrN-s-. AGERATUM, GERIATRICS,from Greek gKras, old age.
10. Suffixed form *gerN-ont-. GERONTO-, from Greek geron (stemgeront-), old man.
[Pokorny ger- 390.]
gerN-2
Important derivatives are: crow1, crack, crane, cranberry, pedigree, geranium.To cry hoarsely; also the name of the crane.
I. Words meaning “to cry hoarsely”; also words denoting the crow.
a. CROW1, from Old English cr7we, a crow;
b. CROW2, from Old English cr7wan, to crow;
c. CRACK, from Old English cracian, to resound;
d. CRACKNEL, from Middle Dutch kr7ken, to crack;
e. CRAKE, from Old Norse kr7ka, a crow;
f. CROON, from Middle Dutch kronen, to groan, lament. a,b, c, d, e, and f all from Germanic *krK-.
2. CUR, from Middle English curre, cur, akin to Old Norse kurra,to growl, from Germanic *kur(r)-, possibly from gerN-2 (butmore likely imitative).
II. Words denoting a crane.
a. CRANE, from Old English cran, crane;
b. CRANBERRY, from Middle Low German kran, crane. Botha and b from Germanic *kran-, crane.
2. Extended form *gr7-. GRUS; PEDIGREE, from Latin gr7s, crane.
3. Suffixed variant form *gr7-k-. GRACKLE, from Latin gr7culus,jackdaw.
4. Suffixed extended form *gerN-no-. GERANIUM, from Greekgeranos, crane.
[Pokorny 2. ger- 383.]
geus-Important derivatives are: choose, choice, disgust.To taste, choose.
a. CHOOSE, from Old English cKosan, ceosan, to choose,from Germanic *keusan;
b. CHOICE, from a Germanic source akin to Gothic kausjan,to test, taste, from Germanic causative *kausjan.
16. Zero-grade *gus-. (see welN-) Old Norse Valkyrja, “chooser ofthe slain,” Valkyrie (valr, the slain), from Germanic *kur- from*kuz-.
17. Suffixed zero-grade form *gus-tu-.
a. (GUST2), GUSTO; RAGOUT, from Latin gustus, taste;
b. DEGUST, DISGUST, from Latin gust7re, to taste.
[Pokorny ´eus- 399.]
ghabh-Important derivatives are: give, forgive, gift, able, habit, exhibit, inhabit, malady,prohibit, debt, due, duty, endeavor.Also ghebh-To give or receive.
13. Form *ghebh-.
a. GIVE, from Old English giefan, to give, and Old Norsegefa, to give;
b. FORGIVE, from Old English forgi(e)fan, to give, give up,leave off (anger), remit, forgive, from Germaniccompound *far-geban, to give away (*far-, away; seeper1). Both a and b from Germanic *geban.
14. Suffixed form *ghebh-ti-, something given (or received). GIFT,from Old Norse gipt, gift, a gift, from Germanic *giftiz.
15. O-grade form *ghobh-. GAVEL2, from Old English gafol, tribute,tax, debt, from Germanic *gab-ulam, something paid (orreceived).
16. Form *ghabh-K-.
a. ABLE, BINNACLE, HABILE, HABIT, HABITABLE, (HABITANT),(HABITAT); (COHABIT), EXHIBIT, INHABIT, INHIBIT, MALADY,PREBEND, PROHIBIT, (PROVENDER), from Latin habKre, tohold, possess, have, handle ( habit7re, to dwell);
b. DEBENTURE, (DEBIT), DEBT, DEVOIR, DUE, (DUTY); (ENDEAVOR),from Latin dKbKre, to owe (dK-, away from; see de-).
[Pokorny ghabh- 407. Compare kap-.]
ghans-Important derivatives are: goose1, gosling, gander.Goose.
c. GOOSE1; (GOSHAWK), from Old English gos (nominativeplural gKs), goose;
d. GOSLING, from Old Norse g7s, goose;
e. GUNSEL, from Old High German gans, goose;
f. GONZO, from Spanish ganso, goose, from a Germanicsource akin to Old High German gans, goose. a, b, c,and d all from Germanic *gans- (nominative plural*gansiz).
9. GANDER, from Old English ganra, gandra, gander, fromGermanic *gan(d)ron-.
10. GANNET, from Old English ganot, gannet, from Germanic*ganoton-.
11. Suffixed form *ghans-er-. ANSERINE; MERGANSER, from Latin 7nser(< *hanser), goose.
12. Basic form *ghans-. CHENOPOD, from Greek khKn, goose.
[Pokorny ´hans- 412.]
ghK-Important derivatives are: go, ago, heir, heritage, inherit, gait.To release, let go; (in the middle voice) to be released, go.
Contracted from *gheN-.
13. GO; AGO, FOREGO1, FORGO, from Old English g7n, to go, fromGermanic variant form *gaian.
14. Suffixed form *ghK-ro-. HEIR, HEREDITAMENT, HEREDITY, (HERITAGE);INHERIT, from Latin hKrKs, heir (? < “bereft”).
15. Possibly suffixed o-grade form *gho-ro-, “empty space.”
a. CHOROGRAPHY, from Greek khoros, place, country,particular spot;
b. -CHORE; ANCHORITE, from Greek denominative khorein, tomove, go, spread about, make room for;
c. CHORIPETALOUS, from Greek khoris, khori, apart, separate.
16. Possible suffixed zero-grade form *ghN-t(w)7-.
a. GAIT, GATE2; RUNAGATE, from Old Norse gata, path, street;
b. (GANTLET1), GAUNTLET2, from Old Swedish gata, lane. Botha and b from Germanic *gatwon-, a going.
17. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghN-no-. HINAYANA, from SanskrithXna-, inferior, verbal adjective of jah7ti, he leaves, lets go(*ghe-ghK-ti, *ghe-gheN-ti).
[Pokorny 1. ´hK- 418.]
ghebh-el-Derivatives are: gable, cephalic.Head.
23. GABLE, from Old Norse gafl, gable, from Germanic *gablaz, topof a pitched roof.
24. Form *kephal-, dissimilated from *khephal-. CEPHALIC, CEPHALO-,-CEPHALOUS; ENCEPHALO-, ENKEPHALIN, HYDROCEPHALUS, from GreekkephalK, head.
[Pokorny ghebh-el- 423.]
ghedh-Important derivatives are: good, together, gather.To unite, join, fit.
10. Lengthened o-grade form *ghodh-. GOOD, from Old English god,good, from Germanic *godaz, “fitting, suitable.”
11. TOGETHER, from Old English togædere, together (to, to; see de-),from Germanic *gadurX, “in a body.”
12. GATHER, from Old English gad(e)rian, to gather, from Germanic*gaduron, “to come or bring together.”
[Pokorny ghedh- 423.]
ghei-An important derivative is: hibernate.Theoretical base of *ghyem-, *ghiem-, winter.
19. Form *ghiem-. HIEMAL, from Latin hiems, winter.
20. Suffixed variant form *gheim-ri-no-. HIBERNACULUM, HIBERNATE,from Latin hXbernus, pertaining to winter.
21. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghim-y-yN, “female animal one year(winter) old.” CHIMERA, from Greek khimaira, she-goat.
[Pokorny 2. ´hei- 425.]
ghel-1
Important derivatives are: yell, yelp, nightingale.To call.
a. YELL, from Old English gellan, giellan, to sound, shout;
b. YELP, from Old English gielpan, to boast, exult;
c. NIGHTINGALE, from Old English galan, to sing. a, b, and call from Germanic *gel-, *gal-.
15. Reduplicated form *ghi-ghl-. CICHLID, from Greek kikhlK,thrush, later also the name for a kind of wrasse (a sea fish thathas bright colors and jagged waving fins, reminiscent of theplumage of a bird).
16. CELANDINE, from Greek khelidwon, khelidon, the swallow.
[Pokorny ghel- 428.]
ghel-2
Important derivatives are: yellow, gold, arsenic, gall1, melancholy, gleam, glimpse,glimmer, glitter, glass, glare1, glad, glee, glow, glide.To shine; with derivatives referring to colors, bright materials (probably “yellowmetal”), and bile or gall.
I. Words denoting colors.
1. Suffixed form *ghel-wo-. YELLOW, from Old English geolu,yellow, from Germanic *gelwaz.
2. Suffixed variant form *ghlo-ro-. CHLORO-; CHLORITE1, from Greekkhloros, green, greenish yellow.
3. Suffixed variant form *ghlo-wo-. CHLOASMA, from Greek khloos(< *khlo-wo-s), greenish color.
4. O-grade form *ghol-. PODZOL, from Russian zola, ashes (fromtheir color).
5. Suffixed form *ghel-i-. HARE KRISHNA, from Sanskrit hari-, tawnyyellow.
6. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *gh_-wo-. GRISEOFULVIN, fromLatin fulvus, tawny, perhaps from ghel-2 (with dialectal f- as infel, gall).
II. Words denoting gold.
1. Suffixed zero-grade form *gh_-to-.
a. GOLD, from Old English gold, gold;
b. GILD1, from Old English gyldan, to gild, from Germanicdenominative verb *gulthjan;
c. GUILDER, GULDEN, from Middle Dutch gulden, golden;
d. GOWAN, from Middle English gollan, yellow flower,possibly from a source akin to Old Norse gullinn,golden. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *gultham,gold.
2. Suffixed o-grade form *ghol-to-. ZLOTY, from Polish zÁoto, gold.
3. Suffixed full-grade form *ghel-no-. ARSENIC, from SyriaczarnXk7, orpiment, from Middle Iranian *zarnik-, from OldIranian *zarna-, golden.
III. Words denoting bile.
1. Suffixed o-grade form *ghol-no-. GALL1, from Old Englishgealla, gall, from Germanic *gallon-, bile.
2. Suffixed o-grade form *ghol-7. CHOLE-, CHOLER, (CHOLERA);ACHOLIA, MELANCHOLY, from Greek kholK, bile.
3. Suffixed full-grade form *ghel-n-. FELON2, from Latin fel, bile.
IV. A range of Germanic words (where no preforms are given, the wordsare late creations).
1. GLEAM, from Old English gl<m, bright light, gleam, fromGermanic *glaimiz.
2. GLIMPSE, from Middle English glimsen, to glimpse, from a sourceakin to Middle High German glimsen, to gleam.
3. GLANCE1, GLINT, from Middle English glent, a glint, and glenten, toshine, from a source akin to Swedish dialectal glinta, to shine.
4. GLIMMER, from Middle English glimeren, to glimmer, from asource akin to Swedish glimra, glimmer.
5. GLITTER, from Old Norse glitra, to shine.
6. GLITZ, from Old High German glXzan, to sparkle.
7. GLISTEN, from Old English glisnian, to shine.
8. GLISTER, from Middle Dutch glinsteren or Middle Low Germanglisteren, to shine.
9. GLASS, GLAZE, (GLAZIER), from Old English glæs, glass, fromGermanic *glasam, glass.
10. GLARE1, from Middle English glaren, to glitter, stare, from asource akin to Middle Low German glaren, to glisten, fromGermanic *glaz-.
11. GLOSS1, from a source perhaps akin to Icelandic glossi, a spark.
12. GLANCE2, from Old High German glanz, bright.
13. GLEG, from Old Norse glˆggr, clear-sighted.
14. GLAD, from Old English glæd, shining, joyful, from Germanic*gladaz.
15. GLEE, from Old English glKo, sport, merriment, from Germanic*gleujam.
a. GLEED, from Old English glKd, ember;
b. GLOGG, from Swedish glˆd, ember. Both a and b fromGermanic *glo-di-.
c. GLOW, from Old English glowan, to glow;
d. GLOWER, from Middle English gloren, to gleam, stare,probably from a source akin to Norwegian dialectalglora, to gleam, stare;
e. GLOAT, from a source perhaps akin to Old Norse glotta,to smile (scornfully). a, b, and c all from Germanic*glo-.
16. GLOAMING, from Old English glom, twilight, from Germanic*glo-m-.
a. GLIDE, from Old English glXdan, to slip, glide;
b. GLISSADE, from Old French glier, to glide;
c. GLITCH, from Old High German glXtan, to glide;
d. GLEDE, from Old English glida, kite (< “gliding, hoveringbird”), from derivative Germanic *glidon-. a, b, c, andd all from Germanic *glXdan, to glide, possibly distantlyrelated to ghel-2.
17. GLIB, from a source possibly akin to Middle Low Germanglibberich, slippery.
[Pokorny 1. ´hel- 429.]
ghend-Important derivatives are: get, forget, guess, prison, apprehend, comprehend,surprise, prey.Also ghed-To seize, take.
a. GET, from Old Norse geta, to get;
b. BEGET, from Old English beg(i)etan, to get, beget, fromGermanic compound *bigetan, to acquire (*bi-,intensive prefix; see ambhi);
c. FORGET, from Old English forg(i)etan, to forget, fromGermanic compound *fer-getan, “to lose one's hold,”forget (*fer-, prefix denoting rejection; see per1). a, b,and c all from Germanic *getan.
18. GUESS, from Middle English gessen, to guess, from aScandinavian source akin to Old Swedish gissa, to guess, fromGermanic *getison, “to try to get,” aim at.
19. Basic form *ghend-. PREHENSILE, PREHENSION, PRISON, PRIZE2, (PRIZE3),(PRY2); APPREHEND, (APPRENTICE), (APPRISE), COMPREHEND, (COMPRISE),EMPRISE, ENTERPRISE, (ENTREPRENEUR), MISPRISION1, PREGNABLE,REPREHEND, (REPRISAL), (REPRISE), SURPRISE, from Latin prendere,prehendere, to get hold of, seize, grasp (pre-, prae-, before; seeper1).
20. Form *ghed-. PREDATORY, PREY, SPREE; DEPREDATE, OSPREY, fromLatin praeda, booty (< *prai-heda, “something seized before”;prai-, prae-, before; see
per1). [Pokorny ghend- 437.]
gher-1
Important derivative are: girdle, yard2, orchard, kindergarten, garden, court,courteous, choir, choral.To grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
13. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghy-dh-.
a. GIRD1, from Old English gyrdan, to gird, from Germanic*gurdjan;
b. GIRDLE, from Old English gyrdel, girdle;
c. GIRTH, from Old Norse gjˆrdh, girdle, girth.
14. Suffixed o-grade form *ghor-to- or (in Germanic) *ghor-dho-,an enclosure.
i. YARD2; ORCHARD, from Old English geard,enclosure, garden, yard;
ii. GARTH, from Old Norse gardhr, garden, yard;
iii. KINDERGARTEN, from Old High German garto,garden;
iv. GARDEN, from Old North French gart, garden;
v. HANGAR, from Old French hangard, shelter,possibly from Germanic *haimgardaz (*haimaz,home; see tkei-);
vi. (see medhyo-) Germanic compound *midja-gardaz, “middle zone,” earth. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv),(v), and (vi) all from Germanic *gardaz;
b. HORTICULTURE, ORTOLAN, from Latin hortus, garden.
15. Prefixed and suffiixed zero-grade form *ko(m)-ghy-ti-(*ko(m)-, collective prefix, “together”; see kom). COHORT,CORTEGE, COURT, (COURTEOUS), COURTESAN, (COURTESY), (COURTIER),(CURTILAGE), (CURTSY), from Latin cohors (stem cohort-), enclosedyard, company of soldiers, multitude.
16. Perhaps suffixed o-grade form *ghor-o-. (CHOIR), (CHORAL),(CHORALE), CHORIC, (CHORISTER), CHORUS, HORA; CHORAGUS,TERPSICHORE, from Greek khoros, dancing ground (? perhapsoriginally a special enclosure for dancing), dance, dramaticchorus.
[Pokorny 4. ´her- 442, ´herdh- 444.]
gher-2
Important derivatives are: yearn, greedy, exhort, charisma.To like, want.
10. Suffixed form *gher-n-. YEARN, from Old English giernan,gyrnan, to strive, desire, yearn, from Germanic *gernjan.
11. Possibly extended form *ghrK-.
a. GREEDY, from Old English gr<dig, hungry, covetous,greedy, from Germanic *grKdigaz, hungry, formed from*grKduz, hunger;
b. CATACHRESIS, CHRESARD, CHRESTOMATHY, from Greek
khrKsthai, to lack, want, use, from khrK, it is necessary.
12. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghy-to-. HORTATIVE; EXHORT, fromLatin hort7rX, to urge on, encourage (
13. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghy-i-. CHARISMA; EUCHARIST, fromGreek kharis, grace, favor.
14. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghy-yo-. CHERVIL, from Greekkhairein, to rejoice, delight in.
[Pokorny 1. ´her- 440.]
gherN-Important derivatives are: yarn, hernia, cord.Gut, entrail.
15. Suffixed form *gherN-no-. YARN, from Old English gearn, yarn,from Germanic *garno, string.
16. Suffixed form *gherN-n-. HERNIA, from Latin hernia, “protrudedviscus,” rupture, hernia.
17. Suffixed o-grade form *ghorN-d-. (CHORD2), CORD, (CORDON);HARPSICHORD, TETRACHORD, from Greek khordK, gut, string.
18. O-grade form *ghorN-. CHORION, from Greek khorion, intestinalmembrane, afterbirth.
19. Possible suffixed zero-grade form *ghyN-u-. HARUSPEX, fromLatin haruspex, “he who inspects entrails,” diviner (-spex, “hewho sees” < *spek-, “to see”; see spek-), but perhaps borrowedfrom Etruscan.
[Pokorny 5. ´her- 443.]
gheslo-Important derivatives are: kilo-, mile, million.Seen by some as a base for words meaning “thousand.”
8. Suffixed form *ghesl-yo-. CHILIAD, KILO-, from Greek khilioi,thousand.
9. MIL, MILE, MILLENARY, MILLESIMAL, MILLI-, MILLIARY, MILLIME, MILLION;MILFOIL, MILLENNIUM, MILLEPORE, MILLIPEDE, from Latin mXlle,thousand, which has been analyzed as *smX-, “one” + a form*ghslX-, but is of obscure origin.
[Pokorny ´hÈslo- 446.]
ghesor-Important derivatives are: surgeon, surgery.Hand.
Reduced form *ghesr-. CHIRO-; (CHIRURGEON), ENCHIRIDION, (SURGEON), SURGERY,from Greek kheir, hand.
[Pokorny 1. ´hesor- 447.]
gheu-Important derivatives are: gut, funnel, fusion, confuse, refund1, refuse1.To pour, pour a libation.
VIII. Extended form *gheud-.
1. Zero-grade form *ghud-. GUT, from Old English guttas,intestines, from Germanic *gut-.
2. Nasalized zero-grade form *ghu-n-d-. FOISON, FONDANT, (FONDUE),(FONT2), FOUND2, (FUNNEL), FUSE2, FUSILE, FUSION; AFFUSION,CIRCUMFUSE, CONFOUND, (CONFUSE), DIFFUSE, EFFUSE, INFUSE, PERFUSE,PROFUSE, REFUND, (REFUSE1), (REFUSE2), SUFFUSE, TRANSFUSE, from Latinfundere, to melt, pour out.
IX. Extended form *gheus-.
a. GUST1, from Old Norse gustr, a cold blast of wind, fromGermanic suffixed form *gustiz;
b. GUSH, from Middle English gushen, to gush, perhapsakin to Icelandic gusa, to gush. Both a and b fromGermanic zero-grade form *gus-.
2. GEYSER, from Old Norse geysa, to gush, from Germanic suffixedo-grade form *gausjan.
a. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghus-mo-. (CHYME);ECCHYMOSIS, from Greek khumos, juice;
b. suffixed zero-grade form *ghus-lo-. CHYLE, from Greekkhulos, juice.
X. Suffixed form *gheu-ti-. FUTILE, from Latin f7tilis, “(of a vessel) easilyemptied, leaky,” hence untrustworthy, useless.
XI. Basic form *gheu-. CHOANOCYTE, PARENCHYMA, from Greek khein, to pour,with o-grade noun khoanK, funnel.
[Pokorny ´heu- 447.]
gheu(N)-Important derivatives are: god, giddy.To call, invoke.
Suffixed zero-grade form *ghu-to-, “the invoked,” god.
a. GOD, from Old English god, god;
b. GIDDY, from Old English gydig, gidig, possessed, insane,from Germanic *gud-igaz, possessed by a god;
c. GˆTTERD‰MMERUNG, from Old High German got, god. a,b, and c all from Germanic *gudam, god.
[Pokorny ´hau- 413.]
ghos-ti-Important derivatives are: guest, hostile, hospital, host1, hostage.Stranger, guest, host; properly “someone with whom one has reciprocal duties ofhospitality.”
6. Basic form *ghos-ti-.
a. GUEST, from Old Norse gestr, guest, from Germanic*gastiz;
b. HOST2, HOSTILE, from Latin hostis, enemy (< stranger).
7. Compound *ghos-pot-, *ghos-po(d)-, “guest-master,” one who
symbolizes the relationship of reciprocal obligation (*pot-,master; see poti-). HOSPICE, HOSPITABLE, HOSPITAL, (HOSPITALITY),HOST1, (HOSTAGE), (HOSTEL), (HOSTLER), from Latin hospes (stemhospit-), host, guest, stranger.
8. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghs-en-wo-. XENO-; EUXENITE,PYROXENE, from Greek xenos, guest, host, stranger.
[Pokorny ghosti-s 453.]
ghrK-Important derivatives are: grow, green, grass.To grow, become green.
Contracted from *ghreN-.
12. O-grade form *ghro-. GROW, from Old English growan, to grow,from Germanic *gro(w)an.
13. Suffixed o-grade form *ghro-n-yo-. GREEN, from Old EnglishgrKne, green, from Germanic *gronjaz, green.
14. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghrN-so-. GRASS, GRAZE1, from OldEnglish græs, grass, from Germanic *grasam, grass.
[Pokorny ghrK- 454.]
ghrebh-1
Important derivatives are: grasp, grab1.To seize, reach.
2. Zero-grade form *ghybh-. SATYAGRAHA, from Sanskrit gxbhh7ti,gxhh7ti, he seizes.
a. GRASP, from Middle English graspen, to grasp;
b. GRAB1, from Middle Dutch or Middle Low Germangrabben, to seize. Both a and b from parallel (imitative)Germanic creations with base *grab-, *grap-.
[Pokorny 1 ghrebh- 455.]
ghrebh-2
Important derivatives are: engrave, grave1, grub, groove.To dig, bury, scratch.
7. O-grade form *ghrobh-.
i. GRAVE3, (ENGRAVE), from Old English grafan, todig, engrave, scratch, carve;
ii. GRABEN, from Old High German graban, to dig;
iii. GRAVLAX, from Swedish grava, to bury;
iv. GRAVURE, from Old French graver, to engrave. (i),(ii), (iii), and (iv) all from Germanic *graban;
b. GRAVE1, from Old English græf, trench, grave, fromGermanic *grabam.
8. GRUB, from Old English *grybban, to dig, from Germanic*grub(b)jan (with secondary ablaut).
9. GROOVE, from Middle Dutch groeve, ditch, from Germanic*grobo.
[Pokorny 2. ghrebh- 455.]
ghredh-Important derivatives are: congress, progress, grade, degrade, degree.To walk, go.
Suffixed zero-grade form *ghydh-yo-.
a. GRESSORIAL; AGGRESS, CONGRESS, DEGRESSION, DIGRESS, EGRESS,INGRESS, PINNIGRADE, PLANTIGRADE, PROGRESS, REGRESS,RETROGRADE, RETROGRESS, TRANSGRESS, from Latin gradX (pastparticiple gressus), to walk, go;
b. GRADE; CENTIGRADE, DEGRADE, DEGREE, from Latin gradus(*grad-u-), step, stage, degree, rank.
[Pokorny ghredh- 456.]
ghrKi-Important derivatives are: grisly, grime, Christ, christen, Christian, Christmas.To rub.
5. GRISLY, from Old English grislXc, terrifying, from Germanic*gris-, to frighten (
6. GRIME, from Middle English grime, grime, from a source akin toMiddle Dutch grXme, grime, from Germanic *grXm-, smear.
7. Extended form *ghrXs-. CHRISM, CHRIST, (CHRISTEN), (CHRISTIAN);(CHRISTMAS), CREAM, from Greek khriein, to anoint.
[Pokorny ghrKi- 457.]
ghrendh-Important derivatives are: grind, grist, refrain1.To grind.
4. GRIND, from Old English grindan, to grind, from Germanic*grindan.
5. GRIST, from Old English grXst, the action of grinding, fromGermanic *grinst-, a grinding.
6. (FRAISE), FRENULUM, FRENUM; REFRAIN1, from Latin frendere, togrind.
7. Variant form *ghrend-. CHONDRO-; HYPOCHONDRIA, MITOCHONDRION,from Greek khondros, granule, groats, hence cartilage,sometimes but improbably regarded as from ghrendh-.
[Pokorny ghren- 459.]
ghwer-Important derivatives are: feral, fierce, ferocious, treacle.Wild beast.
7. Suffixed form *ghwer-o-. FERAL, FIERCE, from Latin ferus, wild.
8. Compound *ghwero-Nkw-, “of wild aspect” (*-Nkw-, “-looking”;
see okw-). FEROCIOUS, from Latin ferox (stem feroc-), fierce.
9. Lengthened-grade form *ghwKr-. TREACLE; CHALICOTHERE,DINOTHERE, THEROPOD, from Greek thKr, wild beast.
[Pokorny ´h¯Lr- 493.]
gleubh-Important derivatives are: cleave1, clove2, clever, hieroglyphic.To tear apart, cleave.
I. Basic form *gleubh-.
1. CLEAVE1, from Old English clKofan, to split, cleave, fromGermanic *kleuban.
2. Probably o-grade *gloubh-. CLEVER, from Middle English cliver,nimble, skillful, perhaps akin to East Frisian kl¸fer, klifer,skillful, and Old Norse kleyfr, easy to split, from Germanic*klaubri-.
II. Zero-grade form *glubh-.
a. CLOVE2, from Old English clufu, clove (of garlic);
b. KLOOF, from Middle Dutch clove, a cleft;
c. CLEVIS, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norseklofi, a cleft. a, b, and c all from Germanic *klub-, asplitting.
2. CLEFT, from Old English geclyft, fissure, from Germanic *klufti-(*klub-ti-).
3. GLYPH, GLYPTIC; ANAGLYPH, HIEROGLYPHIC, from Greek gluphein, tocarve.
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *glubh-m7-. GLUME, from Latingl7ma, husk of grain.
[Pokorny gleubh- 401.]
gno-
Important derivatives are: know, can1, cunning, uncouth, notice, recognize, ignore,noble, diagnosis, narrate.To know.
Contracted from *gnoN-.
5. Variant form *gnK-, contracted from *gnKN-. KNOW, from OldEnglish cn7wan, to know, from Germanic *knK(w)-.
6. Zero-grade form *giN-.
a. CAN1, CON2, CUNNING, from Old English cunnan, to know,know how to, be able to, from Germanic *kunnan (OldEnglish first and third singular can from Germanic*kann from o-grade *gonN-);
b. KEN, KENNING, from Old English cennan, to declare, andOld Norse kenna, to know, name (in a formal poeticmetaphor), from Germanic causative verb *kannjan, tomake known;
c. (COUTH); UNCOUTH, from Old English c7th, known, well-known, usual, excellent, familiar, from Germanic*kunthaz;
d. KITH AND KIN, from Old English c«th(the), c«ththu,knowledge, acquaintance, friendship, kinfolk, fromGermanic *kunthitho.
7. Suffixed form *gno-sko-. NOTICE, NOTIFY, NOTION, NOTORIOUS;(ACQUAINT), COGNITION, (COGNIZANCE), (CONNOISSEUR), (QUAINT),RECOGNIZE, from Latin (g)noscere, cognoscere, to get to know, getacquainted with.
8. Suffixed form *gno-ro-. IGNORANT, IGNORE, from Latin ignor7re,not to know, to disregard (i- for in-, not; see ne).
9. Suffixed form *gno-dhli-. NOBLE, from Latin nobilis, knowable,known, famous, noble.
10. Reduplicated and suffixed form *gi-gno-sko-. GNOME2, GNOMON,GNOSIS; AGNOSIA, DIAGNOSIS, PATHOGNOMONIC, PHYSIOGNOMY,PROGNOSIS, from Greek gignoskein, to know, think, judge, withgnosis (< *gno-ti-), knowledge, inquiry, and gnomon, judge,interpreter.
11. Suffixed zero-grade form *giN-ro-. NARRATE, from Latin narr7re(< *gnarr7re), to tell, relate, from gn7rus, knowing, expert.
12. Traditionally but improbably referred here are:
a. NOTE; ANNOTATE, CONNOTE, PROTHONOTARY, from Latin nota,a mark, note, sign, cipher, shorthand character;
b. NORM, NORMA, NORMAL; ABNORMAL, ENORMOUS, from Latinnorma, carpenter's square, rule, pattern, precept,possibly from an Etruscan borrowing of Greek gnomon,carpenter's square, rule.
[Pokorny 2. ´en- 376.]
gyN-no-Important derivatives are: corn1, kernel, grain, granite, grenade.Grain.
a. CORN1, from Old English corn, grain;
b. KERNEL, from Old English derivative noun cyrnel, seed,pip;
c. EINKORN, from Old High German korn, grain. a, b, and call from Germanic *kornam.
1. (GARNER), GRAIN, GRAM2, GRANADILLA, GRANARY, GRANGE, GRANITE,GRANULE, (GRENADE); FILIGREE, POMEGRANATE, from Latin gr7num,grain.
[In Pokorny ´er- 390.]
gw7-Important derivatives are: come, welcome, become, adventure, convene, convenient,event, invent, prevent, revenue, souvenir, base1, basis, acrobat, diabetes.Contracted from *gwaN- Also gwem-
To go, come.
a. COME, from Old English cuman, to come;
b. WELCOME, from Old English wilcuma, a welcome guest,and wilcume, the greeting of welcome, from Germaniccompound *wil-kumon-, a desirable guest (*wil-,desirable; see wel-1), from *kumon-, he who comes, aguest;
c. BECOME, from Old English becuman, to become, fromGermanic compound *bi-kuman, to arrive, come to be(*bi-, intensive prefix; see ambhi). a, b, and c all fromGermanic *kuman.
1. Suffixed form *gw(e)m-yo-. VENIRE, VENUE; ADVENT, (ADVENTITIOUS),(ADVENTURE), (AVENUE), CIRCUMVENT, CONTRAVENE, CONVENE,(CONVENIENT), (CONVENT), (CONVENTICLE), (CONVENTION), (COVEN),(COVENANT), EVENT, INTERVENE, INVENT, (MISADVENTURE), PARVENU,PREVENIENT, PREVENT, PROVENANCE, (PROVENIENCE), REVENANT, REVENUE,SOUVENIR, SUBVENTION, SUPERVENE, from Latin venXre, to come.
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *gwc-yo-. BASE1, BASIS; ABASIA, ACROBAT,
ADIABATIC, AMPHISBAENA, ANABAENA, BATOPHOBIA, (DIABASE), DIABETES,HYPERBATON, KATABATIC, STEREOBATE, STYLOBATE, from Greek bainein,to go, walk, step, with basis (< *gw
c-ti-), a stepping, tread, base,-batos (< *gw
c-to-), going, and -batKs (< *gwN-to-, zero-grade of
*gw7-), agential suffix, “one that goes or treads, one that is
based.”
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *gw(N)-u- in compound form *pres-gwu-, “going before” (see per1).
4. Basic form *gw7-. BEMA, from Greek bKma, step, seat, raised
platform.
5. JUGGERNAUT, from Sanskrit jig7ti, he goes.
[Pokorny g¯7- 463.]
gwei-Important derivatives are: quick, vivid, revive, survive, vital, vitamin, whiskey, bio-,amphibious, microbe, hygiene.Also gweiN-To live.
I. Suffixed zero-grade form *gwi-wo-, *gwX-wo- (< *gwiN-wo-), living.
a. QUICK, QUICKSILVER, from Old English cwic, cwicu, living,alive;
b. (COUCH GRASS), QUITCH GRASS, from Old English cwice,couch grass (so named from its rapid growth). Both aand b from Germanic *kwi(k)waz.
c. VIVIFY, VIVIPAROUS, from Latin vXvus, living, alive;
d. VIAND, VICTUAL, VIVA, VIVACIOUS, VIVID; CONVIVIAL, REVIVE,SURVIVE, from Latin denominative vXvere, to live.
2. AZOTH, from Sanskrit jXva-, alive.
3. Further suffixed form *gwX-wo-t7. VIABLE, VITAL; VITAMIN, from
Latin vXta, life.
4. Further suffixed form *gwi-wo-t7t-. USQUEBAUGH, (WHISKEY),from Old Irish bethu, life.
II. Suffixed zero-grade form *gwiN-o-. BIO-, BIOTA, BIOTIC; AEROBE, AMPHIBIAN,ANABIOSIS, CENOBITE, DENDROBIUM, MICROBE, RHIZOBIUM, SAPROBE, SYMBIOSIS,from Greek bios, life ( biotK, way of life).
III. Variant form *gwyo- (< *gwyoN-).
1. AZO-, (DIAZO), from Greek zoK, life.
2. Suffixed form *gwyo-yo-. -ZOIC, ZOO-, ZOON1, -ZOON, from Greekzoon, zoion, living being, animal.
IV. Prefixed and suffixed form *su-gwiN-es-, “having good life” (*su-, well;see su-). HYGIENE, from Greek hugiKs, healthy.
V. QUIVER1, from Old English cwifer-, nimble, possibly from gwei-.
[Pokorny 3. g¯e˜- 467.]
gwelN-Important derivatives are: devil, emblem, metabolism, parable, parliament, parlor,problem, symbol, ball2, ballad, ballet, kill1.Also gwel-To throw, reach, with further meaning to pierce.
I. Words denoting to throw, reach. Variant *gwlK-, contracted from
*gwleN-.
1. Suffixed zero-grade form *gw_-n-N-.
a. BALLISTA; AMPHIBOLE, ASTROBLEME, BOLIDE, DEVIL, (DIABOLIC),EMBLEM, EPIBOLY, (HYPERBOLA), HYPERBOLE, METABOLISM,(PALAVER), PARABLE, (PARABOLA), (PARLEY), (PARLIAMENT),(PARLOR), (PAROL), (PAROLE), PROBLEM, SYMBOL, from Greekballein, to throw (with o-grade *bol- and variant *blK-);
b. BALL2, (BALLAD), (BALLET), BAYADERE, from Greek ballizein,to dance.
2. Suffixed o-grade form *gwolN-7. BOLOMETER, from Greek bolK,beam, ray.
3. Possible suffixed o-grade form gwol(N)-s7. BOULE1, ABULIA, fromGreek boulK, determination, will (
4. Suffixed variant zero-grade form *gwelN-mno-. BELEMNITE, fromGreek belemnon, dart, javelin.
II. Words denoting to pierce.
1. Suffixed o-grade form *gwol-eyo-.
a. QUELL, from Old English cwellan, to kill, destroy;
b. QUAIL2, from Middle Dutch quelen, to be ill, suffer. Botha and b from Germanic *kwaljan.
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *gw_-yo-. KILL1, from Middle English
killen, to kill, perhaps from Old English *cyllan, to kill, fromGermanic *kuljan.
3. Full-grade form *gwel-. BELONEPHOBIA, from Greek belonK, needle.
[Pokorny 2. g¯el- 471, 1. g¯el- 470.]
gwen-An important derivative is: queen.Woman.
1. Suffixed form *gwen-7-.
a. QUEAN, from Old English cwene, woman, prostitute,wife, from Germanic *kwenon-;
b. BANSHEE, from Old Irish ben, woman;
c. ZENANA, from Persian zan, woman.
2. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *gwKn-i-. QUEEN, from Old
English cwKn, woman, wife, queen, from Germanic *kwKniz,woman, wife, queen.
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *gwi-7-. -GYNE, GYNO-, - GYNOUS, -GYNY;
GYNECOCRACY, (GYNECOLOGY), GYNOECIUM, from Greek gunK,woman.
[Pokorny g¯en7 473.]
gwerN-1
Important derivatives are: grave2, grief, aggravate, baritone, guru, brute, blitzkrieg.Heavy.
I. Zero-grade form *gwyN-.
1. Suffixed form *gwyN-u-i-. GRAVE2, GRAVID, GRAVITY, (GRIEF), GRIEVE;
AGGRAVATE, (AGGRIEVE), from Latin gravis, heavy, weighty.
2. Suffixed form *gwyN-u-.
a. BARITE, (BARIUM), BARYON, BARYTA; BARITONE, BARYCENTER,BARYSPHERE, CHARIVARI, from Greek barus, heavy;
b. GURU, from Sanskrit guru-, heavy, venerable.
3. Suffixed form *gwyN-es-. BAR2, BARO-; CENTROBARIC, ISALLOBAR,
ISOBAR, from Greek baros, weight.
4. Possibly *gwrY-. (see ud-) Greek compound *u(d)-bri- from bri-.
II. Suffixed extended form *gwr7-to-. BRUT, BRUTE, from Latin br7tus,heavy, unwieldy, dull, stupid, brutish.
III. Suffixed extended form gwrX-g-.
a. BRIO, from Spanish brio or ProvenÁal briu, vigor, from
Celtic *brXg-o-, strength;
b. (BRIG), BRIGADE, (BRIGAND), (BRIGANTINE), from Old Italianbriga, strife, from Celtic *brXg-7-, strife;
c. BLITZKRIEG, SITZKRIEG, from Old High German krKg, chrKg,stubbornness, from Germanic *krXg-.
IV. Suffixed full-grade form *gwerN-n7-, millstone. QUERN, from OldEnglish cweorn, quern.
[Pokorny 2. g¯er- 476.]
gwerN-2
Important derivatives are: grace, grateful, gratitude, agree, congratulate, bard1.To favor.
1. Suffixed zero-grade form *gwyN-to-. GRACE, GRATEFUL, GRATIFY,
GRATIS, GRATITUDE, GRATUITOUS, (GRATUITY); AGREE, CONGRATULATE,DISGRACE, INGRATE, INGRATIATE, MAUGRE, from Latin gr7tus, pleasing,beloved, agreeable, favorable, thankful, with related suffixedforms *gw
yN-ti-, *gwyN-t-7-, *gw
yN-t-olo-.
2. Possible suffixed zero-grade form *gwyN-d(h)o-, “he who
praises.” BARD1, from Welsh bardd and Scottish and Irish Gaelicbard, bard, from Celtic bardo-, bard (but this is possibly fromgwerN-1).
[Pokorny 4. g¯er(N)- 478.]
gwet-Derivatives are: bequeath, quoth.To say, speak.
1. Basic form *gwet-. BEQUEATH, QUOTH, from Old English cwethan,to say, speak, from Germanic *kwithan.
2. Suffixed form *gwet-ti-. BEQUEST, from Old English -cwis, will,from Germanic *kwessiz.
[Pokorny 2. g¯et- 480.]
gwhedh-Important derivatives are: bid, bead.To ask, pray.
1. Suffixed form *gwhedh-yo-. BID, from Old English biddan, toask, pray, from Germanic *bidjan, to pray, entreat.
2. BEAD, from Old English bed(u), gebed, prayer (ge-, intensive andcollective prefix; see kom), from Germanic *bidam, entreaty.
3. Suffixed form *gwhedh-to-. INFEST, MANIFEST, from Latin -festus,probably in Xnfestus, hostile, (< *i-gwhedh-to-, “inexorable”; *i-, not; see ne), and perhaps in manifestus, caught in the act, red-handed (manus, hand; see man-2).
[Pokorny g¯hedh- 488, 2. bhedh- 114.]
gwhen-Important derivatives are: bane, gun, defend, fence, offend.To strike, kill.
1. O-grade *gwhon-.
a. BANE, from Old English bana, slayer, cause of ruin ordestruction;
b. AUTOBAHN, from Middle High German ban, bane, way,road (? a and b from Germanic suffixed form *ban-on-.
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *gwhi-ty7-.
a. GUN, from Old Norse gunnr, war;
b. GONFALON, from Italian gonfalone, standard, fromGermanic compound *gund-fanon-, “battle flag”(*fanon-, flag; see pan-). Both a and b from Germanic*gundjo, war, battle.
3. Suffixed form *gwhen-do-.
a. DEFEND, (DEFENSE), (FENCE), from Latin dKfendere, to ward
off (dK-, away; see de-);
b. OFFEND, (OFFENSE), from Latin offendere, to strike against,be offensive, offend (ob-, against; see epi).
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *gwhi-tro-. BEZOAR, from Persian zahr,poison, from Old Iranian *jathra-.
[Pokorny 2. g¯hen-(N)- 491, bhen- 126.]
gwher-Important derivatives are: burn1, brand, brandy, brandish, forceps, furnace.To heat, warm.
1. Zero-grade *gwhr-.
a. BURN1, from Old English beornan, byrnan (intransitive)and bærnan (transitive), to burn;
b. BRIMSTONE, from late Old English brynst7n, “burningmineral,” sulfur (st7n, stone; see stei-);
c. BRINDLED, from Old Norse brenna, to burn. a, b, and call from Germanic *brennan (intransitive) and brannjan(transitive), formed from *brenw- with nasal suffix andanalogical vocalism.
d. BRAND, from Old English brand, piece of burning wood,sword;
e. BRANDY, from Dutch branden, to burn, distill;
f. BRANDISH, from Old French brand, sword;
g. BRANDADE, from Old ProvenÁal brand, sword. a, b, c,and d all from Germanic *brandaz, a burning, aflaming torch, hence also a sword.
2. Suffixed form *gwher-mo-. THERM, -THERM, THERMO-, -THERMY;HYPOTHERMIA, from Greek thermos, warm, hot, and thermK, heat.
3. O-grade form *gwhor-. FORCEPS, FORCIPATE, from Latin forceps,pincers, fire tongs (-ceps, agential suffix, “-taker”; see kap-).
4. Suffixed o-grade form *gwhor-no-.
a. FORNAX, FURNACE, HORNITO, from Latin furnus, fornus,forn7x, oven;
b. FORNICATE, FORNIX, from Latin fornix, arch, vault (gwher-.
[Pokorny g¯her- 493, bhereu- 143.]
gwhX-Important derivatives are: filament, file1, profile.Thread, tendon.
Contracted from *gwhiN-. Suffixed form *gwhX-slo-. FILAMENT, FILAR, FILARIA, FILE1,FILLET, FILOSE, FILUM; (DEFILE2), ENFILADE, FILIFORM, FILIGREE, FILOPLUME, PROFILE, PURFLE,from Latin fXlum, thread.
[Pokorny g¯heiN- 489.]
gwhrK-Important derivatives are: breath, breathe.To smell, breathe.
Contracted from *gwhreN-. BREATH, (BREATHE), from Old English br<th, odor,exhalation, from Germanic suffixed form *brK-thaz.
gwhren-Important derivatives are: frantic, frenetic, frenzy, phrase, paraphrase.To think.
1. (FRANTIC), FRENETIC, (FRENZY), -PHRENIA, PHRENO-; (PHRENITIS), fromGreek phrKn, the mind, also heart, midriff, diaphragm.
2. Extended zero-grade root form *gwhri-d-. PHRASE; HOLOPHRASTIC,METAPHRASE, PARAPHRASE, PERIPHRASIS, from Greek phrazein, topoint out, show.
[Pokorny g¯hren- 496.]
gwou-Important derivatives are: cow1, beef, bugle1, bucolic, butter.Ox, bull, cow.
Nominative singular form *gwou-s.
1. COW1, (KINE); COWSLIP, from Old English c7, c«, c«e, cow, fromGermanic *kouz ( *k7z).
2. BEEF, BOVINE, BUGLE1, from Latin bos (stem bov-), ox, bull, cow.
3. BOˆTES, BOUSTROPHEDON, BUCOLIC, BUGLOSS, BULIMIA, BUPRESTID, BUTTER,(BUTYRIC), from Greek bous, ox, bull, cow.
4. GAYAL, from Sanskrit go-, gauU, cow.
5. Suffixed form *gwou-ro-. GAUR, from Sanskrit gauraU, wild ox.
6. Zero-grade suffixed form *gww-7-. HECATOMB, from GreekhekatombK, “sacrifice of a hundred oxen” (hekaton, hundred;see dekc).
[Pokorny g¯ou- 482.]
i-Important derivatives are: yonder, yea, yes, yet, if, identity, item.Pronominal stem.
14. ILK1, from Old English ilca, same, from Germanic *is-lXk-, same(*lXk-, like; see lXk-).
15. YON, from Old English geon, that, from Germanic *jaino-,*jeno-.
a. YOND, (YONDER), from Old English geond, as far as,yonder, from Germanic *jend-;
b. BEYOND, from Old English geondan, beyond, fromGermanic *jendana-.
16. Extended forms *y7m, *y7i. YEA, YES, from Old English gKa,affirmative particle, and gKse, yes (see es-), from Germanic *j7,*jai.
17. YET, from Old English gXet, gXeta (preform uncertain), still.
18. Relative stem *yo- plus particle. IF, from Old English gif, if,from Germanic *ja-ba.
19. Basic form *i-, with neuter *id-em. ID, IDEM, (IDENTICAL), IDENTITY;(IDENTIFY), from Latin is, he (neuter id, it), and Xdem, same.
20. Suffixed form *i-tero-. ITERATE; (REITERATE), from Latin iterum,again.
21. Suffixed and extended form *it(N)-em. ITEM, from Latin item,thus, also.
22. Stem *i- plus locatival particle *-dha-i. IBIDEM, from Latin ibX-dem, in the same place.
23. Suffixed variant form *e-tero-. (see ko-).
[Pokorny 3. e- 281.]
k7-Important derivatives are: whore, caress, charity, cherish.To like, desire.
Contracted from *kaN-.
24. Suffixed form *k7-ro-.
i. WHORE, from Old English hore, whore;
ii. WHOREDOM, from Old Norse compound hordomr,whoredom (-domr, “condition”; see dhK-). Both(i) and (ii) from Germanic *horaz (feminine*horon-), “one who desires,” adulterer;
b. CARESS, CHARITY, CHERISH, from Latin c7rus, dear.
25. Suffixed form *k7-mo-. KAMA; KAMASUTRA, from Sanksrit k7maU,love, desire.
[Pokorny k7- 515.]
kad-Important derivatives are: cadaver, cadence, cascade, case1, chance, chute, accident,decay, incident, occasion.To fall.
CADAVER, CADENCE, CADENT, CADUCOUS, CASCADE, CASE1, CHANCE, CHUTE; ACCIDENT,DECAY, DECIDUOUS, ESCHEAT, INCIDENT, OCCASION, RECIDIVISM, from Latin cadere, tofall, die.
[Pokorny 1. kad- 516.]
kaN-id-Important derivatives are: cement, chisel, scissors, circumcise, concise, decide, precise.To strike.
16. CAESURA, CEMENT, CESTUS2, CHISEL, -CIDE, SCISSOR; ABSCISE, CIRCUMCISE,CONCISE, DECIDE, EXCISE2, INCISE, PRECISE, RECISION, from Latincaedere, to cut, strike.
17. CAELUM, from Latin caelum (? < *caedum), sculptor's chisel.
[Pokorny (s)k(h)ai- 917.]
kai-Important derivatives are: hot, heat.Heat.
Extended form *kaid-.
a. HOT, from Old English h7t, hot, from Germanic *haitaz;
b. HEAT, from Old English h<tu, from Germanic *haitX-.
[Pokorny k8i- 519.]
kailo-Important derivatives are: whole, wholesome, health, heal, holy, hallow.Whole, uninjured, of good omen.
a. HALE1, WHOLE, from Old English h7l, hale, whole;
b. WHOLESOME, from Old English *h7lsum ( Middle Englishholsom), wholesome;
c. (HAIL2); WASSAIL, from Old Norse heill, healthy. a, b, andc all from Germanic *hailaz.
2. HEALTH, from Old English h<lth, health, from Germanic*hailitho.
3. HEAL, from Old English h<lan, to heal, from Germanic *hailjan.
a. HOLY, from Old English h7lig, holy, sacred;
b. HALLOW, from Old English h7lgian, to consecrate, bless,from Germanic derivative verb *hailagon. Both a and bfrom Germanic *hailagaz.
[Pokorny kai-lo- 520.]
kaito-Important derivatives are: heath, heathen.Forest, uncultivated land.
26. HEATH, from Old English h<th, heath, untilled land, fromGermanic *haithiz.
a. HEATHEN, from Old English h<then, heathen, “savage” (
b. HOYDEN, from Middle Dutch heiden, heathen. Both aand b from Germanic *haithinaz.
[Pokorny kaito- 521.]
kakka-Derivatives are: poppycock, cacophony.Also kaka-To defecate. Root imitative of glottal closure.
8. CUCKING STOOL, from Middle English cukken, to defecate, from asource akin to Old Norse *k7ka, to defecate.
9. POPPYCOCK, from Latin cac7re, to defecate.
10. CACO-; CACODYL, CACO”THES, CACOPHONOUS, (CACOPHONY), from
Greek kakos, bad.
[Pokorny kakka- 521.]
kan-Important derivatives are: hen, chant, accent, enchant, incentive, charm.To sing.
21. HEN, from Old English hen(n), hen, from Germanic *han(e)nX.
22. CANOROUS, CANT2, CANTABILE, CANTATA, CANTICLE, CANTILLATE, (CANTO),CANTOR, CANZONE, CHANT; ACCENT, DESCANT, ENCHANT, (INCANTATION),INCENTIVE, PRECENTOR, RECANT, from Latin canere, to sing ( cant7re,to sing, frequentative of canere).
23. OSCINE, from Latin oscen, a singing bird used in divination (<*obs-cen, “one that sings before the augurs”; ob-, before; seeepi-).
24. Suffixed form *kan-men-. CHARM, from Latin carmen, song,poem.
[Pokorny kan- 525.]
kand-Important derivatives are: candid, candidate, candle, candor, incandesce, incense.To shine.
12. Suffixed (stative) form *kand-K-. CANDENT, CANDID, (CANDIDA),(CANDIDATE), CANDLE, CANDOR; INCANDESCE, from Latin candKre toshine.
13. (INCENDIARY), INCENSE1, INCENSE2 from Latin compound incendere,to set fire to, kindle (in-, in; see en), from transitive *candere,to kindle.
[Pokorny kand- 526.]
kap-Important derivatives are: have, heavy, haven, hawk1, heave, cable, capable, caption,
captive, catch, chase1, accept, conceive, deceive, except, intercept, municipal, occupy,participate, perceive, receive, recover, capsule, chassis.To grasp.
VI. Basic form *kap-.
1. HEDDLE, from Old English hefeld, thread used for weaving,heddle (a device which grasps the thread), from Germanic*haf-.
2. HAFT, from Old English hæft, handle, from Germanic *haftjam.
3. Form *kap-o-. HAVE, from Old English habban, to have, hold,from Germanic *habai-, *habKn.
4. HEAVY, from Old English hefig, heavy, from Germanic *hafigaz,“containing something,” having weight.
5. HAVEN, from Old English hæfen, a haven, from Germanic*hafno-, perhaps “place that holds ships.”
6. HAWK1, from Old English h(e)afoc, hawk, from Germanic*habukaz.
7. (see per1) Latin combining form -ceps (< *kap-s), “taker.”
8. GAFF1, from ProvenÁal gafar, to seize, from Germanic *gaf-,probably akin to kap-.
VII. Suffixed form *kap-yo-.
1. HEAVE, from Old English hebban, to lift, from Germanic*hafjan.
2. CABLE, CAPABLE, CAPACIOUS, CAPIAS, CAPSTAN, CAPTION, CAPTIOUS,(CAPTIVATE), CAPTIVE, CAPTOR, CAPTURE, CATCH, (CHASE1), ACCEPT,ANTICIPATE, CONCEIVE, DECEIVE, EXCEPT, INCEPTION, (INCIPIENT),INTERCEPT, INTUSSUSCEPTION, MUNICIPAL, NUNCUPATIVE, OCCUPY,PARTICIPATE, PERCEIVE, PRECEPT, RECEIVE, (RECOVER), RECUPERATE, (RX),SUSCEPTIBLE, from Latin capere, to take, seize, catch.
VIII. Lengthened-grade variant form *kop-.
a. BEHOOF, from Old English behof, use, profit, need;
b. BEHOOVE, from Old English behofian, to have need of.
Both a and b from Germanic compound *bi-hof, “thatwhich binds,” requirement, obligation (*bi-, intensiveprefix; see ambhi), from *hof-.
2. COPEPOD, from Greek kopK, oar, handle.
[Pokorny kap- 527. Compare ghabh-.]
kaput-Important derivatives are: head, cadet, capital1, caprice, captain, cattle, chapter,chief, biceps, decapitate, kerchief, mischief.Head.
a. HEAD, from Old English hKafod, head;
b. HETMAN, from Old High German houbit, head. Both aand b from Germanic *haubudam, *haubidam.
11. CADET, CAPE2, CAPITAL1, CAPITAL2, CAPITATE, CAPITATION, CAPITELLUM,(CAPITULATE), CAPITULUM, CAPO1, (CAPO2), CAPRICE, CAPTAIN, CATTLE,CAUDILLO, (CHAPITER), CHAPTER, CHIEF, CHIEFTAIN, CORPORAL2; BICEPS,DECAPITATE, KERCHIEF, MISCHIEF, OCCIPUT, PRECIPITATE, RECAPITULATE,SINCIPUT, TRICEPS, from Latin caput, head
[Pokorny kap-ut- 529.]
kar-Important derivatives are: hard, standard, hardy1, cancer, canker.Hard.
III. Variant form *ker-.
1. Suffixed o-grade form *kor-tu-.
a. HARD, from Old English hard, heard, hard;
b. -ARD, from Germanic *-hart, *-hard, bold, hardy;
c. STANDARD, from Old French estandard, rallying place,perhaps from Frankish *hard, hard;
d. HARDY1, from Old French hardir, to make hard. a, b, c,and d all from Germanic *harduz.
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *kyt-es-, from earlier full-grade form*kret-es-. -CRACY, from Greek kratos, strength, might, power.
IV. Possible basic form *kar- in derivatives referring to things with hardshells.
1. CAREEN, CARINA, from Latin carXna, keel of a ship, nutshell,possibly from kar-.
2. KARYO-; EUCARYOTE, GILLYFLOWER, SYNKARYON, from Greek karuon,nut, possibly from kar-.
3. Reduplicated form *kar-kr-o-. (CANCER), CANKER, CHANCRE, fromdissimilated Latin cancer, crab, cancer, constellation Cancer.
4. Suffixed form *kar-k-ino-. CARCINO-, CARCINOMA, from Greekkarkinos, cancer, crab.
[Pokorny 3. kar- 531.]
kas-An important derivative is: hare.Gray.
c. HARE, from Old English hara, hare;
d. HASENPFEFFER, from Old High German haso, rabbit. Botha and b from Germanic *hazon-, *hason-.
18. Suffixed form *kas-no-. CANESCENT, from Latin c7nus, white,gray, grayed hair.
[Pokorny ˆas- 533.]
kat-A derivative is: cata-.Down.
17. CATA-, from Greek kata, down, possibly from kat-.
18. Suffixed form *kat-olo-. CADELLE, from Latin catulus, youngpuppy, young of animals (“dropped”).
[Pokorny 2. kat- 534.]
kau-Important derivatives are: hew, haggle, hoe, hay.To hew, strike.
a. HEW, from Old English hKawan, to hew;
b. HAGGLE, from Old Norse hˆgg-va, to cut;
c. HOE, from Old French houe, a hoe. a, b, and c all fromGermanic *hawwan.
13. HAG2, from a source akin to Old Norse hˆgg, a gap, a cuttingblow, from Germanic *hawwo.
14. HAY, from Old English hXeg, hay, cut grass, from Germanic*haujam.
15. Suffixed form *kau-do-. INCUS, from Latin c7dere (< *caudere),to strike, beat.
[Pokorny k7u- 535.]
ked-Important derivatives are: cease, cede, abscess, access, ancestor, concede, decease,exceed, precede, proceed, succeed, necessary.To go, yield.
18. Lengthened-grade form *kKd-. CEASE, CEDE, CESSION; ABSCESS,ACCEDE, ACCESS, ANCESTOR, ANTECEDE, CONCEDE, (CONCESSION), DECEASE,EXCEED, INTERCEDE, PRECEDE, PREDECESSOR, PROCEED, RECEDE, RETROCEDE,SECEDE, SUCCEED, from Latin cKdere, to go, withdraw, yield.
19. Prefixed and suffixed form *ne-ked-ti-, “(there is) no drawingback” (*ne-, not; see ne). NECESSARY, from Latin necesse,inevitable, unavoidable.
[In Pokorny sed- 884.]
keg-
Important derivatives are: hook, heckle, hack1.Hook, tooth.
a. HAKE, from Old English haca, hook, akin to Old Norsehaki, hook;
b. HARQUEBUS, from Middle Dutch hake, hook. Both a andb from Germanic *hakan-.
c. HOOK, from Old English hoc, hook;
d. HOOKER1, from Middle Dutch hok, hoec, hook;
e. HA?EK, from Old High German h7ko, hook. a, b, and call from Germanic lengthened form *hoka-.
25. HECKLE, from Middle Dutch hekel, hatchel, a flax comb withlong metal hooklike teeth, from Germanic *hakila-.
26. HACK1, from Old English -haccian, to hack to pieces as with ahooked instrument, from Germanic *hakkijan.
[Pokorny keg- 537.]
kei-1
Important derivatives are: city, civic, civil, cemetery.To lie; bed, couch; beloved, dear.
V. Basic form *kei-.
1. Suffixed form *kei-wo-.
a. HIND3, from Old English hXwan, members of ahousehold, from Germanic *hXwa-;
b. HIDE3, from Old English hXgid, hXd, a measure of land (<“household”), from suffixed Germanic form *hXwido.
2. Suffixed form *kei-wi-. CITY, CIVIC, CIVIL, from Latin cXvis, citizen(
3. Suffixed form *kei-liyo-. CEILIDH, from Old Irish cKle,companion.
VI. O-grade form *koi-.
1. Suffixed form *koi-n7. INCUNABULUM, from Latin c7nae, a cradle.
2. Suffixed form *koi-m-7. CEMETERY, from Greek koiman, to putto sleep.
VII. Suffixed zero-grade form *ki-wo-. SHIVA, from Sanskrit {iva-,auspicious, dear.
[Pokorny 1. ˆei- 539.]
kei-2
Important derivatives are: cite, excite, incite, resuscitate, solicitous, kinetic.To set in motion.
I. Possibly extended o-grade from *koid-.
1. HIGHT, from Old English h7tan, to call, summon, order, fromGermanic *haitan.
2. Suffixed form *koid-ti-.
a. HEST, from Old English h<s, a command, a bidding;
b. BEHEST, from Old English compound beh<s, a vow,promise, command (be-, intensive prefix; see ambhi).Both a and b from Germanic *haissiz from *hait-ti-(but Germanic *hait- of 1 and 2 is perhaps to bereferred to a separate root *kaid-).
II. Zero-grade form *ki-. Suffixed iterative form *ki-eyo-. CITE; EXCITE,INCITE, OSCITANCY, RESUSCITATE, SOLICITOUS, from Latin ciKre (past participlecitus), with its frequentative cit7re, to set in motion, summon.
III. Extended root *kyeu-. Nasal infixed form *ki-n-eu-. KINEMATICS, KINESICS,-KINESIS, KINETIC; CINEMATOGRAPH, HYPERKINESIA, KINESIOLOGY, KINESTHESIA,KININ, (TELEKINESIS), from Greek kinein, to move.
[Pokorny kKi- 538.]
kekw-A derivative is: copro-.To excrete.
Suffixed o-grade form *kokw-ro-. COPRO-, from Greek kopros, dung.
[Pokorny ˆek¯- 544.]
kel-1
Important derivatives are: hell, hall, hull, hole, hollow, holster, apocalypse,eucalyptus, helmet, occult, color, cell, cellar, conceal.To cover, conceal, save.
V. O-grade form *kol-.
a. HELL, from Old English hell, hell;
b. HEL, from Old Norse Hel, the underworld, goddess ofdeath. Both a and b from Germanic *haljo, theunderworld (
c. HALL, from Old English heall, hall;
d. VALHALLA, from Old Norse hˆll, hall. Both a and b fromGermanic *hallo, covered place, hall.
2. Suffixed form *kol-eyo-. COLEUS; COLEOPTERAN, COLEOPTILE,COLEORHIZA, from Greek koleon, koleos, sheath.
VI. Zero-grade form *k_-.
a. HOLD2, HULL, from Old English hulu, husk, pod (
b. HOLE, from Old English hol, a hollow;
c. HOLLOW, from Old English holh, hole, hollow;
d. HAUGH, from Old English healh, secret place, smallhollow. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *hul-.
e. HOLSTER, from Old High German hulft, covering;
f. HOUSING2, from Medieval Latin hultia, protectivecovering. Both a and b from suffixed Germanic form*hulftX-.
2. Suffixed form *k_-to-. (see III. 2. below) Latin occultus.
3. Extended form *kl7 (< *k_N-). CLANDESTINE, from Latin clam, in
secret.
4. Suffixed variant form *kal-up-yo-. CALYPSO1, CALYPTRA;APOCALYPSE, EUCALYPTUS, from Greek kaluptein, to cover, conceal.
VII. Full-grade form *kel-.
a. HELM2, from Old English helm, protection, covering;
b. HELMET, from Middle English helmet, helmet, from asource akin to Frankish *helm, helmet. Both a and bfrom Germanic *helmaz, “protective covering.”
2. OCCULT, from Latin occulere < *ob-kel- (past participle occultus <ob-k_-to-; see II. 3. above), to cover over (ob-, over; see epi).
3. Suffixed form *kel-os-. COLOR, from Latin color, color, hue (
4. Suffixed form *kel-n7-. CELL, CELLA, CELLAR, CELLARER;(RATHSKELLER), from Latin cella, storeroom, chamber.
5. Suffixed form *kel-yo-. CILIUM, SEEL; SUPERCILIOUS, (SUPERCILIUM),from Latin cilium, lower eyelid.
VIII. Lengthened-grade form *kKl-7-. CONCEAL, from Latin cKl7re, to hide.
[Pokorny 4. ˆel- 553.]
kel-2
Important derivatives are: hill, excel, culminate, colonel, column.To be prominent; hill.
18. Zero-grade form *k_-.
a. HILL, from Old English hyll, hill, from suffixedGermanic form *hul-ni-;
b. HOLM, from Old Norse holmr, islet in a bay, meadow,from suffixed Germanic form *hul-ma-.
19. Suffixed form *kel-d-. EXCEL, from Latin excellere, to raise up,elevate, also to be eminent (ex-, up out of; see eghs).
20. O-grade form *kol-.
a. COLOPHON, from Greek kolophon, summit;
b. suffixed form *kol(u)men-. CULMINATE, from Latinculmen, top, summit;
c. extended and suffixed form *kolumn7. COLONEL,COLONNADE, COLUMN, from Latin columna, a projectingobject, column.
[Pokorny 1. kel- 544.]
kelN-1
Important derivatives are: lee, chafe, caldron, chowder, scald1, calorie.Warm.
Variant *klK-, contracted from *kleN-.
21. Suffixed variant form *klK-wo-.
a. LEE, from Old English hlKo, hlKow, covering, protection(as from cold);
b. LUKEWARM, from Old English -hlKow, warm. Both a andb from Germanic *hlKwaz.
22. Suffixed zero-grade form *k_N-K-.
a. CALENTURE, CHAFE; DECALESCENCE, INCALESCENT, NONCHALANT,RECALESCENCE, from Latin calKre, to be warm;
b. CALDRON, CAUDLE, (CHOWDER); SCALD1, from Latin derivativeadjective calidus, warm.
23. Suffixed zero-grade form *k_N-os-. CALORIC, CALORIE;CALORECEPTOR, CALORIFIC, CALORIMETER, CALORIMETRY, from Latincalor, heat.
[Pokorny 1. ˆel- 551.]
kelN-2
Important derivatives are: claim, clamor, acclaim, exclaim, reclaim, haul, council,calendar, clear, declare, class.
To shout.
I. Variant form *kl7- (< *klaN-).
1. LOW2, from Old English hlowan, to roar, low, from Germanic*hlo-.
2. Suffixed form *kl7-m7-. CLAIM, CLAMANT, CLAMOR; ACCLAIM,DECLAIM, EXCLAIM, PROCLAIM, RECLAIM, from Latin cl7m7re, to call,cry out.
II. O-grade form *kolN-.
a. KEELHAUL, from Middle Dutch halen, to haul, pull (?
b. HALE2, HAUL, from Old French haler, to haul. Both a andb from Germanic *halon, to call.
III. Zero-grade form *k_N- ( *kal-).
1. Suffixed form *kal-yo-. CONCILIATE, COUNCIL, from Latinconcilium, a meeting, gathering (con-, together; see kom).
2. Suffixed form *kal-end-. CALENDAR, CALENDS, from Latinkalendae, the calends, the first day of the month, when it waspublicly announced on which days the nones and ides of thatmonth would fall.
3. Suffixed form *kal-e-. ECCLESIA, PARACLETE, from Greek kalein(variant klK-), to call.
4. Suffixed form *kal-7-. INTERCALATE, NOMENCLATOR, from Latincal7re, to call, call out.
5. Suffixed form *k_N-ro- or suffixed variant form *klaN-ro-contracted to *kl7-ro-. CLEAR, GLAIR; CHIAROSCURO, CLAIRVOYANT,DECLARE, ÈCLAIR, (ECLAIRCISSEMENT), from Latin cl7rus, bright,clear.
IV. Possibly extended zero-grade form *k_d-, becoming *klad- in suffixedform *klad-ti-. CLASS, from Latin classis, summons, division of citizensfor military draft, hence army, fleet, also class in general.
[Pokorny 6. kel- 548.]
ken-An important derivative is: recent.Fresh, new, young.
15. Suffixed form *ken-t-. RECENT, from Latin recKns, young, fresh,new (re-, again; see re-).
16. Suffixed zero-grade form *ki-yo-. -CENE; CAINOTOPHOBIA,CENOZOIC, KAINITE, from Greek kainos, new, fresh.
[Pokorny 3. ken- 563.]
kenk-Important derivatives are: cinch, precinct, succinct.To gird, bind.
Variant form *keng-. CINCH, CINCTURE, CINGULUM; ENCEINTE1, ENCEINTE2, PRECINCT,SHINGLES, SUCCINCT, from Latin cingere, to gird.
[Pokorny 1. kenk- 565.]
kens-Important derivatives are: censor, census..To proclaim, speak solemnly.
Form *kens-K-. CENSOR, CENSUS; RECENSION, from Latin cKnsKre, to judge, assess,estimate, tax.
[Pokorny ˆens- 566.]
kent-Important derivatives are: center, eccentric.To prick, jab.
20. CENTER; AMNIOCENTESIS, DICENTRA, ECCENTRIC, from Greek kentein, toprick.
21. Suffixed form *kent-to-. CESTUS1, from Greek kestos, belt, girdle.
[Pokorny ˆent- 567.]
ker-1
Important derivatives are: horn, cornea, corner, cornet, Capricorn, unicorn, hornet,reindeer, cranium, migraine, cheer, carrot, cervix, carat, rhinoceros, cerebrum.Horn, head; with derivatives referring to horned animals, horn-shaped objects,and projecting parts.
I. Zero-grade form *ky-.
1. Suffixed form *ky-n-.
i. HORN, (HORNBEAM), from Old English horn, horn;
ii. ALPENHORN, ALTHORN, FL¸GELHORN, HORNBLENDE, fromOld High German horn, horn. Both (i) and (ii)from Germanic *hurnaz;
b. CORN2, CORNEA, CORNEOUS, CORNER, CORNET, CORNICULATE,CORNU; BICORNUATE, CAPRICORN, CORNIFICATION, LAMELLICORN,LONGICORN, TRICORN, UNICORN, from Latin corn7, horn.
2. Suffixed and extended form *kys-n-. HORNET, from Old Englishhyrnet, hornet, from Germanic *hurznuta-.
3. Suffixed form *kr-ei-.
a. REINDEER, from Old Norse hreinn, reindeer, fromGermanic *hraina-;
b. RINDERPEST, from Old High German hrind, ox, fromGermanic *hrinda-.
4. Suffixed extended form *kyNs-no-. CRANIUM; MIGRAINE, OLECRANON,from Greek kranion, skull, upper part of the head.
5. Suffixed form *ky-N-.
a. CHARIVARI; CHEER, from Greek karK, kara, head;
b. CAROTID, from Greek karoun, to stupefy, be stupefied (
c. CARROT, from Greek karoton, carrot (from its hornlikeshape).
6. Possibly extended form *krX-. CRIOSPHINX, from Greek krios,
ram.
II. Suffixed form *ker-wo-.
1. CERVINE, SERVAL, from Latin cervus, deer.
2. CERVIX, from Latin cervXx, neck.
III. Extended and suffixed form *keru-do-.
a. HART, from Old English heorot, hart, stag;
b. HARTEBEEST, from Middle Dutch hert, deer, hart. Both aand b from Germanic *herutaz.
IV. Extended form *kerNs-.
1. CARAT, CERASTES, KERATO-; CERATODUS, CHELICERA, CLADOCERAN,KERATIN, MONOCEROS, RHINOCEROS, TRICERATOPS, from Greek keras,horn.
2. SIRDAR, from Persian sar, head.
3. Suffixed form *kerNs-ro. CEREBELLUM, CEREBRUM, SAVELOY, fromLatin cerebrum, brain.
V. Extended o-grade form *koru-.
1. CORYMB, from Greek korumbos, uppermost point (< “head”).
2. CORYPHAEUS, from Greek koruphK, head.
3. Suffixed form *koru-do-. CORYDALIS, from Greek korudos,crested lark.
4. Suffixed form *koru-n7. CORYNEBACTERIUM, from Greek korunK,club, mace.
[Pokorny 1. ˆer- 574.]
ker-2
Important derivatives are: cereal, create, Creole, crescent, crew1, concrete, decrease,increase, recruit, sincere.To grow.
1. Suffixed form *ker-es-. CEREAL, CERES, from Latin CerKs, goddessof agriculture, especially the growth of grain.
2. Extended form *krK- (< *kreN-).
a. suffixed form *krK-y7-. CREATE, CREOLE; PROCREATE, fromLatin cre7re, to bring forth, create, produce (
b. suffixed form *krK-sko-. CRESCENDO, CRESCENT, CREW1;ACCRUE, (CONCRESCENCE), CONCRETE, DECREASE, EXCRESCENCE,INCREASE, RECRUIT, from Latin crKscere, to grow, increase.
3. Suffixed o-grade form *kor-wo-, “growing,” adolescent.DIOSCURI, HYPOCORISM, from Greek kouros, koros, boy, son, andkorK, girl.
4. Compound *sc-kKro-, “of one growth” (*sc-, same, one; seesem-1). SINCERE, from Latin sincKrus, pure, clean.
[Pokorny 2. ˆer- 577.]
ker-3
Important derivatives are: hearth, carbon, cremate, ceramic.Heat, fire.
4. Suffixed form *ker-t7. HEARTH, from Old English heorth, hearth,from Germanic *hertho.
5. Zero-grade form *ky-.
a. CARBON, CARBUNCLE, from Latin carbo, charcoal, ember;
b. extended form *krem-. CREMATE, from Latin crem7re, toburn.
6. Possibly suffixed and extended form *kerN-mo-. CERAMIC, fromGreek keramos, potter's clay, earthenware.
7. Possibly variant extended form *kr7s-. CRASH2, from Russiankrasit', to color.
[Pokorny 3. ker(N)- 571.]
kerd-Important derivatives are: heart, cordial, courage, quarry1, accord, discord, record,cardiac, credence, credible, credit, grant.Heart.
9. Suffixed form *kerd-en-. HEART, from Old English heorte, heart,from Germanic *herton-.
10. Zero-grade form *kyd-.
a. CORDATE, CORDIAL, COURAGE, QUARRY1; ACCORD, CONCORD,CORDIFORM, DISCORD, MISERICORD, RECORD, from Latin cor(stem cord-), heart;
b. suffixed form *kyd-y7-. CARDIA, CARDIAC, CARDIO-;ENDOCARDIUM, EPICARDIUM, MEGALOCARDIA, MYOCARDIUM,PERICARDIUM, from Greek kardia, heart, stomach, orifice.
11. Possibly *kred-dhN-, “to place trust” (an old religious term;*dhN-, to do, place; see dhK-). CREDENCE, CREDIBLE, CREDIT, CREDO,CREDULOUS, GRANT; MISCREANT, RECREANT, from Latin crKdere, tobelieve.
[Pokorny ˆered- 579.]
kerN-Important derivatives are: rare2, uproar, crater.To mix, confuse, cook.
15. Variant form *kr7- (< *kraN-).
a. RARE2, from Old English hrKr, lightly boiled, half-cooked,possibly from kerN-;
b. UPROAR, from Middle Low German ror, motion. Both aand b from Germanic *hror-.
16. Zero-grade form *kyN-.
a. suffixed form *kyN-ti-. IDIOSYNCRACY; DYSCRASIA, fromGreek krasis, a mixing;
b. suffixed form *kyN-ter-. CRATER, from Greek kratKr,mixing vessel.
[Pokorny ˆerN- 582.]
kerp-Important derivatives are: harvest, carpet, excerpt, scarce.To gather, pluck, harvest.
Variant *karp-.
3. HARVEST, from Old English hærfest, harvest, from Germanic*harbistaz.
4. CARPET; EXCERPT, (SCARCE), from Latin carpere, to pluck.
5. -CARP, CARPEL, CARPO-, -CARPOUS, from Greek karpos, fruit.
[In Pokorny 4. sker- 938.]
kers-Important derivatives are: corridor, courier, course, current, cursive, cursor, concur,discourse, excursion, incur, intercourse, occur, recur, car, career, cargo, carry, charge,carpenter.To run.
Zero-grade form *kys-.
10. CORRAL, CORRIDA, CORRIDOR, (CORSAIR), COURANTE, COURIER, COURSE,CURRENT, CURSIVE, CURSOR, CURULE; CONCOURSE, CONCUR, DECURRENT,DISCOURSE, EXCURSION, (HUSSAR), INCUR, INTERCOURSE, OCCUR,PERCURRENT, PRECURSOR, RECOURSE, RECUR, SUCCOR, from Latincurrere, to run.
11. Suffixed form *kys-o-.
a. CAR, CAREER, CARGO, CARICATURE, CARIOLE, (CARK), CAROCHE,(CARRY), CHARGE, CHARIOT; (DISCHARGE), from Latin carrus,a two-wheeled wagon;
b. CARPENTER, from Latin carpentum, a two-wheeledcarriage. Both a and b from Gaulish carros, a wagon,cart.
[Pokorny 2. ˆers- 583.]
kes-Important derivatives are: castrate, castle, caste, chaste, incest, cashier.To cut.
Variant *kas-.
6. Suffixed form *kas-tro-.
a. CASTRATE, from Latin castr7re, to castrate;
b. ALCAZAR, CASTLE, from Latin castrum, fortified place,camp (perhaps “separated place”).
7. Suffixed form *kas-to-. CASTE, CHASTE; CASTIGATE, INCEST, fromLatin castus, chaste, pure (
8. Suffixed (stative) form *kas-K-. CARET, from Latin carKre, “to becut off from,” lack.
9. Extended geminated form *kasso-. (CASHIER), QUASH1, from Latincassus, empty, void.
[Pokorny ˆes- 586.]
keu-Important derivatives are: hear, acoustic, show, scavenger, sheen.Also Nkeu-To perceive, see, hear. O-grade form *Nkou-.
8. Extended form *kous-.
i. HEAR, from Old English hXeran, to hear;
ii. HEARKEN, from Old English he(o)rcnian, toharken. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic*hausjan;
b. suffixed form *Nkous-yo-. ACOUSTIC, from Greek akouein,to hear.
9. Variant *skou-.
i. SHOW, from Old English scKawian, to look at;
ii. SCAVENGER, from Flemish scauwen, to look at;
iii. WELTANSCHAUUNG, from Old High Germanscouwon, to look at. (i), (ii), and (iii) all fromGermanic *skauwon;
b. SCONE, from Middle Dutch schoon, beautiful, bright (<“conspicuous, attractive”);
c. SHEEN, from Old English scXene, bright, sheen, fromGermanic *skauniz.
[Pokorny 1. keu- 587.]
keuN-Important derivatives are: cave, cavern, concave, excavate, cumulus, accumulate,church.To swell; vault, hole.
I. O-grade form *kouN-.
1. Basic form *kouN- becoming *kaw-. CAVE, CAVERN, CAVETTO,CAVITY; CONCAVE, EXCAVATE, from Latin cavus, hollow.
2. Suffixed form *kow-ilo-.(-CELE2), CELIAC, -COEL, COELOM, fromGreek koilos, hollow.
3. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *kow-o-. CODEINE, from Greekkoos, hollow place, cavity.
II. Zero-grade form *k7- (< *kuN-).
1. Suffixed shortened form *ku-m-olo. CUMULATE, CUMULUS;ACCUMULATE, from Latin cumulus, heap, mass.
2. Basic form *k7-.
a. suffixed form *k7-ro-, “swollen,” strong, powerful.CHURCH, (KIRK), KYRIE, from Greek kurios (vocative kurie),master, lord;
b. suffixed form *kuw-eyo-. CYMA; PSEUDOCYESIS, from Greekkuein, to swell, and derivative kuma (< *k7-mi), “ aswelling,” wave;
c. suffixed form *en-k7-yo- (*en, in; see en-). ENCEINTE1;from Latin inciKns, pregnant.
[Pokorny 1. ˆeu- 592.]
klei-Important derivatives are: decline, incline, recline, proclivity, lid, lean1, client, clinic,climax, climate, ladder.To lean.
I. Full-grade form *klei-.
1. Suffixed form *klei-n-. DECLINE, INCLINE, RECLINE, from Latin -clXn7re, to lean, bend.
2. Suffixed form *klei-tro-. CLITELLUM, from Latin clXtellae,packsaddle, from diminutive of *clXtra, litter.
3. Suffixed form *klei-wo-. ACCLIVITY, DECLIVITY, PROCLIVITY, fromLatin clXvus, a slope.
4. Suffixed form *klei-tor-, “incline, hill.” CLITORIS, from Greekfeminine diminutive kleitoris.
II. Zero grade form *kli-.
1. LID, from Old English hlid, cover, from Germanic *hlid-, “thatwhich bends over,” cover.
2. Suffixed form *kli-n-. LEAN1, from Old English hlinian andhleonian, to lean, from Germanic *hlinKn.
3. Suffixed form *kli-ent-. CLIENT, from Latin cliKns, dependent,follower.
4. Suffixed form *kli-to-. (see ous-) Latin auscult7re, “to holdone's ear inclined,” to listen to, from *aus-klit-7-.
5. Suffixed form *kli-n-yo-. -CLINAL, CLINE, (-CLINE), (-CLINIC), CLINO-;ACLINIC LINE, ANACLISIS, CLINANDRIUM, ENCLITIC, MATRICLINOUS,PATROCLINOUS, PERICLINE, (PROCLITIC), from Greek klinein, to lean.
6. Lengthened form *klX-.
a. suffixed form *klX-n-7. CLINIC; DICLINOUS, MONOCLINOUS,TRICLINIUM, from Greek klinK, bed;
b. suffixed form *klX-m-. CLIMAX, from Greek klimax,ladder;
c. suffixed form *klX-mi. CLIMATE, from Greek klima,sloping surface of the earth.
III. Suffixed o-grade form *kloi-tr-. LADDER, from Old English hl<d(d)er,ladder, from Germanic *hlaidri-.
[Pokorny ˆlei- 600.]
kleu-Important derivatives are: leer, listen, loud.To hear.
III. Extended form *kleus-. LEER, from Old English hlKor, cheek (< “ear”),from Germanic *hleuza-.
IV. Zero-grade form *klu-.
1. LIST4, from Old English hlystan, to listen, from Germanic*hlustjan.
2. LISTEN, from Old English hlysnan, to listen, from Germanic*hlusinon.
3. Suffixed lengthened form *kl7-to-.
a. LOUD, from Old English hl7d, loud;
b. ABLAUT, UMLAUT, from Old High German hl7t, sound.Both a and b from Germanic *hl7daz, “heard,” loud.
V. Full-grade form *kleu-.
1. Suffixed form *klew-yo-. CLIO, from Greek kleiein, to praise,tell.
2. Suffixed form *klew-es-. HERCULES, from Latin HerculKs, fromGreek HKraklKs, HKrakleKs.
3. Suffixed form *kleu-to-. SAROD, from Old Iranian srauta-.
[Pokorny 1. ˆleu- 605.]
ko-Important derivatives are: he1, him, his, her, it, here, hence, et cetera.Stem of demonstrative pronoun meaning “this.”
I. Variant form *ki-.
a. HE1, from Old English hK, he;
b. HIM, from Old English him, him (dative of hK);
c. HIS, from Old English his, his (genitive of hK);
d. HER, from Old English hire, her (dative and genitive ofheo, she);
e. IT, from Old English hit, it (neuter of hK);
f. HERE, from Old English hKr, here;
g. HENCE, from Old English heonane, heonon, from here. a,b, c, d, e, f, and g all from Germanic *hi-,
2. Suffixed form *ki-tro-. HITHER, from Old English hider, hither,from Germanic *hi-thra-.
3. Suffixed form *ki-s. CIS-, from Latin cis, on this side of.
II. Variant form *ke-.
1. Preposed in *ke-etero- (*e-tero-, a second time, again; see i-). ET
CETERA, from Latin cKterus (neuter plural cKtera), the other part,that which remains.
2. (see nu-) Postposed in Latin -ce.
3. BEHIND, HIND1, from Old English behindan, in the rear, behind(bi, at; see ambhi).
4. HINTERLAND, from Old High German hintar, behind.
5. HINDER1, from Old English hindrian, to check, hinder, fromGermanic derivative verb *hindron, to keep back. 1, 2, and 3 allfrom Germanic root *hind-, behind, attributed by some to this
root (but more likely of obscure origin).
[Pokorny 1. ko- 609.]
ko-An important derivative is: cone.To sharpen, whet.
Contracted from *koN-.
2. Suffixed extended form *koNi-no-. HONE1, from Old Englishh7n, stone, from Germanic *haino.
3. CONE, CONIC; CONIFER, CONODONT, from Greek konos, cone, conicalobject (ko-.
[Pokorny ˆKi- 541.]
kob-Important derivatives are: happen, happy, hapless, mishap.To suit, fit, succeed.
HAP, (HAPPEN), (HAPPY); (HAPLESS), (MISHAP), from Old Norse happ, chance, goodluck, from Germanic *hap-.
[Pokorny kob- 610.]
komImportant derivatives are: enough, co-, contra-, contrary, counter1, country,encouter.Beside, near, by, with.
6. ENOUGH, GEMOT, HANDIWORK, YCLEPT; WITENAGEMOT, from OldEnglish ge-, with, also participial, collective, and intensiveprefix, from Germanic *ga-, together, with (collective andintensive prefix and marker of the past participle).
7. CUM; COONCAN, from Latin cum, co-, with.
8. (CO-), COM-, from Old Latin com, with (collective and intensiveprefix).
9. (see merg-) British Celtic *kombrogos, fellow countryman,from Celtic *kom-, collective prefix.
10. Suffixed form *kom-tr7. (CON1), CONTRA-, CONTRARY, (COUNTER1),COUNTER-, COUNTRY; ENCOUNTER, from Latin contr7, against,opposite.
11. Suffixed form *kom-yo-. COENO-; CENOBITE, EPICENE, KOINE, fromGreek koinos, common, shared.
12. Reduced form *ko- (see gher-1, mei-1, smei-).
[Pokorny kom 612.]
konk-Important derivatives are: hang, hinge.To hang.
a. HANG, from Old English hon, to hang;
b. HANKER, from Dutch (dialectal) hankeren, to long for;
c. HINGE, from Middle English he(e)ng, hinge, hinge,possibly related (ultimately from the base of OldEnglish hangian, to hang). a, b, and c all fromGermanic *hanhan (transitive), hangKn (intransitive),hang.
1. Suffixed form *konk-t-7-. CUNCTATION, from Latin c7nct7rX, todelay.
[Pokorny ˆenk- 566, ˆonk- 614.]
koro-Important derivatives are: harbor, harbinger, herald, harry, harangue.War; also war-band, host, army.
4. HERIOT, from Old English here, army.
5. ARRIËRE-BAN, from Old French herban, a summoning to militaryservice (ban, proclamation, summons; see bh7-2).
a. HARBOR, from Old English herebeorg, lodging;
b. HARBINGER, from Old French herberge, lodging. Both aand b from Germanic compound *harja-bergaz, “armyhill,” hill-fort, later shelter, lodging, army quarters(*bergaz, hill; see bhergh-2).
6. HERALD, from Anglo-Norman herald, from Germaniccompound *harja-waldaz, “army commander” (*wald-, rule,power; see wal-).
7. HARNESS, from Old French harneis, harness, from Germaniccompound *harja-nestam, “army provisions” (*nestam, foodfor a journey; see nes- 1). 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 all from Germanic*harjaz, army.
III. HARRY, from Old English hergian, to ravage, plunder, raid, fromGermanic denominative *harjon.
IV. HARANGUE, from Old Italian aringo, arringa, public square, fromGermanic compound *harihring, assembly, “host-ring” (*hringaz, ring;see sker-2).
[Pokorny koro-s 615.]
kost-Important derivatives are: coast, cutlet, accost.Bone.
Probably related to ost-. COAST, COSTA, COSTARD, COSTREL, CUESTA, CUTLET; ACCOST,INTERCOSTAL, STERNOCOSTAL, from Latin costa, rib, side.
[Pokorny kost- 616.]
krei-Important derivatives are: riddle1, garble, crime, criminal, discriminate, certain,concern, decree, discern, excrement, secret, crisis, critic,, hypocrisy.To sieve, discriminate, distinguish.
4. Basic form with variant instrumental suffixes.
a. suffixed form *krei-tro-. RIDDLE1, from Old English
hridder, hriddel, sieve, from Germanic *hridra-, a sieve;
b. suffixed form *krei-dhro-. CRIBRIFORM, GARBLE, from LatincrXbrum, a sieve.
5. Suffixed form *krei-men-.
a. CRIME, (CRIMINAL); RECRIMINATE, from Latin crXmen,judgment, crime;
b. DISCRIMINATE, from Latin discrXmen, distinction (dis-,apart).
6. Suffixed zero-grade form *kri-no- (participial form *kri-to-).CERTAIN; CONCERN, DECREE, DISCERN, (EXCREMENT), EXCRETE,(INCERTITUDE), RECREMENT, SECERN, SECRET, from Latin cernere(perfect crKvX; past participle crKtus), to sift, separate, decide.
7. Suffixed zero-grade form *kri-n-yo-. CRISIS, CRITIC, CRITERION;APOCRINE, DIACRITIC, ECCRINE, ENDOCRINE, EPICRITIC, EXOCRINE,HEMATOCRIT, HYPOCRISY, from Greek krinein, to separate, decide,judge ( krinesthai, to explain).
[Pokorny 4. sker-, Section II. 945.]
kreuN-Important derivatives are: raw, pancreas, crude, cruel.Raw flesh.
1. Lengthened-grade form *krKw-. RAW, from Old English hrKaw,raw, from Germanic *hrKwaz.
2. Suffixed form *krewN-s-. CREATINE, CREODONT, CREOSOTE, PANCREAS,from Greek kreas, flesh.
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *kr7-do- (< *kruN-do-).
a. CRUDE; ECRU, RECRUDESCE, from Latin cr7dus, bloody, raw;
b. CRUEL, from Latin cr7dKlis, cruel.
[Pokorny 1. A. kreu- 621.]
kreus-Important derivatives are: crust, crustacean, crystal.To begin to freeze, form a crust.
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *krus-to-.
a. CROUTON, CRUST, CRUSTACEAN, CRUSTACEOUS, CRUSTOSE;ENCRUST, from Latin crusta, crust;
b. CRYSTAL, CRYSTALLINE, CRYSTALLO-, from Greek krustallos,ice, crystal.
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *krus-es-. CRYO-, from Greek kruos,icy cold, frost.
5. Suffixed zero-grade form *krus-mo-. CRYMOTHERAPY, from Greekkrumos, icy cold, frost.
[Pokorny 1. B. kreu- 621.]
ksunImportant derivatives are: syn-, sputnik.Preposition and preverb meaning “with.”
3. SYN-, from Greek sun, xun, together, with.
4. Basic form *su(n)-.
a. SOVIET, from Old Russian compound sƒvItƒ, assembly,from sƒ(n)-, with, together;
b. SPUTNIK, from Russian sputnik, fellow traveler, sputnik(see pent-), from so-, s-, with, together, from sƒ(n).
[In Pokorny 2. sem- 902.]
kweDerivatives are: sesqui-, ubiquity.And (enclitic).
SESQUI-, UBIQUITY, from Latin -que, and.
[Pokorny k¯e 635.]
kwei-1
Important derivatives are: pain, penalty, punish, impunity, subpoena.To pay, atone, compensate.
Suffixed o- grade form *kwoi-n7. PAIN, PENAL, (PENALTY), PINE2, PUNISH; IMPUNITY,PENOLOGY, (PUNITORY), (REPINE), SUBPOENA, from Greek poinK, fine, penalty.
[Pokorny k¯ei-(t-) 636.]
kwei-2
Important derivatives are: cheetah, poem, poet.To pile up, build, make.
O-grade form *kwoi-.
a. CHEETAH, from Sanskrit k7yaU, body;
b. suffixed form *kwoi-wo-, making, in denominative verb*kwoiw-eyo-. POEM, POESY, POET, POETIC, -POIESIS, -POIETIC;EPOPEE, MYTHOPOEIC, ONOMATOPOEIA, PHARMACOPOEIA,PROSOPOPEIA, from Greek poiein, to make, create.
[Pokorny 2. k¯ei- 637.]
kweiN-Important derivatives are: while, tranquil, coy, quiet, acquiesce.To rest, be quiet.
I. Suffixed zero-grade variant form *kwX-lo- (< *kwiN-lo-).
a. WHILE, from Old English hwXl, while;
b. WHILOM, from Old English hwXlum, sometimes. Both aand b from Germanic *hwXlo.
2. TRANQUIL, from Latin tranquillus, tranquil (tr7ns, across,beyond; see terN-2), possibly from kweiN-.
II. Variant form *kwyK- (< *kwyeN-). COY, QUIET; ACQUIESCE, REQUIEM,REQUIESCAT, from Latin quiKs, quiet, requiKs, rest, and requiKscere, to rest.
[Pokorny k¯ei- 638.]
kweit-Important derivatives are: white, wheat..White; to shine.
5. Suffixed form *kweit-o-.
a. WHITE, from Old English hwXt, white;
b. WITLOOF, from Middle Dutch wit, white;
c. WHITING2, from Middle Dutch wijting, whiting;
d. EDELWEISS, from Old High German hwXz, wXz, white. a,b, c, and d all from Germanic *hwXtaz.
6. Suffixed o-grade form *kwoit-yo-. WHEAT, from Old Englishhw<te, wheat (from the fine white flour it yields), fromGermanic *hwaitjaz.
[Pokorny 3. ˆ¯ei- 628.]
kwel-1
Important derivatives are: colony, cult, cultivate, culture, wheel, cycle, cyclone,bicycle, collar, pole1, pulley,, bucolic.To revolve, move around, sojourn, dwell.
I. Basic form *kwel-. COLONY, CULT, CULTIVATE, (CULTURE); INCULT, INQUILINE,SILVICOLOUS, from Latin colere, to till, cultivate, inhabit.
II. Suffixed form *kwel-es-. TELIC, (TELIUM), TELO-; ENTELECHY, TALISMAN,TELEOLOGY, (TELEOST), TELEUTOSPORE, from Greek telos, “completion of acycle,” consummation, perfection, end, result.
III. Suffixed reduplicated form *kw(e)-kwl-o-, circle.
1. WHEEL, from Old English hwKol, hweogol, wheel, from Germanic*hwewlaz.
2. CYCLE, CYCLO-, CYCLOID, CYCLONE, CYCLOSIS; (BICYCLE), ENCYCLICAL,EPICYCLE, from Greek kuklos, circle, wheel.
3. CHAKRA, CHUKKER, from Sanskrit cakram, circle, wheel.
4. Metathesized form *kwe-lkw-o-. CHARKHA, from Old Persian*carka-.
IV. O-grade form *kwol-.
1. Suffixed form *kwol-so-, “that on which the head turns,” neck.
i. HAWSE, from Old Norse h7ls, neck, ship's bow;
ii. RINGHALS, from Middle Dutch hals, neck;
iii. HAUBERK, from Old French hauberc, hauberk,from Germanic compound *h(w)als-berg-,“neck-protector,” gorget (*bergan, to protect;see bhergh-1). (i), (ii), and (iii) all fromGermanic *h(w)alsaz;
b. COL, COLLAR, COLLET, CULLET; ACCOLADE, DECOLLATE1,DÈCOLLETÈ, MACHICOLATE, (MACHICOLATION), TORTICOLLIS,from Latin collum, neck.
2. Suffixed form *kwol-7. -COLOUS; PRATINCOLE, from Latin -cola andincola, inhabitant (in-, in; see en).
3. Suffixed form *kwol-o-.
a. ANCILLARY, from Latin anculus, “he who bustles about,”servant (an-, short for ambi-, around, about; seeambhi);
b. POLE1, PULLEY, from Greek polos, axis of a sphere;
c. BUCOLIC, from Greek boukolos, cowherd, from -kolos,herdsman.
4. Suffixed form *kwol-es- (probably a blend of o-grade *kwol-o-and expected e-grade *kwel-es-). CALASH, KOLACKY, from Slavickolo, koles-, wheel.
5. Suffixed o-grade form *kwol-eno-. (see wes-3) Old Iranian*vah7-carana-, “sale-traffic,” from *carana-, trade, traffic.
6. Suffixed zero-grade form *kw_-i-. PALIMPSEST, PALINDROME,
PALINGENESIS, PALINODE, from Greek palin, again (< “revolving”).
[Pokorny 1. k¯el- 639.]
kwel-2
Derivatives are: tele-, paleo-.Far (in space and time).
7. Lengthened-grade form *kwKl-. TELE-, from Greek tKle, far off.
8. Suffixed zero-grade form *kw_-ai. PALEO-, from Greek palai, long
ago.
[Pokorny 2. k¯el- 640.]
kwent(h)-Important derivatives are: pathetic, pathos, sympathy.To suffer.
1. Suffixed form *kwenth-es-. NEPENTHE, from Greek penthos, grief.
2. Zero-grade form *kwith-. PATHETIC, PATHO-, PATHOS, -PATHY;
APATHY, (PATHOGNOMONIC), SYMPATHY, from Greek pathos,suffering, passion, emotion, feelings.
[Pokorny k¯enth- 641.]
kwer-An important derivative is: karma.To make.
1. SANSKRIT, from Sanskrit karoti, he makes.
2. Suffixed form *kwer-or with dissimilated form *kwel-or. PELORIA,from Greek pelor, monster (perhaps “that which does harm”).
3. Suffixed form *kwer-Ns-. TERA-; (TERATOCARCINOMA), TERATOGEN,TERATOID, TERATOMA, from Greek teras, monster.
4. Suffixed form *kwer-mi. KARMA, from Sanskrit karma, act, deed.
[Pokorny k¯er- 641.]
kwes-Important derivatives are: wheeze, quarrel1, querulous, cyst.To pant, wheeze.
1. WHEEZE, from Old Norse hvæsa, to hiss, from Germanic*hwKsjan.
2. QUARREL1, QUERULOUS, from Latin querX, to complain.
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *kus-ti-. CYST, CYSTO-, from Greekkustis, bladder, bag (< “bellows”).
[Pokorny ˆ¯es- 631.]
kwKt-Important derivatives are: squash2, discuss, rescue.To shake.
Zero-grade form *kwNt-, becoming *kwat-.
a. CASCARA, SCUTCH, SQUASH2; CONCUSS, DISCUSS, PERCUSS, RESCUE,SUCCUSSION, from Latin quatere (past participle quassus,in composition -cussus), to shake, strike;
b. PASTE1, from Greek passein, to sprinkle.
[Pokorny k¯Kt- 632.]
kwetwer-Important derivatives are: four, forty, fourteen, quatrain, squad, square, quadri-,quadrant, quarantine, tetra-, trapezium, fourth, farthing, quart, quarter.Four.
I. O-grade form *kwetwor-.
a. FOUR, from Old English fKower, four;
b. FORTY, from Old English fKowertig, forty;
c. FOURTEEN, from Old English fKowertKne, fourteen (-tKne,ten; see dekc). a, b, and c all from Germanic
*fe(d)wor-, probably from *kwetwor-.
2. QUATRAIN; CATER-CORNERED, QUATTROCENTO, from Latin quattuor,four.
3. CZARDAS, from Old Iranian cathw7ro, four.
II. Multiplicatives *kweturs, *kwetrus, and combining forms *kwetur-,*kwetru-.
1. CAHIER, (CARILLON), (CARNET), QUATERNARY, QUATERNION, QUIRE1, fromLatin quater, four times.
2. CADRE, QUADRATE, QUADRILLE1, QUARREL2, QUARRY2; (SQUAD), SQUARE,TROCAR, from Latin quadrum, square.
3. QUADRI-, from Latin quadri-, four.
4. QUADRANT, from Latin quadr7ns, a fourth part.
5. QUARANTINE, from Latin quadr7gint7, forty (-gint7, ten times; seedekc).
6. Variant form *kwet(w)y-.
a. TETRA-, from Greek tetra-, four;
b. TESSERA; DIATESSARON, from Greek tessares, tettares(genitive tessaron), four;
c. TETRAD, from Greek tetras, group of four;
d. zero-grade form *kwt(w)y-. TRAPEZIUM, from Greek tra-,four.
III. Ordinal adjective *kwetur-to-.
a. FOURTH, from Old English fKortha, fKowertha, fourth;
b. FIRKIN, from Middle Dutch veerde, fourth;
c. FARTHING, from Old English fKorthing, fKorthung, fourthpart of a penny. a, b, and c all from Germanic*fe(d)worthon-.
2. QUADRILLE2, QUADROON, QUART, QUARTAN, QUARTER, QUARTO, fromLatin qu7rtus, fourth, quarter.
[Pokorny k¯et¯er- 642.]
kwo-Important derivatives are: who, what, why, which, how, when, where, whether,neither, either, quorum, quip, quasi, quote, quotient, quantity, quality, neuter, alibi.Also kwi-Stem of relative and interrogative pronouns.
a. WHO, WHOSE, WHOM, from Old English hw7, hwæs, hw<m,who, whose, whom, from Germanic personal pronouns*hwas, *hwasa, *hwam;
b. WHAT, from Old English hwæt, what, from Germanicpronoun *hwat;
c. WHY, from Old English hw«, why, from Germanicadverb *hwX;
d. WHICH, from Old English hwilc, hwelc, which, fromGermanic relative pronoun *hwa-lXk- (*lXk-, body,form; see lXk-);
e. HOW, from Old English h7, how, from Germanic adverb*hwo;
i. WHEN, from Old English hwenne, hwanne, when;
ii. WHENCE, from Old English hwanon, whence.Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic adverb *hwan-;
f. WHITHER, from Old English hwider, whither, fromGermanic adverb *hwithrK;
g. WHERE, from Old English hw<r, where, from Germanicadverb *hwar-. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h all fromGermanic *hwa-, *hwi-.
h. WHETHER; NEITHER, from Old English hwæther, hwether,which of two, whether;
i. EITHER, from Old English <ghwæther, <ther, either, fromGermanic phrase *aiwo gihwatharaz, “ever each of two”(*aiwo, *aiwi, ever; see aiw-; *gi- from *ga-, collectiveprefix; see kom). Both a and b from Germanic
*hwatharaz.
1. QUA, QUIBBLE, QUORUM, from Latin quX (genitive plural quorum),who.
2. HIDALGO, QUIDDITY, QUIDNUNC, QUIP, from Latin quid, what,something.
3. QUASI, from Latin quasi, as if (quam + sX, if; see swo-), fromquam, as, than, how.
4. QUODLIBET, from Latin quod, what.
5. QUOTE, QUOTIDIAN, QUOTIENT; ALIQUOT, from Latin quot, how many.
6. QUONDAM, from Latin quom, when.
7. COONCAN, from Latin quem, whom.
8. QUANTITY, from Latin quantus, how great.
9. QUALITY, from Latin qu7lis, of what kind.
10. CUE2, from Latin quando, when (from *kw7m + -do, to, til; see
de-).
11. NEUTER, from Latin uter, either of two.
12. ALIBI, UBIQUITY, from Latin ubi, where, and ibi, there.
13. CHEESE3, from Old Persian *ci≥-ciy, something (< *kwid-kwid).
[Pokorny k¯o- 644.]
kwon-Important derivatives are: cynic, hound, dachshund, canary, canine, kennel1.Dog.
1. CYNIC; CYNOSURE, PROCYON, QUINSY, from Greek kuon, dog.
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *kwi-to-.
a. HOUND, from Old English hund, dog;
b. DACHSHUND, from Old High German hunt, dog;
c. KEESHOND, from Middle Dutch hond, dog. a, b, and c allfrom Germanic *hundaz.
3. Nominative form *kwo. CORGI, from Welsh ci, dog.
4. Variant *kan-i-. CANAILLE, CANARY, CANICULAR, CANINE, CHENILLE,KENNEL1, from Latin canis, dog.
[Pokorny k¯on- 632.]
kwrep-Important derivatives are: midriff, corporal1, corporate, corporeal, corps, corpse,corpuscle, corsage, corset, leprechaun.Body.
1. Suffixed form *kwrep-es-. MIDRIFF, from Old English hrif, bellyfrom Germanic *hrefiz-.
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *kwyp-es-. CORPORAL1, CORPORAL3,
CORPORATE, CORPOREAL, CORPOSANT, CORPS, CORPSE, CORPULENCE,CORPUS, CORPUSCLE, CORSAGE, CORSE, CORSET; LEPRECHAUN, from Latincorpus, body, substance.
[Pokorny 1. krep- 620.]
kwymi-An important derivative is: crimson.Worm.
Rhyme word to *wymi-, worm (see wer-2). (CRIMSON), KERMES, from Arabicqirmiz, kermes, borrowed from Sanskrit compound kxmi-ja-, “(red dye)produced by worms” (ja-, produced; see genN-), from kxmi-, worm.
[Pokorny k¯ymi- 649.]
laks-A derivative is: lox1.Salmon.
Suffixed form *laks-o-.
a. LOX1, from Old High German lahs, salmon;
b. GRAVLAX, from Swedish lax, salmon. Both a and b fromGermanic *lahsaz.
[Pokorny lak- 653.]
las-Important derivatives are: lust, wanderlust, lascivious.To be eager, wanton, or unruly.
a. LUST, from Old English lust, lust;
b. WANDERLUST, from Old High German lust, desire;
c. LIST5, from Old English lystan, to please, satisfy a desire,from Germanic denominative verb *lustjan. a, b, and call from suffixed Germanic zero-grade form *lustuz.
18. Suffixed form *las-ko-. LASCIVIOUS, from Latin lascXvus, wanton,lustful.
[Pokorny las- 654.]
lau-An important derivative is: lucrative.Gain, profit.
16. Suffixed form *lau-no-. GUERDON, from Old High German lon,reward from Germanic *launam.
17. Suffixed zero-grade form *lu-tlo-. LUCRATIVE, LUCRE, from Latinlucrum, gain, profit.
[Pokorny l7u- 655.]
lK-Important derivatives are: let1, liege, late, latter, last1, alas, lenient.To let go, slacken. Contracted from *leN-.
V. Extended form *lKd-.
a. LET1, from Old English l<tan, to allow, leave undone,from Germanic *lKtan;
b. LIEGE, from Late Latin laetus, semifree colonist, fromGermanic derivative *lKthigaz, freed.
2. Zero-grade form *lNd-.
a. LATE, LATTER, LAST1, from Old English læt, late, with itscomparative lætra, latter, and its superlative latost, last,from Germanic *lataz;
b. LET2, from Old English lettan, to hinder, impede (*latjan;
c. suffixed form *lNd-to-. LASSITUDE; ALAS, from Latin lassus,tired, weary.
VI. Suffixed basic form *lK-ni-. LENIENT, LENIS, LENITIVE, LENITY, from LatinlKnis, soft, gentle.
[Pokorny 3. lK(i)- 666.]
leb-Important derivatives are: lip, labial.Lip.
27. LIP, from Old English lippa, lip, from Germanic *lep-.
28. Variant form *lab-.
a. suffixed form *lab-yo-. LABIAL, LABIUM, from Latinlabium, lip;
b. suffixed form *lab-ro-. LABELLUM, LABRET, LABRUM, fromLatin labrum, lip.
[Pokorny lLb- 655.]
leg-Important derivatives are: leech1, lectern, lecture, legend, legible, legion, lesson, coil1,collect1, diligent, elect, intelligent, neglect, sacrilege, select, lexicon, catalog, dialect,dialogue, eclectic, legal, legitimate, loyal, legislator, privilege, legacy, allege, colleague,delegate, relegate, logic, analogous, apology, epilogue, logarithm, prologue, syllogism.
To collect; with derivatives meaning “to speak.”
11. LEECH1, from Old English l<ce, physician, from Germanic*lKkjaz, enchanter, one who speaks magic words, perhaps fromleg-.
12. LECTERN, (LECTION), LECTURE, LEGEND, LEGIBLE, LEGION, LESSON; (COIL1),COLLECT1, DILIGENT, ELECT, INTELLIGENT, NEGLECT, PRELECT, SACRILEGE,SELECT, SORTILEGE, from Latin legere, to gather, choose, pluck,read.
13. LEXICON, LOGION, -LOGUE, -LOGY; ALEXIA, ANALECTS, ANTHOLOGY,CATALOG, DIALECT, (DIALOGUE), DYSLEXIA, ECLECTIC, HOROLOGE,PROLEGOMENON, from Greek legein, to gather, speak, with logos,speech (see 6).
14. Suffixed form *leg-no-. LIGNEOUS, LIGNI-, from Latin lignum,wood, firewood (
15. Possibly lengthened-grade form *lKg-.
a. LEGAL, LEGIST, LEGITIMATE, LEX, LOYAL; LEGISLATOR, PRIVILEGE,from Latin lKx, law (?
b. LEGACY, LEGATE; COLLEAGUE, (COLLEGIAL), DELEGATE, RELEGATE,from Latin denominative lKg7re, to depute,commission, charge (legh-).
16. Suffixed o-grade form *log-o-. LOGIC, LOGISTIC, LOGO-, LOGOS, -LOGY; ANALOGOUS, APOLOGUE, APOLOGY, DECALOGUE, EPILOGUE,HOMOLOGOUS, LOGARITHM, PARALOGISM, PROLOGUE, SYLLOGISM, fromGreek logos, speech, word, reason.
[Pokorny le´- 658.]
legh-Important derivatives are: lie1, lay1, ledge, ledger, lair, beleaguer, lees, low1, litter,law, fellow, outlaw.To lie, lay.
25. Suffixed form *legh-yo-.
a. LIE1, from Old English licgan, to lie, from Germanic*LIGJAN;
i. LAY1, LEDGE, (LEDGER), from Old English lecgan, tolay;
ii. BELAY, from Old English belecgan, to cover,surround (be-, over; see ambhi). Both (i) and(ii) from Germanic *lagjan.
26. Suffixed form *legh-ro-.
a. LAIR, from Old English leger, lair;
b. LEAGUER1; BELEAGUER, from Middle Dutch leger, lair, camp;
c. LAAGER, LAGER; (STALAG), from Old High German legar,bed, lair. a, b, and c all from Germanic *legraz.
27. LEES, from Medieval Latin lia, sediment, from Celtic *leg-y7-.
28. Lengthened-grade form *lKgh-. LOW1, from Old Norse l7gr, low,from Germanic *lKgaz, “lying flat,” low.
29. Suffixed form *legh-to-. COVERLET, LITTER; WAGON-LIT, from Latinlectus, bed.
30. Suffixed o-grade form *logh-o-.
a. LAW; BYLAW, (DANELAW), from Old Norse *lagu, lag-, law,“that which is set down”;
b. FELLOW, from Old Norse lag, a laying down;
c. OUTLAW, from Old Norse lˆg, law;
d. ANLAGE, VORLAGE, from Old High German l7ga, act oflaying. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *lagam.
31. LAGAN, from Old Norse lˆgn, dragnet (*lag-Xno-.
32. Suffixed o-grade form *logh-o-. LOCHIA, from Greek lokhos,childbirth, place for lying in wait.
[Pokorny legh- 658, 2. lK´h- 660.]
legwh-Important derivatives are: light2, leaven, lever, levity, alleviate, carnival, elevate,
relieve, leprechaun, lung.Light, having little weight.
14. Suffixed form *legwh-t-.
a. LIGHT2, from Old English lXht, lKoht, light;
b. LIGHTER2, from Old English lXhtan, to lighten. Both a andb from Germanic *lXht(j)az.
15. Suffixed form *legwh-u-i-. LEAVEN, LEVER, LEVITY; ALLEVIATE,CARNIVAL, ELEVATE, LEGERDEMAIN, (MEZZO-RELIEVO), RELIEVE, fromLatin levis, light, with its derivative lev7re, to lighten, raise.
16. Variant form *lagwh-. LEPRECHAUN, from Old Irish l7-, small.
17. Nasalized form *l(e)ngwh-. LUNG, from Old English lungen,lungs (from their lightness), from Germanic *lung-.
18. (see lei-) Latin oblXvXscX, to forget, attributed by some to thisroot, is more likely from lei-.
[Pokorny leg¯h- 660.]
lei-Important derivatives are: slime, slippery, slick, loam, slight, slip1, oblivion, liniment.Also slei-Slimy.
a. SLIME, from Old English slXm, slime;
b. SLIPPERY, from Old English slipor, slippery;
c. SLICK, from Old English *slice, smooth;
d. LIME3, from Old English lXm, cement, birdlime;
e. LOAM, from Old English l7m, loam;
f. SLIGHT, from Middle English slight, slender, probablyfrom a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse slKttr,smooth, sleek;
g. SLIP1, from Middle English slippen, to slip, probablyfrom a source akin to Middle Dutch and Middle LowGerman slippen, to slip, slip away;
h. SCHLEP, from Middle Low German slKpen, to drag. a, b,c, d, e, f, g, and h all from Germanic *slY- with variousextensions.
3. Suffixed form *lei-mo-. LIMACINE, LIMICOLINE, from Latin lXmus,slime.
4. Suffixed form *lei-w-. OBLIVION, OUBLIETTE, from Latin oblXvXscX,to forget (ob-, away; see epi).
5. Extended form *(s)leiN-, with metathesis *(s)leN(i)-.
a. Zero-grade form with nasal infix *li-n-N-. LINIMENT,from Latin linere (perfect lKvX), to anoint;
b. suffixed zero-grade form *lX- (< *liN-). LITOTES, fromGreek litos, plain, simple;
c. suffixed metathesized form *leN-wo-, whence *lK-wo-.LEVIGATE, from Latin lKvis, smooth.
[Pokorny 3. lei- 662.]
leid-Important derivatives are: ludicrous, allude, collude, delude, elude, illusion,interlude, prelude.To play, jest.
Suffixed o-grade form *loid-o-. LUDIC, LUDICROUS; ALLUDE, COLLUDE, DELUDE, ELUDE,ILLUSION, INTERLUDE, PRELUDE, PROLUSION, from Latin l7dus, game, play, with itsderivative l7dere, to play (but both words may possibly be from Etruscan).
[Pokorny leid- 666.]
leig-Important derivatives are: league1, liable, lien, alloy, ally, furl, oblige, rally, rely.To bind.
12. LEECH2, from Middle Low German lXk, leech line, fromGermanic *lXk-.
13. Suffixed agent noun *l(e)ig-tor-. LICTOR, from Latin lictor, lictor.
14. Zero-grade form *lig-7-. LEAGUE1, LEGATO, LIABLE, LIEN, LIGASE,LIGATE, LIGATURE; ALLOY, (ALLY), COLLIGATE, FURL, OBLIGE, (RALLY1),(RELIGION), RELY, from Latin lig7re, to bind.
[Pokorny 4. leig- 668.]
leigh-Important derivatives are: lick, lecher.To lick.
5. ELECTUARY, LICHEN, from Greek leikhein, to lick.
6. Zero-grade form *ligh-.
a. LICK, from Old English liccian, to lick;
b. LECHER, from Old French lechier, to live in debauchery.Both a and b from Germanic *likkon.
7. Nasalized zero-grade form *li-n-gh-. ANILINGUS, CUNNILINGUS,from Latin lingere, to lick.
[Pokorny leigh- 668.]
leikw-Important derivatives are: eclipse, ellipsis, lend, loan, delinquent, derelict, relinquish.To leave.
19. Basic form *leikw-. ECLIPSE, ELLIPSIS, from Greek leipein, to leave.
20. O-grade form *loikw-.
a. suffixed form *loikw-nes-. LOAN, from Old Norse l7n,loan, from Germanic *laihwniz;
b. LEND, from Old English l<nan, to lend, loan fromGermanic denominative *laihwnjan.
21. Zero-grade form *likw-.
a. (see oi-no-) Old English endleofan, eleven, fromGermanic *ain-lif-, “one left (beyond ten)”;
b. (see dwo-) Old English twelf, twelve, from Germanic*twa-lif-, “two left (beyond ten).” Both a and b fromGermanic *-lif-, left.
22. Nasalized zero-grade form *li-n-kw-. DELINQUENT, (DERELICT),RELINQUISH, from Latin linquere, to leave.
[Pokorny leik¯- 669.]
leip-Important derivatives are: life, lively, live1, leave1, liver1.To stick, adhere; fat.
19. LIFE, LIVELY, from Old English lXf, life (< “continuance”), fromGermanic *lXbam.
a. LIVE1, from Old English lifian, libban, to live;
b. LEBENSRAUM, from Old High German lebKn, to live. Botha and b from Germanic *libKn.
c. LEAVE1, from Old English l<fan, to leave, haveremaining;
d. DELAY, RELAY, from Old French laier, to leave, fromFrankish *laibjan. Both a and b from o-grade Germaniccausative *-laibjan.
20. LIVER1, from Old English lifer, liver (formerly believed to be theblood-producing organ), from Germanic *libro.
21. Zero-grade form *lip-. LIPO-, from Greek lipos, fat.
22. Variant form *Nleibh-. ALIPHATIC; SYNALEPHA, from Greekaleiphein, to anoint with oil.
[Pokorny leip- 670.]
leis-1
Important derivatives are: last2, lore1, learn, delirium.Track, furrow.
16. O-grade form *lois-.
a. LAST3, from Old English l7st, l<st, sole, footprint, fromGermanic *laist-;
b. LAST2, from Old English l<stan, to continue, fromGermanic *laistjan, “to follow a track”;
c. suffixed form *lois-7. LORE,1 from Old English l7r,learning, from Germanic *laizo.
17. LEARN, from Old English leornian, to learn, from Germaniczero-grade form *liznon, “to follow a course (of study).”
18. Suffixed full-grade form *leis-7. DELIRIUM, from Latin lXra, afurrow.
[Pokorny leis- 671.]
leis-2
Important derivatives are: least, less.Small.
LEAST, LESS, from Old English comparative l<s, l<ssa and superlative l<st, l<rest,from Germanic comparative *lais-izo and superlative *lais-ista-.
leit-Important derivatives are: lead1, load, lode, livelihood.To go forth, die.
20. Suffixed o-grade form *loit-eyo-.
a. LEAD1, from Old English l<dan, to lead;
b. LEITMOTIF, from Old High German leitan, to lead. Both aand b from Germanic *laidjan.
21. Suffixed variant o-grade form *loit-7. LOAD, LODE; LIVELIHOOD,from Old English l7d, course, way, from Germanic *laido.
[Pokorny leit(h)- 672.]
lendh-
Important derivatives are: land, landscape, hinterland, lawn1.Open land.
a. LAND; ISLAND, from Old English land, land;
b. BILANDER, LANDSCAPE, UITLANDER, from Middle Dutch land,land;
c. AUSLANDER, GEL‰NDESPRUNG, HINTERLAND, LANDSMAN2, fromOld High German lant, land;
d. LANDGRAVE, (LANDGRAVINE), from Middle Low Germanlant, country;
e. LANDSMÂL, from Old Norse land, land;
f. LAWN1, from Old French launde, heath, pasture. a, b, c,d, and e all from Germanic *landam; f from Germanic,or from Celtic *land7.
[Pokorny 3. lendh- 675.]
leu-Important derivatives are: forlorn, -less, lose, loss, loose, analysis, paralysis, soluble,solve, absolute, absolve, dissolve, resolve.To loosen, divide, cut apart.
VIII. Extended Germanic root *leus-.
a. LORN, (LOSEL), from Old English -lKosan, to lose;
i. FORLORN, from Old English forlKosan, to forfeit,lose;
ii. FORLORN HOPE, from Dutch verliezen (pastparticiple verloren), to lose. Both (i) and (ii)from Germanic *fer-leusan, *far-leusan (*fer-,*far-, prefix denoting rejection or exclusion; seeper1). Both a and b from Germanic *leusan.
b. LEASING, -LESS, from Old English lKas, “loose,” free from,without, untrue, lacking;
c. LOSE, (LOSS), from Old English los, loss;
d. LOOSE, from Old Norse lauss, louss, loose;
e. LOESS, from German dialectal lˆsch, loose. a, b, c, and dall from Germanic *lausaz.
IX. Basic form *leu-.
1. LAG2, probably from a source akin to Swedish lagg, barrel stave(*lawwo.
2. Zero-grade form *lu-.
a. LYO-, LYSIS, LYSO-, -LYTE, (LYTIC), -LYTIC; ANALYSIS, CATALYSIS,DIALYSIS, LYASE, PARALYSIS, TACHYLYTE, from Greek luein, toloosen, release, untie;
b. LUES, from Latin luKs, plague, pestilence (< “dissolution,putrefaction”);
c. prefixed form *se-lu- (se-, apart; see s(w)e-). SOLUBLE,SOLUTE, SOLVE; ABSOLUTE, (ABSOLVE), ASSOIL, CONSOLUTE,DISSOLVE, RESOLVE, from Latin solvere, to loosen, untie.
[Pokorny 2. leu- 681.]
leubh-Important derivatives are: livelong, furlough, belief, believe, love, libido.To care, desire; love.
IV. Suffixed form *leubh-o-. LIEF; LEMAN, LIVELONG, from Old English lKof,dear, beloved, from Germanic *leubaz.
V. O-grade form *loubh-.
a. LEAVE2, from Old English lKaf, permission (< “pleasure,approval”);
b. FURLOUGH, from Middle Dutch verlof, leave, permission(ver-, intensive prefix, from Germanic *fer-; see per1);
c. BELIEF, from Old English gelKafa, belief, faith (bi-, about;see ambhi), from Germanic *galaubo (*ga-, intensiveprefix; see kom). a, b, and c all from Germanic *laubo.
2. BELIEVE, from Old English gelKfan, belKfan, to believe, trust (be-,about; see ambhi), from Germanic *galaubjan, “to hold dear,”esteem, trust (*ga-, intensive prefix; see kom).
VI. Zero-grade form *lubh-.
1. Suffixed form *lubh-7-. LOVE, from Old English lufu, love,from Germanic *lubo.
2. Suffixed (stative) form *lubh-K-. QUODLIBET, from Latin libKre, tobe dear, be pleasing.
3. LIBIDO, from Latin libXdo, pleasure, desire.
[Pokorny leubh- 683.]
leudh-Important derivatives are: liberal, liberate, liberty, livery, deliver.To mount up, grow.
1. Basic form *leudh-. LANDSLEIT, from Old High German liut,person, people, from Germanic *liud-i-.
2. Suffixed form *leudh-ero-. LIBERAL, LIBERATE, LIBERTINE, LIBERTY,LIVERY; DELIVER, from Latin lXber, free (the precise semanticdevelopment is obscure).
[Pokorny 1. leudh- 684.]
leu(N)-Important derivatives are: lye, lather, lotion, deluge, dilute, latrine.To wash.
21. Suffixed form *lou-k7. LYE, from Old English lKag, lye, fromGermanic *laugo.
22. Suffixed form *lou-tro-. LATHER, from Old English lKthran,lXthran, to lather.
23. Variant form *law-.
a. LOMENT, LOTION; ABLUTION, ALLUVION, COLLUVIUM, DELUGE,
DILUTE, (ELUANT), ELUTE, (ELUVIUM), from Latin lavere, towash, with its derivative -luere, to wash;
b. form *law-7-. LAVE, from Latin lav7re, to wash;
c. LATRINE, from Latin lav7trXna, l7trXna, a bath, privy.
24. O-grade form *lou-. PYROLUSITE, from Greek louein, to wash.
[Pokorny lou- 692.]
leugh-Important derivatives are: warlock, belie, lie2.To tell a lie.
a. WARLOCK, from Old English lKogan, to lie;
b. BELIE, from Old English belKogan, to deceive (be-, about;see ambhi). Both a and b from Germanic *leugan.
24. LIE2, from Old English lyge, a lie, falsehood, from Germanic*lugiz.
[Pokorny leugh- 686.]
leuk-Important derivatives are: light1, luminary, luminous, illuminate, lunar, lunatic,luster, illustrate, lea, lucid, elucidate, translucent, lynx.Light, brightness.
V. Basic form *leuk-.
1. Suffixed form *leuk-to-.
a. LIGHT1, from Old English lKoht, lXht, light;
b. LIGHTNING, from Old English lXhtan, to shine, fromGermanic *leuht-jan, to make light. Both a and b fromGermanic *leuhtam.
2. Unsuffixed form *leuk-. LUCINA, LUCULENT, LUX; LUCIFER,(LUCIFERIN), from Latin l7x, light.
3. Suffixed form *leuk-smen-. LIMN, LUMEN, LUMINARY, LUMINOUS;ILLUMINATE, PHILLUMENIST, from Latin l7men, light, opening.
4. Suffixed form *leuk-sn7-. LUNA, LUNAR, LUNATE, LUNATIC, LUNE,LUNULA; SUBLUNARY, from Latin l7na, moon.
5. Suffixed form *leuk-stro-.
a. LUSTER, (LUSTRUM), from Latin l7strum, purification;
b. ILLUSTRATE, from Latin l7str7re, to purify, illuminate.
6. Suffixed form *leuko-dhro-. LUCUBRATE, from Latin l7cubr7re, towork by lamplight.
7. Suffixed form *leuk-o-. LEUKO-, from Greek leukos, clear, white.
VI. O-grade form *louk-.
1. Suffixed form *louk-o-.
a. LEA, from Old English lKah, meadow (*lauhaz;
b. LEVIN, from Middle English levin, lightning, fromGermanic *lauh-ubni-.
2. Suffixed (iterative) form *louk-eyo-. LUCENT, LUCID; ELUCIDATE,NOCTILUCA, PELLUCID, RELUCENT, TRANSLUCENT, from Latin l7cKre, toshine.
VII. Zero-grade form *luk-.
1. Suffixed form *luk-sno-. LINK2, LYCHNIS, from Greek lukhnos,lamp.
2. LYNX, OUNCE2, from Greek lunx, lynx (as if from its shining eyes),attributed by some to this root (but more likely of obscureorigin).
[Pokorny leuk- 687.]
lXk-The following entry is not, strictly speaking, Indo-European, since it isrepresented in only one branch of the family. Important derivatives are: -ly1, -ly2,
alike, like2, each, likely, frolic, like1. [Not, strictly speaking, Indo-European.Body, form; like, same.
Germanic root.
17. LYCH-GATE, from Old English lXc, form, body.
18. -LY1, -LY2, from Old English -lXc, having the form of.
a. ALIKE, LIKE2, LIKELY, from Old English gelXc, similar, andOld Norse (g)lXkr, like, both from Germanic *galXkaz;
b. EACH; EVERY, from Old English <lc, each, from Germanicphrase *aiwo galXkaz, “ever alike” (*aiwo, *aiwi, ever; seeaiw-).
19. (see i-) Old English ilca, the same, from Germanic *is- lXk-.
20. ALIKE, from Old English onlXc, from Germanic *ana-lXkaz.
21. FROLIC, from Middle Dutch -lijc, -like.
22. LIKE1, from Old English lXcian, to please, from Germanic *lXkjan.
23. (see kwo-) Germanic *hwa-lXk-, which.
[Pokorny 2. lLig- 667.]
lYno-Important derivatives are: line1, linen, lingerie, lint, linseed.Flax.
22. Form *lino-. LINOLEIC ACID, from Greek linon, flax.
23. Form *lXno-. LINE1, LINE2, LINEN, LINGERIE, LININ, LINNET, LINT;CRINOLINE, LINSEED, from Latin lXnum, flax, linen, thread.
[Pokorny lX-no- 691.]
l7s-An important derivative is: louse.Louse.
LOUSE, from Old English l7s louse, from Germanic *l7s-.
[Pokorny l's- 692.]
m7-1
Important derivatives are: mature, premature, matinee.Good; with derivatives meaning “occurring at a good moment, timely, seasonable,early.”
1. Suffixed form *m7-tu-.
a. further suffixed form *m7-tu-ro-. MATURE; IMMATURE,PREMATURE, from Latin m7t7rus, seasonable, ripe,mature;
b. further suffixed form *m7-tu-to-. (MATINEE), MATINS,(MATUTINAL), from Latin M7t¤ta, name of the goddess ofdawn.
2. Suffixed form *m7-ni-.
a. MAÑANA, from Latin m7ne, (in) the morning;
b. MANES, from Latin m7nis, m7nus, good.
[Pokorny 2. m7- 693.]
m7-2
An important derivative is: mammal.Mother. A linguistic near-universal found in many of the world's languages, oftenin reduplicated form.
1. MAMMA2, MAMMAL, MAMMILLA, from Latin mamma, breast.
2. MAIA, MAIEUTIC, from Greek Maia, “good mother” (respectfulform of address to old women), also nurse, probably from m7-2.
3. MAMA, more recently formed in the same way.
[Pokorny 3. m7- 694.]
mag-Important derivatives are: make, mason, match1, mingle, among, mongrel, magma,mass, amass.Also mak-To knead, fashion, fit.
i. MAKE, from Old English macian, to make;
ii. MASON, from Old French masson, mason;
iii. MAQUILLAGE, from Middle Dutch maken, to make.(i), (ii), and (iii) all from Germanic verb*makon, to fashion, fit;
b. MATCH1, from Old English gemæcca, mate, spouse, fromGermanic compound noun *ga-mak-(j)on-, “one whois fitted with (another)” (*ga-, with, together; see kom).Both a and b from Germanic *mak-.
a. MINGLE, from Old English mengan, to mix;
b. AMONG, MONGREL, from Old English gemang, mixture,crowd (ge-, together; see kom). Both a and b fromGermanic nasalized form *mangjan, to knead together.
1. Suffixed form *mak-yo-. MAGMA, from Greek magma, unguent,from massein (aorist stem mag-), to knead.
2. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *m7g-ya-. MASS; (AMASS),MAZAEDIUM, from Greek maza, a (kneaded) lump, barley cake.
3. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *m7k-ero-. MACERATE, fromLatin m7cer7re, to tenderize, to soften (food) by steeping.
[Pokorny ma´- 696, 2. m7k- 698, men(N)k- 730.]
magh-Important derivatives are: may1, dismay, might1, main, machine, mechanic, magic.To be able, have power.
a. MAY1, from Old English magan, to be able;
b. DISMAY, from Old French esmaier, to frighten. Both a
and b from Germanic *magan, to be able.
1. MIGHT1, from Old English miht, power, from Germanic suffixedform *mah-ti-, power.
2. MAIN, from Old English mægen, power, from Germanic suffixedform *mag-inam, power.
3. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *m7gh-an7-, “that whichenables.” MACHINE, MECHANIC, (MECHANISM), (MECHANO-), fromGreek (Attic) mKkhanK, (Doric) m7khan7, device.
4. Possibly suffixed form *magh-u-. (MAGIC), MAGUS, from OldPersian magu≥, member of a priestly caste (
[Pokorny magh- 695.]
maghu-Important derivatives are: maid, maiden.Young person of either sex.
Suffixed form *magho-ti-.
a. MAID, MAIDEN, from Old English mægden, virgin;
b. MATJES HERRING, from Dutch maagd, maid. Both a and bfrom Germanic *magadi-, with diminutive *magadin-.
[Pokorny maghos 696.]
m7k-Important derivatives are: meager, emaciate, macro-.Long, thin.
Contracted from *maNk-.
1. Zero-grade form *mNk- becoming *mak- in suffixed form*mak-ro-.
a. MEAGER; EMACIATE, from Latin macer, thin;
b. MACRO-, MACRON; AMPHIMACER, from Greek makros, long,large.
2. Suffixed form *m7k-es-. MECOPTERAN, PARAMECIUM, from GreekmKkos, length.
[Pokorny m7k- 699.]
man-1
Important derivatives are: man, Norman1, mannequin, ombudsman.Also mon-Man.
1. Extended forms *manu-, *manw-.
a. MAN; NORMAN, from Old English man(n) (plural menn),man;
b. FUGLEMAN, LANDSMAN2, from Old High German man, man;
c. MANIKIN, (MANNEQUIN), from Middle Dutch man, man;
d. NORMAN1, OMBUDSMAN, from Old Norse madhr, mannr,man;
e. ALEMANNI, possibly from Germanic *Ala-manniz, tribalname (< *“all men”: *ala-, all; see al-3). a, b, c, d, ande all from Germanic *manna- (plural *manniz).
2. MENSCH, from Old High German mennisco, human, fromGermanic adjective *manniska-, human.
3. MUZHIK, from Russian muzh, man, male, from Slavic suffixedform *mon-gyo-.
[Pokorny manu-s 700.]
man-2
Important derivatives are: manacle, manage, manner, manual, maintain, maneuver,manicure, manifest, manipulation, manufacture, manure, manuscript, mastiff,emancipate, mandate, command, commando, commend, countermand, demand,recommend.Hand.
1. MANACLE, MANAGE, (MANËGE), MANNER, MANUAL, MANUBRIUM, MANUS;AMANUENSIS, MAINTAIN, MANEUVER, MANICOTTI, MANICURE, MANIFEST,
MANIPLE, MANIPULATION, MANSUETUDE, MANUFACTURE, MANUMIT,MANURE, MANUSCRIPT, MASTIFF, MORTMAIN, QUADRUMANOUS, fromLatin manus, hand.
2. Suffixed form *man-ko-, maimed in the hand. MANQUÈ, fromLatin mancus, maimed, defective.
3. EMANCIPATE, from Latin compound manceps, “he who takes bythe hand,” purchaser (-ceps, agential suffix, “taker”; see kap-).
4. MANDAMUS, MANDATE; COMMAND, (COMMANDO), COMMEND,COUNTERMAND, DEMAND, (RECOMMEND), REMAND, from Latincompound mand7re, “to put into someone's hand,” entrust,order (-dere, to put; see dhK-).
[Pokorny mN-r 740.]
marko-An important derivative is: mare1.Horse.
MARE1, from Old English mere, miere, mare, from Germanic feminine*marhjon-.
[Pokorny marko- 700.]
m7ter-Important derivatives are: mother1, maternal, maternity, matriculate, matrix,matron, matrimony, metropolis, material, matter.Mother.
Based ultimately on the baby-talk form m7-2, with the kinship term suffix*-ter-.
a. MOTHER1, from Old English modor, mother;
b. MOTHER2, from Middle Dutch moeder, mother. Both aand b from Germanic *modar-.
1. MATER, MATERNAL, MATERNITY, (MATRICULATE), MATRIX, MATRON;MADREPORE, MATRIMONY, from Latin m7ter, mother.
2. METRO-; METROPOLIS, from Greek mKtKr, mother.
3. MATERIAL, MATTER, from Latin m7teriKs, m7teria, tree trunk (<“matrix,” the tree's source of growth), hence hard timber usedin carpentry, hence (by a calque on Greek hulK, wood, matter)substance, stuff, matter.
4. DEMETER, from Greek compound DKmKtKr, name of the goddessof produce, especially cereal crops (dK-, possibly meaning“earth”).
[Pokorny m7ter- 700.]
me-1
Important derivatives are: me, myself, mine2, my.Oblique form of the personal pronoun of the first person singular.
For the nominative see eg.
1. ME, MYSELF, from Old English mL (dative and accusative), fromGermanic *mL-.
2. Possessive adjective *mei-no-.
a. MINE2, MY, from Old English mXn, my;
b. MYNHEER, from Middle Dutch mijn, my. Both a and bfrom Germanic *mXn-.
3. Possessive adjective *me-yo-. MADAME, MONSIEUR, from Latinmeus, mine.
4. Genitive form *me-wo. MAVOURNEEN, from Old Irish mo, my.
[Pokorny 1. me- 702.]
me-2
Derivatives are: midwife, meta-.In the middle of.
1. Suffixed form *me-dhi. MIDWIFE, from Old English mid, among,with, from Germanic *mid-.
2. Suffixed form *me-ta. META-, from Greek meta, between, with,beside, after.
[Pokorny 2. me- 702.] See also medhyo-.
mK-1
Important derivatives are: mood1, moral, morale, morose.Expressing certain qualities of mind.
Contracted from *meN-.
1. Suffixed o-grade form *mo-to-.
i. MOOD1, from Old English mod, mind,disposition;
ii. GEM¸TLICH, (GEM¸TLICHKEIT); BISMUTH, from OldHigh German muot, mind, spirit. Both (i) and(ii) from Germanic *mothaz.
2. MORAL, (MORALE), MORES, MOROSE, from Latin mos (< *mo-s-),wont, humor, manner, custom, perhaps from mK-1.
[Pokorny 5. mK- 704.]
mK-2
Important derivatives are: meal2, piecemeal, measure, dimension, immense, meter1,diameter, geometry, moon, Monday, month, menopause, menstruate, semester.To measure. Contracted from *meN-.
I. Basic form mK-.
1. Suffixed form *mK-lo-. MEAL2; PIECEMEAL, from Old English m<l,“measure, mark, appointed time, time for eating, meal,” fromGermanic *mKlaz.
2. Suffixed form *mK-ti-.
a. MEASURE, (MENSURAL); (COMMENSURATE), DIMENSION, IMMENSE,from Latin mKtXrX, to measure;
b. METIS, from Greek mKtis, wisdom, skill.
3. METER1, METER2, (METER3), -METER, METRICAL, -METRY; DIAMETER,GEOMETRY, ISOMETRIC, METROLOGY, METRONOME, SYMMETRY, fromGreek metron, measure, rule, length, proportion, poetic meter,possibly from mK-2 (but this is referred by some to med-).
II. Extended and suffixed forms *mKn-, *mKn-en-, *mKn-ot-, *mKn-s-,moon, month (an ancient and universal unit of time measured by themoon).
1. MOON; (MONDAY), from Old English mona, moon, fromGermanic *mKnon-.
2. MONTH, from Old English monath, month, from Germanic*mKnoth-.
3. AMENORRHEA, CATAMENIA, DYSMENORRHEA, EMMENAGOGUE, (MENARCHE),MENISCUS, (MENOPAUSE) from Greek mKn, mKnK, month.
4. MENSES, MENSTRUAL, (MENSTRUATE); BIMESTRIAL, SEMESTER, TRIMESTER,from Latin mKnsis, month.
[Pokorny 3. mK- 703, mKnot- 731.]
mK-3
Important derivatives are: more, most.Big.
Contracted from *meN-.
1. Suffixed (comparative) form *mK-is-. MORE, from Old Englishm7ra, greater, and m7re (adverb), more, from Germanic*maizon-.
2. Suffixed (superlative) form *mK-isto-. MOST, from Old Englishm<st, most, from Germanic *maista-.
3. Suffixed form *mK-ro-, *mK-ri-. M‰RCHEN, from Old HighGerman m7ri, news, narration.
4. Suffixed o-grade form *mo-ro-. CLAYMORE, from Gaelic mor, big,great.
[Pokorny 4. mK- 704.]
mK-4
Important derivatives are: mow2, aftermath, meadow.To cut down grass or grain with a sickle or scythe.
Contracted from *meN-.
1. MOW2, from Old English m7wan, to mow, from Germanic *mK-.
2. Suffixed form *mK-ti-. AFTERMATH, from Old English m<th, amowing, a mown crop, from Germanic *mKdiz.
3. Suffixed form *mK-tw7-, a mown field. MEAD2, MEADOW, fromOld English m<d (oblique case m<dwe), meadow, fromGermanic *mKdwo.
[Pokorny 2. mK- 703.]
med-Important derivatives are: mete1, medicine, remedy, meditate, modest, moderate,mode, model, modern, modify, module, mold1, accomodate, commodity, must1,empty.To take appropriate measures.
a. METE1, from Old English metan, to measure (out), fromGermanic *metan;
b. MEET2, from Old English gem<te, “commensurate,” fit(ge-, with; see kom), from Germanic derivative *m<to,measure.
a. MEDICAL, MEDICATE, (MEDICINE), (MEDICO); METHEGLIN,REMEDY, from Latin medKrX, to look after, heal, cure;
b. MEDITATE, from Latin medit7rX, to think about, consider,reflect.
1. Suffixed form *med-es-.
a. MODEST; IMMODEST, from Latin modestus, “keeping to theappropriate measure,” moderate;
b. MODERATE; IMMODERATE, from Latin moder7rX, “to keep
within measure,” to moderate, control. Both a and bfrom Latin *modes-, replacing *medes- by influence ofmodus (see 5 below).
2. MEDUSA, from Greek medein, to rule (feminine participlemedousa < *med-ont-ia).
3. Suffixed o-grade form *mod-o-. MODAL, MODE, MODEL, MODERN,MODICUM, MODIFY, MODULATE, MODULE, MODULUS, MOLD1, (MOOD2),(MOULAGE); (ACCOMODATE), (COMMODE), COMMODIOUS, (COMMODITY),from Latin modus, measure, size, limit, manner, harmony,melody.
4. Suffixed o-grade form *mod-yo-. MODIOLUS, MUTCHKIN, fromLatin modius, a measure of grain.
5. Possibly lengthened o-grade form *mod-.
a. MOTE2, MUST1, from Old English motan, to have occasion,to be permitted or obliged;
b. EMPTY, from Old English <metta, rest, leisure, fromGermanic compound *K-mot-ja- (prefix *K-, meaninguncertain, from Indo-European *K, *o, to). Both a andb from Germanic *mot-, ability, leisure.
[Pokorny 1. med- 705.]
medhu-Important derivatives are: mead1, amethyst.Honey; also mead.
1. MEAD1, from Old English meodu, mead, from Germanic *medu.
2. AMETHYST, METHYLENE, from Greek methu, wine.
[Pokorny mÈdhu- 707.]
medhyo-Important derivatives are: mid1, amid, middle, mean3, medial, mediate, medium,intermediate, medieval, mediocre, mediterranean, meridian.Middle.
a. MID1; AMID, from Old English midd(e), middle;
b. MIDDLE, from Old English middel, middle, from WestGermanic diminutive form *middila-;
c. MIDGARD, from Old Norse Midhgardhr, Midgard, fromGermanic compound *midja-gardaz, “middle zone,”name of the earth conceived as an intermediate zonelying between heaven and hell (*gardaz, enclosure, yard;see gher-1). a, b, and c all from Germanic *midja-.
1. MEAN3, MEDIAL, MEDIAN, MEDIASTINUM, MEDIATE, MEDIUM, MIZZEN,MOIETY, MULLION; INTERMEDIATE, MEDIEVAL, MEDIOCRE, MEDITERRANEAN,MERIDIAN, MILIEU, from Latin medius, middle, half.
2. MESO-, from Greek mesos, middle.
[Pokorny medhi- 706.] See also me-2.
meg-Important derivatives are: much, magnate, magnitude, magnum, magnanimous,magnificent, magnify, major, majority, mayor, majesty, maestro, magistrate, master,mister, mistress, maximum, May, mega-, maharajah.Great.
a. MICKLE, MUCH, from Old English micel, mycel, great;
b. MICKLE, from Old Norse mikill. Both a and b fromGermanic suffixed form *mik-ila-.
1. Suffixed form *mag-no-. MAGNATE, MAGNITUDE, MAGNUM;MAGNANIMOUS, MAGNIFIC, (MAGNIFICENT), (MAGNIFICO), (MAGNIFY),MAGNILOQUENT, from Latin magnus, great.
2. Suffixed (comparative) form *mag-yos-.
a. MAJOR, MAJOR-DOMO, MAJORITY, MAJUSCULE, MAYOR, fromLatin m7ior, greater;
b. MAESTOSO, MAJESTY, from Latin m7iest7s, greatness,authority;
c. MAESTRO, MAGISTERIAL, MAGISTRAL, MAGISTRATE, MASTER,(MISTER), MISTRAL, (MISTRESS), from Latin magister, master,
high official (
3. Suffixed (superlative) form *mag-samo-. MAXIM, MAXIMUM, fromLatin maximus, greatest.
4. Suffixed (feminine) form *mag-ya-, “she who is great.” MAY,from Latin Maia, name of a goddess.
5. Suffixed form *meg-N-(l-). MEGA-, MEGALO-; ACROMEGALY,ALMAGEST, OMEGA, from Greek megas (stem megal-), great.
6. Variant form *megh- (< *meg-N-). MAHARAJAH, MAHARANI,MAHARISHI, MAHATMA, MAHAYANA, from Sanskrit mah7-, mahat-,great.
[Pokorny me´(h)- 708.]
mei-1
Important derivatives are: permeate, mad, molt, mutate, commute, mutual, mis-1,amiss, mistake, miss1, common, communicate, communism, municipal, remunerate,immune, amoeba, migrate, emigrate.To change, go, move; with derivatives referring to the exchange of goods andservices within a society as regulated by custom or law.
1. MEATUS; CONGÈ, IRREMEABLE, PERMEATE, from Latin me7re, to go,pass.
2. Suffixed o-grade form *moi-to-.
a. MAD, from Old English *gem<dan, to make insane orfoolish, from Germanic *ga-maid-jan, denominativefrom *ga-maid-az, “changed (for the worse),”abnormal (*ga-, intensive prefix; see kom);
b. MEW1, MOLT, MUTATE; COMMUTE, PERMUTE, REMUDA,TRANSMUTE, from Latin m7t7re, to change;
c. MUTUAL, from Latin m7tuus, “done in exchange,”borrowed, reciprocal, mutual.
3. Suffixed extended zero-grade form *mit-to-.
a. MIS-1, from Old English mis-, mis-, and Old French mes-(from Frankish *miss-);
b. AMISS, MISTAKE, from Old Norse mis(s), mis(s)-, miss,mis-;
c. MISS1, from Old English missan, to miss, from Germanic*missjan, to go wrong. a, b, and c all from Germanic*missa-, “in a changed manner,” abnormally, wrongly.
4. Suffixed o-grade form *moi-n- in compound adjective *ko-moin-i-, “held in common” (*ko-, together; see kom).
a. MEAN2, (DEMEAN2), from Old English gem<ne, common,public, general, from Germanic *gamainiz;
b. COMMON, (COMMUNE1), COMMUNE2, COMMUNICATE,(COMMUNISM), from Latin comm7nis, common, public,general.
5. Suffixed o-grade form *moi-n-es-.
a. MUNICIPAL, MUNIFICENT, REMUNERATE, from Latin m7nus,“service performed for the community,” duty, work,“public spectacle paid for by a magistrate,” gift;
b. IMMUNE, from Latin imm7nis, exempt from publicservice (in-, negative prefix; see ne).
6. Extended form *(N)meigw-.
a. AMOEBA, from Greek ameibein, to change;
b. MIGRATE; EMIGRATE, from Latin migr7re, to change one'splace of living.
[Pokorny 2. mei-, 3. mei- 710, meig¯- 713, 2. meit(h)- 715.]
mei-2
Important derivatives are: menu, mince, minute2, diminish, minor, minus,minimum, minestrone, minister.Small.
1. MEIOSIS; MIOCENE, from Greek meion, less, lesser.
2. (see ne) Latin nimis, too much, very (< *ne-mi-s, “not little”;ne-, negative prefix).
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *mi-nu-.
a. MENU, (MINCE), MINUEND, MINUTE2; COMMINUTE, DIMINISH,from Latin minuere, to reduce, diminish;
b. MINOR, MINUS; MINUSCULE, from Latin minor (influencedby the comparative suffix -or), less, lesser, smaller;
c. further suffixed (superlative) form *minu-mo-.MINIMUM, from Latin minimus, least;
d. MINESTRONE, MINISTER, MINISTRY, MYSTERY2, from Latinminister, an inferior, servant (formed after magister,master; see meg-);
e. MENSHEVIK, from Russian men'she, less.
[Pokorny 5. mei- 711.]
meigh-Important derivatives are: mist, mistletoe.To urinate.
a. MIST, from Old English mist, mist;
b. MIZZLE1, from Middle English misellen, to drizzle, from asource perhaps akin to Dutch dialectal mieselen, todrizzle;
c. (MISSEL THRUSH), MISTLETOE, from Old English mistel,mistletoe, from Germanic diminutive form *mihst-ila-,mistletoe (which is propagated through the droppingsof the missel thrush). a, b, and c all from Germanicsuffixed form *mih-stu-, urine, hence mist, fine rain.
1. Suffixed form *migh-tu-. MICTURATE, from Latin micturXre, towant to urinate (desiderative of meiere, to urinate).
[Pokorny meik- 713.]
meik-Important derivatives are: meddle, medley, mestizo, miscellaneous, mix, mixture,
pell-mell, promiscuous, mash.To mix.
1. Variant form *meig-. AMPHIMIXIS, APOMIXIS, PANMICTIC, PANMIXIA,from Greek mignunai, to mix, with zero-grade noun mixis (<*mig-ti-), a mingling.
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *mik-sk-. MEDDLE, (MEDLEY), (MELANGE),MESTIZO, MISCELLANEOUS, MISCIBLE, MIX, MIXTURE, MUSTANG; ADMIX,COMMIX, IMMIX, MISCEGENATION, (PELL-MELL), PROMISCUOUS, fromLatin miscKre (past participle mixtus), to mix.
3. MASH, from Old English *m7sc, *m7cs, m7x-, mashed malt, froma possible Germanic form *maisk-.
[Pokorny meiˆ- 714.]
mei-no-Important derivatives are: moan, bemoan, mean1.Opinion, intention.
1. MOAN, from Old English *m7n, opinion, complaint, fromGermanic *main-.
2. MEAN1; BEMOAN, from Old English m<nan, to signify, tell,complain of, moan, from Germanic *mainjan.
[Pokorny mei-no- 714.]
mel-1
Important derivatives are: melt, malt, mollify, mollusk, bland, smelt1, enamel, mild,mulch.Soft; with derivatives referring to soft or softened materials of various kinds.
I. Extended form *meld-.
1. MELT, from Old English meltan, to melt, from Germanic*meltan.
2. MILT, from Old English milte, spleen, and Middle Dutch milte,milt, from Germanic *miltja-, possibly from mel-1.
3. MALT, from Old English mealt, malt, from Germanic *malta-,possibly from mel-1.
4. Suffixed variant form *mled-sno-. BLENNY, from Greek blennos,slime, also a name for the blenny.
5. Suffixed zero-grade form *m_d-wi-. MOIL, MOLLIFY, MOLLUSK,(MOUILLÈ); EMOLLIENT, from Latin mollis, soft.
6. Possibly nasalized variant form *mlad-. BLAND, BLANDISH, fromLatin blandus, smooth, caressing, flattering, soft-spoken.
II. Variant form *smeld-.
a. SMELT1, from Middle Dutch or Middle Low Germansmelten, to smelt;
b. SCHMALTZ, from Old High German smalz, animal fat;
c. SMALT, from Italian smalto, enamel, glaze;
d. ENAMEL, from Old French esmail, enamel;
e. SMELT2, from Old English smelt, smylt, a marine fish,smelt, perhaps from mel-1. a, b, c, d, and e all fromGermanic *smelt-.
III. Extended form *meldh-.
1. MILD, from Old English milde, mild, from Germanic *mildja-.
2. MALTHA, from Greek maltha, a mixture of wax and pitch,possibly from mel-1.
IV. Suffixed form *mel-sko-. MULCH, from Old English mel(i)sc, mylsc,mild, mellow, from Germanic *mil-sk-.
V. Extended form *m_Nk-. BONANZA, CHONDROMALACIA, MALACOLOGY,OSTEOMALACIA, from Greek malakos, soft.
VI. MUTTON, from Old French moton, sheep, from Celtic *molto-, sheep,possibly from mel-1.
VII. Suffixed zero-grade form *(N)ml-u-. AMBLYGONITE, AMBLYOPIA, fromGreek amblus, blunt, dull, dim.
[Pokorny 1. mel- 716.]
mel-2
Important derivatives are: ameliorate, multi-, multitude.Strong, great.
1. Suffixed (comparative) form *mel-yos-. (AMELIORATE), MELIORATE,MELIORISM, from Latin melior, better.
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *m_-to-. MOLTO, MULTI-, MULTITUDE,from Latin multus, much, many.
[Pokorny 4. mel- 720.]
mel-3
Important derivatives are: mal-, malice, malign, dismal, malady, malefactor,malevolent.Bad.
MAL-, MALICE, (MALIGN); DISMAL, MALADY, MALARIA, MALEDICT, MALEFACTOR, MALEFIC,MALENTENDU, MALEVOLENCE, MALVERSATION, from Latin malus, bad, and male, ill (malignus, harmful).
[Pokorny mKlo- 724.]
melN-Important derivatives are: maelstrom, meal1, mill1, immolate, millet, malleable,mallet, maul.Also mel-To crush, grind; with derivatives referring to various ground orcrumbling substances (such as flour) and to instruments for grinding or crushing(such as millstones).
1. O-grade form *mol-. MAELSTROM, from Middle Dutch malen, towhirl, from Germanic *mal-.
2. Full-grade form *mel-. MEAL1, from Old English melu, flour,meal, from Germanic suffixed form *mel-wa-.
3. Zero-grade form *m_-. MOLD3, (MOLDER), from Old Englishmolde, soil, from Germanic suffixed form *mul-do.
4. Full-grade form *mel-.
a. MILL1, MOLA2, MOLAR2, MOLE4, (MOULIN); EMOLUMENT,IMMOLATE, ORMOLU, from Latin molere, to grind (grain),and its derivative mola, a millstone, mill, coarse mealcustomarily sprinkled on sacrificial animals;
b. possible suffixed form *mel-iyo-. MEALIE, MILIUM, MILLET,from Latin milium, millet.
5. Suffixed variant form *mal-ni-. MALLEABLE, (MALLET), MALLEUS,MAUL; PALL-MALL, from Latin malleus, hammer, mallet.
6. Zero-grade form *m_-. AMYLUM, MYLONITE, from Greek mulK,mulos, millstone, mill.
7. Possibly extended form *mlX-. BLIN, BLINTZ, from Old Russianblinƒ, pancake.
[Pokorny 1. mel- 716.]
melg-Important derivatives are: emulsion, milk, galaxy, lacto-, lettuce.To rub off; also to milk.
1. Zero-grade form *m_g-. EMULSION, from Latin mulgKre, to milk.
2. Full-grade form *melg-.
a. MILK, from Old English meolc, milc, milk;
b. MILCH, from Old English -milce, milch, from Germanicsuffixed form *meluk-ja-, giving milk;
c. MILCHIG, from Old High German miluh, milk. a, b, andc all from Germanic *melkan, to milk, contaminatedwith an unrelated noun for milk, cognate with theGreek and Latin forms given in II below, to form theblend *meluk-.
II. Included here to mark the unexplained fact that no common Indo-European noun for milk can be reconstructed is another root *g(a)lag-, *g(a)lakt-, milk, found only in:
a. (GALACTIC), GALACTO-, GALAXY; AGALACTIA, POLYGALA, fromGreek gala (stem galakt-), milk;
b. (LACTATE), LACTEAL, LACTESCENT, LACTO-, LETTUCE, from Latinlac (stem lact-), milk;
c. the blended Germanic form cited in I. 2. above.
[Pokorny mLl´- 722, glag- 400.]
melit-Important derivatives are: marmalade, mellifluous, molasses, mildew.Honey.
1. HYDROMEL, MARMALADE, MELILOT, OENOMEL, from Greek meli, honey.
a. MELLIFEROUS, MELLIFLUOUS, MOLASSES, from Latin mel (stemmell-), honey, from *meld-, syncopated from *melid-;
b. suffixed zero-grade form *m_d-to-, “honied.” MOUSSE,from Latin mulsus, honey-sweet.
2. MILDEW, from Old English mildKaw, honeydew, nectar, fromGermanic compound *melith-dauwaz, honeydew (a substancesecreted by aphids on leaves; it was formerly imagined to bedistilled from the air like dew; *dauwaz, dew; see dheu-1),from *melith-.
[Pokorny melit- 723.]
men-1
Important derivatives are: mind, mental, mention, automatic, memento, comment,reminiscent, mania, mandarin, mint1, money, monitor, monster, monument, muster,admonish, demonstrate, premonition, summon, mosaic, Muse, museum, music,amnesia, amnesty.To think; with derivatives referring to various qualities and states of mind andthought.
I. Zero-grade form *mi-.
1. Suffixed form *mi-ti-.
a. MIND, from Old English gemynd, memory, mind, fromGermanic *ga-mundi- (*ga-, intensive prefix; see kom);
b. MENTAL1; AMENT2, DEMENT, from Latin mKns (stem ment-),mind;
c. MENTION, from Latin mentio, remembrance, mention.
2. Suffixed form *mi-to-. AUTOMATIC, from Greek -matos,“willing.”
3. Suffixed form *mi-yo-.
a. MAENAD, from Greek mainesthai, to be mad;
b. AHRIMAN, from Avestan mainiiu≥, spirit.
II. Full-grade form *men-.
1. Suffixed form *men-ti-.
a. MINNESINGER, from Old High German minna, love;
b. MINIKIN, from Middle Dutch minne, love. Both a and bfrom Germanic *minthjo.
a. MEMENTO, from Latin reduplicated form meminisse, toremember;
b. COMMENT, from Latin comminXscX, to contrive by thought(com-, intensive prefix; see kom);
c. REMINISCENT, from Latin reminXscX, to recall, recollect (re-,again, back; see re-);
d. MINERVA, from Latin Minerva, name of the goddess ofwisdom, possibly from men-1.
a. MENTOR, from Greek Mentor, Mentor, man's name(probably meaning “adviser”);
b. MANIA, MANIAC, MANIC, from Greek mania, madness;
c. -MANCY, MANTIC, MANTIS, from Greek mantis, seer.
2. MANDARIN, MANTRA, from Sanskrit mantraU, counsel, prayer,hymn.
III. O-grade form *mon-.
1. Suffixed (causative) form *mon-eyo-. MONISH, MONITION,MONITOR, MONSTER, MONUMENT, MUSTER; ADMONISH, DEMONSTRATE,PREMONITION, SUMMON, from Latin monKre, to remind, warn,advise.
2. Suffixed o-grade form *mon-twN. MOSAIC, MUSE, MUSEUM, MUSIC,from Greek Mousa, a Muse.
IV. Extended form *mn7-, contracted from *mnaN-.
1. AMNESIA, AMNESTY, ANAMNESIS, from Greek reduplicated formmimnKskein, to remember.
2. MNEMONIC, from Greek mnKmon, mindful.
V. Indo-European verb phrase *mens dhK-, “to set mind” (see dhK-),underlying compound *mis-dhK-. AHURA MAZDA, (ORMAZD), fromAvestan mazd7-, wise.
[Pokorny 3. men- 726, mendh- 730.]
men-2
Important derivatives are: mouth, menace, amenable, demean1, promenade,eminent, imminent, prominent, mount1, mountain, amount.To project.
1. Suffixed zero-grade form *mi-to- in a western Indo-Europeanword for a projecting body part, variously “chin, jaw, mouth.”
a. MOUTH, from Old English m7th, mouth, from Germanic*munthaz;
b. MENTAL2, from Latin mentum, chin.
2. MENACE, MINACIOUS; AMENABLE, DEMEAN1, PROMENADE, from Latinminae, projecting points, threats.
3. EMINENT, IMMINENT, PROMINENT, (PROMONTORY), from Latin -minKre,to project, jut, threaten.
4. Suffixed o-grade form *mon-ti-. MONS, (MONTAGNARD), MONTANE,MONTE, MONTICULE, MOUNT1, MOUNT2, MOUNTAIN; AMOUNT,ULTRAMONTANE, from Latin mons (stem mont-), mountain.
[Pokorny 1. men- 726, 2. menth- 732.]
men-3
Important derivatives are: manor, mansion, mÈnage, permanent, remain.To remain.
Variant suffixed (stative) form *man-K-. MANOR, MANSE, MANSION, (MÈNAGE);IMMANENT, PERMANENT, REMAIN, from Latin manKre, to remain.
[Pokorny 5. men- 729.]
men-4
Important derivatives are: monastery, monk, mono-, minnow.Small, isolated.
1. MANOMETER, from Greek manos, rare, sparse.
2. Suffixed o-grade form *mon-wo-. MONAD, MONASTERY, MONK,MONO-; PSEUDOMONAD, from Greek monos, alone, single, sole.
3. Possibly also suffixed form *men-i-, a small fish. MINNOW, fromMiddle English meneu, a small fish, from a source akin to OldEnglish myne, mynwe, minnow.
[Pokorny 4. men- 728, meni- 731.]
mendh-Important derivatives are: mathematical, mathematics.To learn.
Zero-grade form *midh-. MATHEMATICAL, (MATHEMATICS); CHRESTOMATHY,POLYMATH, from Greek manthanein (aorist stem math-), to learn.
[Pokorny mendh- 730.]
menegh-An important derivative is: many.Copious.
MANY, from Old English manig, mænig, many, from Germanic *managa-.
[Pokorny men(e)gh- 730.]
mer-Important derivatives are: nightmare, mortar, mordant, morsel, remorse, morbid,murder, mortal, mortuary, mortgage, mortify, postmortem, ambrosia.To rub away, harm.
1. NIGHTMARE, from Old English mare, mære, goblin, incubus, fromGermanic *maron-, goblin.
2. MARASMUS; AMARANTH, from Greek marainein, to waste away,wither.
3. Probably suffixed zero-grade form *my- to-, “ground down.”MORTAR, from Latin mort7rium, mortar.
4. Possibly extended root *merd-. MORDACIOUS, MORDANT, MORDENT,MORSEL; PREMORSE, REMORSE, from Latin mordKre, to bite.
5. Possibly suffixed form *mor-bho-. MORBID, from Latin morbus,disease (but this is more likely of unknown origin).
II. Possibly the same root, but more likely distinct, is *mer-, “to die,” withderivatives referring to death and to human beings as subject to death.
1. Zero-grade form *my-.
a. suffixed form *my-tro-. MURDER, from Old Englishmorthor, murder, from Germanic suffixed form *mur-thra-;
b. suffixed form *my-ti-. MORT1, MORTAL; AMORTIZE, MORTIFY,POSTMORTEM, from Latin mors (stem mort-), death;
c. suffixed form *my-yo-. MORIBUND, MORTUARY, MURRAIN,MORTGAGE, (MORTMAIN), from Latin morX, to die, withirregular past participle mortuus (< *my-two-),replacing older *my-to- (for which see d);
d. prefixed and suffixed form *i-my-to-, “undying,immortal.” (*i-, negative prefix; see ne).
i. IMMORTAL, from Latin immort7lis;
ii. AMBROSIA, from Greek ambrotos, immortal,divine (a- + -mbrotos, brotos, mortal);
iii. AMRITA, from Sanskrit amxtam, immortality (a- +mxta-, dead).
2. Suffixed o-grade form *mor-t-yo-. MANTICORE, from Greekmantikhoras (corrupted from martiokhoras), manticore,probably from Iranian compound *martiya-khv7ra-, “man-eater” (*khv7ra-, eating; see swel-), from Old Persian martiya-, a mortal man.
[Pokorny 4. mer-, 5. mer- 735.]
merg-Important derivatives are: mark1, marquee, marquis, demarcation, mark2, remark,march1, margin.Boundary, border.
a. MARK1, from Old English mearc, boundary, landmark,sign, trace;
b. MARGRAVE, from Middle Dutch marc, border;
c. MARCH2, (MARQUEE), MARQUIS, (MARQUISE), from Old Frenchmarc, marche, border country;
d. MARCHESE, MARCHIONESS, from Medieval Latin marca,boundary, border;
e. DEMARCATION, from Old Italian marcare, to mark out;
f. MARK2, from Old English marc, a mark of weight ormoney;
g. MARKKA, from Swedish mark, a mark of money. a, b, c,d, e, f, and g all from Germanic *mark-, boundary,border territory; also to mark out a boundary bywalking around it (ceremonially “beating the bounds”);also a landmark, boundary marker, and a mark ingeneral (and in particular a mark on a metal currency
bar, hence a unit of currency); these various meaningsare widely represented in Germanic descendants and inRomance borrowings.
1. MARQUETRY; REMARK, from Old Norse merki, a mark, fromGermanic *markja-, mark, border.
2. MARC, MARCH1, from Frankish *markon, to mark out, fromGermanic denominative verb *markon.
3. MARGIN; EMARGINATE, from Latin margo, border, edge.
4. Celtic variant form *mrog-, territory, land. CYMRY, from WelshCymro, Wales, from British Celtic *kombrogos, fellowcountryman (*kom-, collective prefix; see kom), from -brogos,district.
[Pokorny mere´- 738.]
meuN-Important derivatives are: mob, mobile, moment, momentous, momentum, motif,motion, motive, motor, move, movement, commotion, emotion, promote, remote,remove.To push away.
(MOB), MOBILE, MOMENT, (MOMENTOUS), MOMENTUM, MOSSO, (MOTIF), MOTION, MOTIVE,MOTOR, MOVE, (MOVEMENT); COMMOTION, EMOTION, PROMOTE, (REMOTE), (REMOVE),from Latin movKre, to move.
[Pokorny 2. meu- 743.]
mori-Important derivatives are: mere2, mermaid, meerschaum, marsh, morass, marine,maritime, ultramarine.Body of water; lake (?), sea (?).
a. MERE2; (MERMAID), from Old English mere, sea, lake,pond;
b. MARRAM, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norsemarr, sea;
c. MEERSCHAUM, from Old High German mari, sea. a, b,and c all from Germanic *mari-.
a. MARSH, from Old English mersc, merisc, marsh;
b. MORASS, from Old French maresc, mareis, marsh. Both aand b from Germanic *mariska-, water-logged land.
1. MARE2, (MARINARA), MARINE, MARITIME; BÍCHE-DE-MER, MARICULTURE,ORMER, ULTRAMARINE, from Latin mare, sea.
[Pokorny mori 748.]
mregh-u-Important derivatives are: brief, abbreviate, abridge, merry, mirth, brace, brassiere,pretzel, embrace.Short.
I. Suffixed form *mregh-w-i-. BRIEF, BRUMAL; ABBREVIATE, (ABRIDGE), fromLatin brevis, short.
II. Zero-grade form *myghu-.
a. MERRY, from Old English myrge, mirige, pleasant;
b. MIRTH, from Old English myrgth, pleasure, joy, fromGermanic *murgitho, pleasantness. Both a and b fromGermanic *murgja-, short, also pleasant, joyful.
2. BRACHY-; AMPHIBRACH, TRIBRACH, from Greek brakhus, short.
3. BRACE, BRACERO, BRACHIUM, BRASSARD, BRASSIERE, PRETZEL; (EMBRACE),from Greek comparative brakhion, shorter, hence also “upperarm” (as opposed to the longer forearm).
[Pokorny mreghu- 750.]
m7s-Important derivatives are: mouse, muscle.A mouse; also a muscle (from the resemblance of a flexing muscle to themovements of a mouse).
1. MOUSE, from Old English m7s (plural m«s), mouse, from
Germanic *m7s- (plural *m7siz).
1. MURINE, MUSCLE, MUSTELINE, from Latin m7s, mouse.
2. MYELO-, MYO-; EPIMYSIUM, MYOSOTIS, MYSTICETE, PERIMYSIUM, SYRINGOMYELIA, fromGreek mus, mouse, muscle.
[Pokorny m7s 752.]
nas-Important derivatives are: nose, nuzzle, nostril, nasal, nasturtium, pince-nez.Nose.
3. NOSE, (NUZZLE); NOSTRIL, from Old English nosu, nose, fromGermanic zero-grade form *nuso.
4. NESS, from Old English næss, headland, from Germanic *nasja-.
5. Lengthened-grade form *n7s-.
a. NARIS, from Latin n7ris, nostril;
b. expressive form *n7ss-. NASAL, NASO-; NASTURTIUM, PINCE-
NEZ, from Latin n7sus, nose.
6. NARK2, from Romany n7k, nose, from expressive Indo-Aryanform *nakka-.
[Pokorny nas- 755, neu-ks- 768.]
n7u-Important derivatives are: naval, navigate, navy, nausea, nautical, nautilus, noise,astronaut.Boat.
Contracted from *naNu-.
4. NACELLE, NAVAL, NAVE1, NAVICULAR, NAVIGATE, (NAVY), from Latinn7vis, ship.
5. NAUSEA, NAUTICAL, NAUTILUS, (NOISE); AERONAUT, AQUANAUT,
ARGONAUT, ASTRONAUT, COSMONAUT, from Greek naus, ship, andnautKs, sailor.
[Pokorny 1. n7u- 755.]
idher-Important derivatives are: under, inferior, infernal, inferno, infra-.Under.
a. UNDER, UNDER-, from Old English under, under;
b. U-BOAT, from Old High German untar, under. Both aand b from Germanic *under-.
4. INFERIOR, from Latin Xnferus, lower.
5. INFERNAL, (INFERNO), from Latin Xnfernus, lower.
6. INFRA-, from Latin Xnfr7, below.
[Pokorny idhos 771.]
neImportant derivatives are: naught, naughty, neither, never, no1, no2, none, nor1, not,nothing, nay, annul, nefarious, neuter, nice, null, nullify, annihilate, non-, neglect,negligee, negotiate, negate, deny, renegade.Not.
a. NAUGHT, (NAUGHTY), NEITHER, NEVER, NILL, NO1, NO2, NONE,(NOR1), (NOT), (NOTHING), from Old English ne, not, andn7, no;
b. NAY, from Old Norse ne, not;
c. NIX2, from Old High German ne, ni, not. a, b, and c allfrom Germanic *ne-, *na-.
5. ANNUL, NEFARIOUS, NESCIENCE, NEUTER, (NICE), NULL, NULLIFY,NULLIPARA, from Latin ne-, not, and n7llus, none (ne- + 7llus,any; see oi-no-).
6. NIMIETY, from Latin nimis, too much, excessively, very (< *ne-
mi-s, “not little”; *mi-, little; see mei-2).
7. NIHILISM, (NIHILITY), NIL; ANNIHILATE, from Latin nihil, nXl, nothing,contracted from nihilum, nothing (< *ne-hXlum, “not a whit,nothing at all”; hXlum, a thing, trifle; origin unknown).
8. NON-, from Latin non, not (< *ne-oinom, “not one thing”;*oino-, one; see oi-no-).
9. NISI, from Latin nXsX, unless (nX, not, from *nei + sX, if; see swo-).
a. NEGLECT, (NEGLIGEE), NEGOTIATE, from Latin prefix neg-,not;
b. NEGATE; ABNEGATE, DENY, RENEGADE, (RENEGE), from Latinneg7re, to deny. Both a and b from Italic *nek, not.
10. NEPENTHE, from Greek nK-, not.
11. Zero-grade combining form *i-.
i. UN-1, from Old English un-, not;
ii. ZUGUNRUHE, from Old High German un-, not.Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *un-;
b. IN-1, from Latin in-, not;
c. A-1, (AN-), from Greek a-, an-, not;
d. AHIMSA, AMRITA, from Sanskrit a-, an-, not.
[Pokorny ne 756.]
nebh-Important derivatives are: nebula, nebulous, nimbus.Cloud.
1. Suffixed form *nebh-(e)lo-.
a. NIFLHEIM, from Old Norse nifl-, “mist” or “dark,”probably from Germanic *nibila-;
b. NIBELUNG, from Old High German Nibulunc, Nibilung,
from Germanic suffixed patronymic form *nibul-unga-, beside Old High German nebul, mist, fog, fromGermanic *nebla-.
2. Suffixed form *nebh-el7-.
a. NEBULA, NEBULOUS, from Latin nebula, cloud;
b. NEPHELINE; NEPHELOMETER, from Greek nephelK, cloud.
3. Suffixed form *nebh-es-. NEPHOLOGY, from Greek nephos, cloud.
4. Nasalized form *ne-m-bh-. NIMBUS, from Latin nimbus, rain,cloud, aura.
[Pokorny (enebh-) 315.]
ned-Important derivatives are: net1, nettle, node, nodule, annex, connect.To bind, tie.
3. O-grade form *nod-.
a. NET1, from Old English net(t), a net, from Germanic*nati-;
b. NETTLE, from Old English netel(e), netle, nettle, fromGermanic *nat-ilo, a nettle (nettles or plants of closelyrelated genera such as hemp were used as a source offiber);
c. OUCH2, from Anglo- Norman nouch, brooch, fromGermanic *nat-sk-.
4. Lengthened o-grade form *nodo-. NODE, NODULE, NODUS;DÈNOUEMENT, from Latin nodus, a knot.
5. With re-formation of the root. NEXUS; (ADNEXA), ANNEX, CONNECT,from Latin nectere (past participle nexus), to tie, bind, connect.
[Pokorny 1. ned- 758.]
nKhw-iz
The following entry is not, strictly speaking, Indo-European, since it isrepresented in only one branch of the family. Important derivatives are: near,neighbor, next, nigh. [Not, strictly speaking, Indo-European.Near.
Germanic root. NEAR, NEIGHBOR, NEXT, NIGH, from Old English nKah, near.
nek-1
Important derivatives are: pernicious, nuisance, innocent, innocuous, noxious,obnoxious, necrosis, necromancy, nectar, nectarine.Death.
4. INTERNECINE, PERNICIOUS, from Latin nex (stem nec-), death.
5. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *nok-eyo-. NOCENT, NOCUOUS,NUISANCE; INNOCENT, INNOCUOUS, from Latin nocKre, to injure,harm.
6. Suffixed o-grade form *nok-s-. NOXIOUS; OBNOXIOUS, from Latinnoxa, injury, hurt, damage entailing liability.
7. Suffixed full-grade form *nek-ro-. NECRO-, NECROSIS; NECROMANCY,from Greek nekros, corpse.
8. NECTAR, (NECTARINE), from Greek nektar, the drink of the gods,“overcoming death” (*tar-, overcoming; see terN-2).
[Pokorny neˆ- 762.]
nek-2
Important derivatives are: enough, oncology.To reach, attain.
I. O-grade form *nok-. ENOUGH, from Old English genog, enough, fromGermanic *ganoga-, sufficient, from *ga-nah, “suffices” (*ga-,intensive prefix; see kom).
II. Variant form *enk-.
1. ONCOGENESIS, ONCOLOGY, from Greek onkos, a burden, mass, hencea tumor, from reduplicated enenkein, to carry.
2. Compound root *bhrenk- (see bher1).
[Pokorny eneˆ- 316.]
nekw-t-Important derivatives are: night, nocturnal, equinox.Night.
O-grade form *nokw-t-.
5. NIGHT, from Old English niht, neaht, night, from Germanic*naht-.
6. NOCTI-, (NOCTURN), NOCTURNAL, EQUINOX, from Latin nox (stemnoct-), night.
7. NOCTUID, NOCTULE, from Latin noctua, night owl.
8. NYCTALOPIA, NYCTITROPISM, from Greek nux (stem nukt-), night.
[Pokorny nek¯(t)- 762.]
nem-Important derivatives are: numb, nimble, nemesis, economy, astronomy,autonomous, metronome, nomad, number, enumerate.To assign, allot; also to take.
a. NIM, NUMB; (BENUMB), from Old English niman, to take,seize;
b. NIMBLE, from Old English n<mel, quick to seize, andnumol, quick at learning, seizing;
c. NIM2, from Old High German n”man, to take. a, b, andc all from Germanic *nem-.
5. NEMESIS; ECONOMY, from Greek nemein, to allot.
6. O-grade form *nom-.
a. NOME, -NOMY; ANOMIE, ANTINOMIAN, ANTINOMY, (ASTRONOMER),(ASTRONOMY), AUTONOMOUS, DEUTERONOMY, METRONOME,NOMOGRAPH, NOMOLOGY, NOMOTHETIC, NUMISMATIC, from
Greek nomos, portion, usage, custom, law, division,district;
b. NOMA, from Greek nomK, pasturage, grazing, hence aspreading, a spreading ulcer;
c. NOMAD, from Greek nomas, wandering in search ofpasture;
d. NUMMULAR, NUMMULITE, from Greek nomimos, legal.
7. Perhaps suffixed o-grade form *nom-eso-. NUMBER; ENUMERATE,SUPERNUMERARY, from Latin numerus, number, division.
[Pokorny 1. nem- 763.]
nepot-Important derivatives are: nephew, nepotism, niece.Grandson, nephew. Feminine *neptX-.
NEPHEW, NEPOTISM, NIECE, from Latin nepos, grandson, nephew, and neptis,granddaughter, niece.
[Pokorny nepot- 764.]
ner-1
Important derivatives are: Nordic, north, Norman1, northern, Norse.Under, also on the left; hence, with an eastward orientation, north.
Suffixed zero-grade form *ny-t(r)o-.
a. NORDIC, NORTH, from Old English north, north;
b. NORTHERN, from Old English northerne, northern;
c. NORSE, from Middle Dutch nort, north;
d. NORMAN1, NORWEGIAN, from Old Norse nordhr, north.
[Pokorny 2. ner- 765.]
ner-2
A derivative is: andro-.Also Nner-Man; basic sense “vigorous, vital, strong.” Oldest root form *Nner-.
ANDRO-, -ANDROUS, -ANDRY; PHILANDER, from Greek anKr (stem andr-, from zero-grade *Nnr-), man.
[Pokorny 1. ner-(t)- 765.]
nes-1
Important derivatives are: harness, nostalgia.To return safely home.
3. HARNESS, from Old French harneis, harness, possibly from aGermanic source akin to Old English, Old High German (incomposition), and Old Norse nest, food for a journey, fromGermanic *nes-tam.
4. Suffixed o-grade form *nos-to-. NOSTALGIA, from Greek nostos, areturn home.
[Pokorny nes- 766.]
nes-2
Important derivatives are: us, our, ours.Oblique cases of the personal pronoun of the first person plural.
For the nominative see we-.
1. Zero-grade form *is-. US, from Old English 7s, us (accusative),from Germanic *uns.
2. Suffixed (possessive) zero-grade form *is-ero-. OUR, OURS, fromOld English 7ser, 7re, our, from Germanic *unsara-.
3. O-grade form *nos-, with suffixed (possessive) form nos-t(e)ro-. NOSTRUM; PATERNOSTER, from Latin nos, we, and noster,our.
[Pokorny 3. ne- 758.]
neu-
Important derivatives are: announce, denounce, enunciate, pronounce, renounce.To shout.
Suffixed (participial) o-grade form *now-ent-(yo-), “shouting.” NUNCIO;ANNOUNCE, DENOUNCE, ENUNCIATE, PRONOUNCE, RENOUNCE, from Latin n7ntius,“announcing,” hence a messenger, also a message, and n7ntium, message.
[Pokorny 1. neu- 767.]
newiImportant derivatives are: nine, nineteen, ninety, ninth, November, novena, noon.Nine.
5. NINE, NINETEEN, NINETY, NINTH, from Old English nigon, nine, withderivatives nigontig, ninety, and nigontKne, nineteen (-tKne, ten;see dekc), from Germanic *nigun, variant of *niwun.
6. NOVEMBER, NOVENA; (NONAGENARIAN), from Latin novem, nine (<*noven, with m for n by analogy with the m of septem, seven,and decem, ten).
7. Ordinal form *neweno-. NONA-, NONES, NOON; (NONAGON),(NONANOIC ACID), from Latin nonus, ninth.
8. Prothetic or prefixed forms *enewi, *enwi. ENNEAD, from Greekennea, nine (< *ennewa, *enwa-).
[Pokorny e-ne¯en 318.]
newo-Important derivatives are: new, neo-, neon, nova, novel1, novel2, novelty, novice,innovate, renovate.New.
Related to nu-.
4. Suffixed form *new-yo-.
a. NEW, from Old English nKowe, nXwe, new;
b. SPAN-NEW, from Old Norse n«r, new. Both a and b fromGermanic *neuja-.
5. Basic form *newo-. NEO-, NEON, NEOTERIC; MISONEISM, from Greeknewos, neos, new.
6. Suffixed form *new-aro-. ANEROID, from Greek nKron, water,from nKros, fresh (used of fish and of water), contracted fromnearos, young, fresh.
7. Basic form *newo-. NOVA, NOVATION, NOVEL1, NOVEL2, (NOVELTY),NOVICE; INNOVATE, RENOVATE, from Latin novus, new.
8. Suffixed form *new-er-ko-. NOVERCAL, from Latin noverca,stepmother (
[Pokorny ne¯os 709.]
nobh-Important derivatives are: nave2, navel, umbilicus.Also ombh-Navel; later also “central knob,” boss of a shield, hub of a wheel.
c. NAVE2, from Old English nafu, nafa, hub of a wheel;
d. AUGER, from Old English nafog7r, auger, from Germaniccompound *nabo-gaizaz, tool for piercing wheel hubs(*gaizaz, spear, piercing tool). Both a and b fromGermanic *nabo.
6. Variant form *ombh-. UMBO, from Latin umbo, boss of a shield.
7. Suffixed form *nobh-alo-. NAVEL, from Old English nafela,navel, from Germanic *nabalo.
8. Suffixed variant form *ombh-alo-.
a. UMBILICUS; NOMBRIL, from Latin umbilXcus, navel;
b. OMPHALOS, from Greek omphalos, navel.
[Pokorny 1. (enebh-) 314.]
nogh-An important derivative is: nail.Also Nnogh-, ongh-Nail, claw.
3. Suffixed (diminutive) form *nogh-ela-. NAIL, from Old Englishnægl, nail, from Germanic *nagla-.
4. Form *Nnogh-. ONYX; PARONYCHIA, PERIONYCHIUM, SARDONYX, fromGreek onux (stem onukh-), nail.
5. Variant form *ongh-. UNGUIS, from Latin unguis, nail, claw,hoof, with diminutive ungula, hoof, claw, talon (< *ongh-el7-).
[Pokorny onogh- 780.]
nogw-Important derivatives are: naked, nude, denude, gymnasium, gymnast.Naked.
3. Suffixed forms *nogw-eto-, *nogw-oto-. NAKED, from Old Englishnacod, naked, from Germanic *nakweda-, *nakwada-.
4. Suffixed form *nogw-edo-. NUDE, NUDI-; DENUDE, from Latinn7dus, naked.
5. Suffixed form *nogw-mo-. GYMNASIUM, (GYMNAST); GYMNOSOPHIST,GYMNOSPERM, from Greek gumnos, naked.
[Pokorny nog¯- 769.]
np-men-Important derivatives are: name, nominal, nominate, noun, ignominy, misnomer,pronoun, renown, anonymous, eponym, homonymous, metonymy, pseudonym,synonymous.Name.
Earlier form *(N)noN-mi, zero-grade form *(N)nN-men-.
7. NAME, from Old English nama, name, from Germanic *namon-.
8. NOMINAL, NOMINATE, NOUN; AGNOMEN, (BINOMIAL), COGNOMEN,DENOMINATE, IGNOMINY, MISNOMER, NOMENCLATOR, NUNCUPATIVE,PRAENOMEN, (PRONOUN), RENOWN, from Latin nomen, name,reputation.
9. ONOMASTIC, -ONYM, -ONYMY; ANONYMOUS, ANTONOMASIA, EPONYM,
(EPONYMOUS), EUONYMUS, HETERONYMOUS, HOMONYMOUS, METONYMY,METRONYMIC, ONOMATOPOEIA, (PARONOMASIA), PARONYMOUS,PATRONYMIC, PSEUDONYM, SYNONYMOUS, from Greek onoma, onuma,name.
10. MONIKER, from Old Irish ainm, name.
[Pokorny en(o)mi- 321.]
nu-An important derivative is: now.Now.
Related to newo-.
7. NOW, from Old English n7, now.
8. QUIDNUNC, from Latin nunc, now (< *nun-ce; -ce, a particlemeaning “this,” “here”; see ko-).
[Pokorny nu- 770.]
od-Important derivatives are: annoy, ennui, noisome, odium.To hate.
ANNOY, ENNUI, (NOISOME), ODIUM, from Latin odX, I hate, and odium, hatred.
[Pokorny 2. od- 773.]
oi-no-Important derivatives are: a1, an1, once, one, alone, atone, lone, lonely, none, eleven,inch1, ounce1, union, unite, unity, unanimous, unicorn, universe, any, unique.One, unique.
I. Basic form *oi-no-.
a. (A1), AN1, ONCE, ONE; (ALONE), ANON, (ATONE), (LONE),(LONELY), NONE, from Old English 7n, one;
b. ELEVEN, from Old English endleofan, eleven, from
Germanic compound *ain-lif-, “one left (beyond ten),”eleven (*lif-, left over; see leikw-);
c. EINKORN, TURNVEREIN, from Old High German ein, one. a,b, and c all from Germanic *ainaz.
2. UNI-, UNION, UNITE, UNITY; COADUNATE, TRIUNE, UNANIMOUS, UNICORN,UNIVERSE, from Latin 7nus, one.
3. (see ne) Latin non, not (< *ne-oinom, “not one thing”; ne, not).
II. Suffixed form *oino-ko-.
a. ANY, from Old English <nig, one, anyone, fromGermanic *ainigaz;
b. UNIQUE, from Latin 7nicus, sole, single.
c. INCH1, OUNCE1, UNCIAL; (QUINCUNX), from Latin uncia, onetwelfth of a unit (unc-, shortened form of *7nc-).
III. Suffixed form *oino-lo-. (see ne) Latin 7llus, any.
[In Pokorny e- 281.]
okto(u)Important derivatives are: eight, octave, octet, October, octogenarian, octopus.Eight.
a. EIGHT, EIGHTEEN, EIGHTY, from Old English eahta, eight,with derivatives eahtatig, eighty, and eahtatKne, eighteen(-tKne, ten; see dekc);
b. ATTO- , from Old Norse 7ttj7n, eighteen (tj7n, ten; seedekc). Both a and b from Germanic *ahto.
6. OCTANS, OCTANT, OCTAVE, OCTAVO, OCTET, OCTO-, OCTOBER, OCTONARY;OCTODECIMO, OCTOGENARIAN, from Latin octo, eight.
7. OCTAD, OCTO-; OCTOPUS, from Greek okto, eight.
[Pokorny oˆto 775.]
oku-A derivative is: accipiter.Swift.
7. OXYTOCIC, from Greek okus, swift.
8. Possibly altered zero-grade form *aku- in compound *aku-petro-, “swift-flying” (*pet-ro-, flying; see pet-). ACCIPITER, fromLatin accipiter, hawk.
[Pokorny oˆu-s 775.] See also ekwo-.
okw-Important derivatives are: eye, daisy, window, eyelet, ocular, inoculate, monocle,myopia, autopsy, synopsis, optic, optometry.To see.
e. EYE; DAISY, from Old English Kage, eye;
f. WALLEYED, WINDOW, from Old Norse auga, eye;
g. OGLE, from Low German oog, oge, eye. a, b, and c allfrom Germanic *augon- (with taboo deformation).
12. Suffixed form *okw-olo-.
a. EYELET, OCELLUS, OCULAR, OCULIST, ULLAGE; INOCULATE,MONOCLE, OCULOMOTOR, PINOCHLE, from Latin oculus, eye;
b. INVEIGLE, from French aveugle, blind, from Gallo-Latincompound *ab-oculus, blind, modeled on Gaulish ex-ops, blind.
13. Form *okw-s. METOPIC, MYOPIA, NYCTALOPIA, PELOPS, PHLOGOPITE,PYROPE, TRICERATOPS, from Greek ops, eye (and stem *op-, to see).
14. Suffixed form *okw-ti-. (OPSIN), -OPSIS, -OPSY; AUTOPSY, (IODOPSIN),(RHODOPSIN), SYNOPSIS, from Greek opsis, sight, appearance.
15. Suffixed form *okw-to-. OPTIC; DIOPTER, OPTOMETRY, PANOPTIC, fromGreek optos, seen, visible.
16. Suffixed form *okw-7. METOPE, from Greek opK, opening.
17. Suffixed form *okw-mi. OMMATIDIUM, OMMATOPHORE, from Greekomma (< *opma), eye.
18. Suffixed form *okw-tro-. CATOPTRIC, from Greek katoptron,“back-looker,” mirror (kata-, down, back; see kat-).
19. OPHTHALMO-; EXOPHTHALMOS, from Greek ophthalmos, eye (withtaboo deformation).
20. Zero-grade form *Nkw- (of oldest full-grade form *Nokw-).
a. (see ant-) Latin antXquus, “appearing before, havingprior aspect,” former (*anti-, before);
b. (see 7ter-) Latin 8trox, “black-looking,” frightful(*atro-, black);
c. (see ghwer-) ferox, “wild-looking,” fierce (*ghwero-,wild).
[Pokorny ok¯- 775.]
op-Important derivatives are: opera1, operate, opus, cooperate, inure, maneuver,manure, opulent, omni-, optimum, copious, copy, cornucopia.To work, produce in abundance.
5. Suffixed form *op-es-. OPERA1, OPERATE, OPEROSE, OPUS; COOPERATE,INURE, MANEUVER, MANURE, OFFICINAL, from Latin opus (stem oper-),work, with its denominative verb oper7rX, to work, andsecondary noun opera, work.
6. (see dhK-) Latin officium, service, duty, business (< *opi-fici-om, “performance of work”; *-fici-, doing).
7. Suffixed form *op-en-ent-. OPULENT, from Latin dissimilatedopulentus, rich, wealthy.
8. Suffixed form *op-ni-. OMNI-, OMNIBUS; OMNIUM-GATHERUM, fromLatin omnis, all (< “abundant”).
9. Suffixed (superlative) form *op-tamo-. OPTIMUM, from Latinoptimus, best (< “wealthiest”).
10. COPIOUS, COPY; CORNUCOPIA, from Latin copia, profusion, plenty,from prefixed form *co-op- (co-, collective and intensiveprefix; see kom).
[Pokorny 1. op- 780.]
or-Derivatives are: erne, ornitho-.Large bird.
6. Suffixed form *or-n-. ERNE, from Old English earn, eagle, fromGermanic *arnuz, eagle.
7. Suffixed form *or-n-Xth-. ORNITHO-; AEPYORNIS, ICHTHYORNIS,NOTORNIS, from Greek ornis (stem ornith-), bird.
[Pokorny 1. er- 325.]
orbh-Important derivatives are: orphan, robot.To put asunder, separate.
Suffixed form *orbh-o-, “bereft of father,” also “deprived of free status.”
a. ORPHAN, from Greek orphanos, orphaned;
b. ROBOT, from Czech robota, compulsory labor, drudgery,from Old Church Slavonic rabota, servitude, from rabƒ,slave, from Old Slavic *orbƒ.
[Pokorny orbho- 781.]
ors-Important derivatives are: ass2, squirrel.Buttocks, backside.
3. Suffixed form *ors-o-.
a. ASS2, from Old English ærs, ears, backside;
b. DODO, from Middle Dutch ærs, backside, tail. Both a
and b from Germanic *arsaz.
4. Suffixed form *ors-7-.
a. URO-2, -UROUS; ANTHURIUM, ANURAN, CYNOSURE, DASYURE,EREMURUS, OXYURIASIS, SQUIRREL, TRICHURIASIS, from Greekoura, tail;
b. SILURID, from Greek silouros, sheatfish (oura), probablyfrom ors-.
[Pokorny ers- 340.]
os-Important derivatives are: oral, usher.Mouth.
9. ORAL, OS1, OSCILLATE, OSCULATE, OSCULUM, OSTIARY, OSTIUM, USHER;INOSCULATE, ORIFICE, ORINASAL, OROTUND, OSCITANCY, (PERORAL), fromLatin os (stem or-), mouth, face, orifice, and derivative ostium(*os-to-), door.
10. AURIGA, from Latin aurXga, charioteer (< *or-ig-, “he whomanages the (horse's) bit”; -Xg-, lengthened from ig-, driving,from *ag-; see ag-), possibly from os-.
[Pokorny 1. ous- 784.]
ost-Important derivatives are: ossify, osteo-, ostracize, oyster.Bone.
8. OS2, OSSEOUS, OSSICLE, OSSUARY; OSSIFRAGE, OSSIFY, from Latin os (stemoss-), bone.
9. OSTEO-; ENDOSTEUM, EXOSTOSIS, PERIOSTEUM, SYNOSTOSIS, TELEOST, fromGreek osteon, bone.
10. Suffixed form *ost-r-.
a. OSTRACIZE, OSTRACOD, from Greek ostrakon, shell,potsherd;
b. OYSTER, from Greek ostreon, oyster;
c. ASTRAGAL, ASTRAGALUS, from variant form in Greekastragalos, vertebra, ball of the ankle joint, knucklebone,Ionic molding.
[Pokorny ost(h)- 783.]
ous-Important derivatives are: ear1, aural1, scout1.Also aus-Ear.
3. Suffixed form *ous-en-. EAR1, from Old English Kare, ear, fromGermanic *auzon-.
4. Suffixed form *aus-i-. AURAL1, AURICLE; AURIFORM, ORMER, fromLatin auris, ear.
5. AUSCULTATION, SCOUT1, from Latin auscult7re, to listen to (*aus- +*kli-to-, inclined; see klei-).
6. Suffixed basic form *ous-os-.
a. OTIC, OTO-; MYOSOTIS, PAROTID GLAND, from Greek ous (stemot-), ear;
b. (see slKg-) Greek lagos, hare (< *lag-ous-, “withdrooping ears”; *lag-, to droop).
[Pokorny ous- 785.]
owi-Important derivatives are: ewe, ovine.Sheep.
5. EWE, from Old English Kwe, eowu, ewe, from Germanic *awi-.
6. OVINE, from Latin ovis, sheep.
[Pokorny o¯i-s 784.]
p7-Important derivatives are: fodder, forage, fur, pabulum, food, feed, foster, pasture,antipasto, pester, repast, pastor, pantry, companion, company.To protect, feed.
Contracted from *paN-.
1. Suffixed form *p7-trom.
a. FODDER, from Old English fodor, fodder;
b. FORAGE, from Old French feurre, fodder;
c. FUR, from Old French forre, fuerre, trimming madefrom animal skin, fur (< “sheath, case, lining”). a, b,and c all from Germanic *fodram.
2. Suffixed form *p7-dhlom (doublet of *p7-trom). PABULUM, fromLatin p7bulum, food, fodder.
3. Extended form *p7t-.
a. FOOD, from Old English foda, food, from Germanic*fod-, food;
b. FEED, from Old English fKdan, to feed, from Germanicdenominative *fodjan, to give food to;
c. suffixed form *p7t-tro-. FOSTER, from Old English fostor,food, nourishment, from Germanic *fostra-.
4. Extended form *p7s-.
a. suffixed form *p7s-sko-. PASTURE; ANTIPASTO, REPAST, fromLatin p7scere, to feed;
b. suffixed form *p7s-tor-. PASTOR, PESTER, from Latinp7stor, shepherd;
c. suffixed form *p7s-t-ni-. PANADA, PANATELA, PANNIER,(PANOCHA), PANTRY, PASTILLE, (PENUCHE); APPANAGE,COMPANION1, (COMPANY), from Latin p7nis, bread.
5. Suffixed form *p7-tor-. BEZOAR, from Persian p7d, protectingagainst, from Iranian *p7tar- (Avestan p7tar-).
6. Suffixed form *p7-won-, protector. SATRAP, from Old Persiankhshathra-p7v7, protector of the province.
[Pokorny p7- 787, 1. po(i)- 839.]
pag-Important derivatives are: fang, compact1, impinge, pay1, peace, appease, pacific,pacify, pact, pale1, palisade, pole2, impale, travail, travel, palette, pagan, peasant,page1, pageant, propagate, pectin.Also pak-To fasten.
8. Lengthened-grade form *p7k-. FAY1, from Old English fKgan, tofit closely, from Germanic *fogjan, to join, fit.
9. Nasalized form *pa-n-g-, also *pa-n-k-.
i. FANG, from Old English fang, feng, plunder,booty, from Germanic *fangam, *fangiz;
ii. VANG, from Dutch vangen, to catch, fromremade Germanic verb *fangan;
iii. NEWFANGLED, from Middle English *-fangel,taken, akin to Old High German -fangolon, toclose, from Germanic *fanglon, to grasp. (i), (ii),and (iii) all derivatives of Germanic *fanhan, toseize;
b. COMPACT1, IMPINGE, from Latin pangere, to fasten.
10. Root form *p8k-.
a. PACE2, PAY1, PEACE; APPEASE, PACIFIC, PACIFY, from Latin p7x,peace (
b. PACT, from Latin pacXscX, to agree.
11. Suffixed form *pak-slo-.
a. PALE1, PALISADE, PAWL, PEEL3, POLE2; IMPALE, TRAVAIL, (TRAVEL),from Latin p7lus, stake (fixed in the ground);
b. PALETTE, PEEL2, from Latin p7la, spade, probably frompag-.
12. Lengthened-grade form *p7g-.
a. PAGAN, PEASANT, from Latin p7gus, “boundary staked outon the ground,” district, village, country;
b. PAGE1, PAGEANT, from Latin p7gina, “trellis to which a rowof vines is fixed,” hence (by metaphor) column ofwriting, page;
c. PROPAGATE, from Latin prop7g7re, to propagate (pro-,before, in front; see per1);
d. PECTIN, PEGMATITE; AREOPAGUS, from Greek pKgnunai, tofasten, coagulate, with derivative pagos (< *pag-o-),mass, hill.
[Pokorny p8ˆ- 787.]
pan-Important derivatives are: vane, pane, panel.Fabric.
a. VANE, from Old English fana, flag, banner, weathercock;
b. (see gwhen-) Germanic compound *gund-fanon-,“battle-flag.” Both a and b from Germanic *fanon.
9. Extended form *panno-. PANE, PANEL, from Latin pannus, pieceof cloth, rag.
[Pokorny pan- 788.]
pant-Derivatives are: pan-, pancreas.All.
Attested only in Tocharian and Greek. PAN-; DIAPASON, PANCRATIUM, PANCREAS,from Greek pas (neuter pan, stem pant-), all.
[In Pokorny 1. ˆeu- 592.]
papaImportant derivatives are: papa, pope.A child's word for “father,” a linguistic near- universal found in many languages.
21. PAPA, from French papa, father.
22. PAPPUS, POPE, from Greek pappas, father, and pappos,grandfather.
[Pokorny pap(p)a 789.]
past-Important derivatives are: fast1, steadfast, fasten, fast2, breakfast.Solid, firm.
a. FAST1; STEADFAST, from Old English fæst, fixed, firm;
b. AVAST, from Middle Dutch vast, firm, fast. Both a and bfrom Germanic *fastuz, firm, fast.
11. FASTEN, from Old English fæstnian, to fasten, establish, fromGermanic *fastinon, to make firm or fast.
12. HANDFAST, from Old Norse festa, to fix, affirm, from Germaniccausative *fastjan, to make firm.
a. FAST2, from Old English fæstan, to abstain from food;
b. BREAKFAST, from Old Norse fasta, to abstain from food.Both a and b from Germanic *fastKn, to hold fast,observe abstinence.
[Pokorny pasto- 789.]
pau-Important derivatives are: few, paucity, paraffin, pauper, poor, poverty, foal, filly,pony, pullet, puerile, encyclopedia, orthopedics.Few, little.
I. Adjectival form *pau-, few, little.
1. FEW, from Old English fKawe, few, from Germanic *fawaz.
2. Suffixed form *pau-ko-. PAUCITY, POCO, from Latin paucus, little,few.
3. Suffixed form *pau-ro- in metathetical form *par-wo-.PARAFFIN, PARVOVIRUS, from Latin parvus, little, small, neuterparvum, becoming parum, little, rarely.
4. Compound *pau-paros, producing little, poor (*par-os,producing; see perN-1). PAUPER, POOR, POVERTY, from Latinpauper, poor.
II. Suffixed reduced variant form *pu-lo-, young of an animal.
1. FOAL, from Old English fola, young horse, colt, from Germanic*fulon-.
2. FILLY, from Old Norse fylja, young female horse, fromGermanic derivative *fuljo.
III. Basic form *pau- and variant form *p'-, boy, child.
1. Suffixed form *pu-ero-. PUERILE, PUERPERAL, from Latin puer,child.
2. Extended form *put-.
a. POLTROON, PONY, POOL2, POULARD, PULLET; CATCHPOLE, fromLatin pullus (< *putslo-), young of an animal, chicken;
b. PUSILLANIMOUS, from Latin pusillus (< *putslo-lo), olddiminutive of pullus.
3. Suffixed form *paw-id-. PEDO-2; ENCYCLOPEDIA, ORTHOPEDICS, fromGreek pais (stem paid-), child ( paideia, education).
[Pokorny pou- 842.]
ped-Important derivatives are: foot, fetter, fetlock, pawn2, pedal, pedestrian, peon,pioneer, millipede, trivet, expedite, impede, impeach, pew, podium, octopus, platypus,podiatry, pajamas, fetch1, impair, pessimism, impeccable.Foot.
I. Nominal root.
1. Lengthened o-grade form *pod-. FOOT, from Old English fot,foot, from Germanic *fot-.
2. Suffixed form *ped-ero-. FETTER, from Old English fetor, feter,leg iron, fetter, from Germanic *fetero.
3. Suffixed form *ped-el-. FETLOCK, from Middle English fitlock,fetlock, fetlock, from a Germanic source akin to Old HighGerman vizzelach, fetlock, from Germanic *fetel-.
4. Basic form *ped-. PAWN2, -PED, PEDAL, PEDATE, PEDESTRIAN, PEDI-,PEDICEL, PEDUNCLE, (PEON), PES, PIONEER; MILLIPEDE, SESQUIPEDAL,(TRIPEDAL), TRIVET, VAMP1, from Latin pKs (stem ped-), foot.
5. Form *ped-yo-.
a. EXPEDITE, from Latin expedXre, to free from a snare (ex-,out of; see eghs);
b. IMPEDE, from Latin impedXre, “to put in fetters, hobble,shackle,” entangle, hinder (in-, in; see en).
6. Suffixed form *ped-ik7. IMPEACH, from Latin pedica, fetter,snare.
7. O-grade form *pod-.
a. (PEW), -POD, PODITE, PODIUM; ANTIPODES, APODAL,APPOGGIATURA, APUS, LYCOPODIUM, MONOPODIUM, OCTOPUS,(PELECYPOD), PHALAROPE, PLATYPUS, PODAGRA, PODIATRY,PODOPHYLLIN, POLYP, (POLYPOD), SYMPODIUM, from Greekpous (stem pod-), foot;
b. PODZOL, from Russian pod, under.
8. Suffixed form *ped-ya. TRAPEZIUM, from Greek peza, foot.
9. Suffixed form *ped-o-.
a. PEDO-1; PARALLELEPIPED, from Greek pedon, ground, soil;
b. (PAISA), (PICE), PIE3, PUG3, from Sanskrit padam, footstep,foot, and p7t, foot;
c. PAJAMA, TEAPOY, from Middle Persian p7X, leg, foot;
d. lengthened-grade form *pKd-o-.
i. PILOT, from Greek pKdon, rudder, steering oar;
ii. DIAPEDESIS, from Greek pKdan, to leap.
10. Suffixed form ped-X-. CYPRIPEDIUM, from Greek pedilon, sandal.
II. Verbal root *ped-, to walk, stumble, fall.
1. FETCH1, from Old English fetian, feccean, to bring back, fromGermanic *fetKn.
a. Suffixed (comparative) form *ped-yos-. PEJORATION;IMPAIR, from Latin pKior, worse (< “stumbling”);
b. suffixed (superlative) form *ped-samo-. PESSIMISM, fromLatin pessimus, worst;
c. suffixed form *ped-ko-. PECCABLE, PECCADILLO, PECCANT;IMPECCABLE, from Latin pecc7re, to stumble, sin. a, b, andc all from Latin *ped-.
[Pokorny 2. pLd- 790.]
pK(i)-Important derivatives are: fiend, passion, passive, patient, compassion.Also pK-, pX-To hurt. Contracted from *peN(i)-.
5. Suffixed (participial) form *pX-ont- (< *piN-ont-). FIEND, fromOld English fKond, fXond, enemy, devil, from Germanic *fXjand-, hating, hostile.
6. Possibly *pK- in suffixed zero-grade *pN-to-. PASSIBLE, PASSION,PASSIVE, PATIENT; COMPASSION, from Latin patX, to suffer.
[Pokorny pK(i)- 792.]
peiN-Important derivatives are: fat, pituitary, pine1, Irish.To be fat, swell.
11. Extended o-grade form *poid-. FAT, from Old English f<t(t),
fat, from Germanic past participle *faitidaz, fattened, fromderivative verb *faitjan, to fatten, from *faitaz, plump, fat.
12. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *pX-tu-. PIP5, PITUITARY, fromLatin pXtuXta, moisture exuded from trees, gum, phlegm.
13. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *pX-nu-. PINE1, PINEAL, PINNACE,PIÒON, PINOT; PIÒA CLOTH, from Latin pXnus, pine tree (yielding aresin).
14. Suffixed zero-grade form *pX-won-. PROPIONIC ACID, from Greekpion, fat.
15. Suffixed zero-grade form *pX-wer-, “fat, fertile.”
a. (ERSE), IRISH, from Old English Xras, the Irish, from*Xwer-i7, the prehistoric Celtic name for Ireland;
b. PIERIAN SPRING, from Greek Pieria, a region ofMacedonia, from *PXwer-i7.
[Pokorny pe˜(N)- 793.]
peig-Important derivatives are: file2, paint, picture, picturesque, pigment, pimento, pinto,depict.Also peik-To cut, mark (by incision).
11. Alternate form *peik-. FILE2, from Old English fXl, file, fromGermanic *fXhala, cutting tool.
12. Nasalized zero-grade form *pi-n-g-. PAINT, PICTOR, PICTURE,PICTURESQUE, PIGMENT, PIMENTO, PINT, PINTO; DEPICT, PICTOGRAPH,from Latin pingere, to embroider, tattoo, paint, picture.
13. Suffixed zero-grade form *pik-ro-. PICRO-, from Greek pikros,sharp, bitter.
14. O-grade form *poik-. PLATY2, POIKILOTHERM, from Greek poikilos,spotted, pied, various.
[Pokorny 1. peig- 794.]
peku-Important derivatives are: fellow, fee, pecuniary, peculiar.Wealth, movable property.
c. FELLOW, from Old Norse fK, property, cattle;
d. FEE, from Old French fie, fief;
e. FEUD2, from Medieval Latin feudum, feudal estate. a, b,and c all from Germanic *fehu-.
7. PECORINO, from Latin pecus, cattle.
8. Suffixed form *peku-n-. PECUNIARY; IMPECUNIOUS, from Latinpec7nia, property, wealth.
9. Suffixed form *peku-l-. PECULATE, PECULIAR, from Latin pec7lium,riches in cattle, private property.
[In Pokorny 2. peˆ- 797.]
pekw-Important derivatives are: cook, cuisine, kitchen, apricot, biscuit, concoct, precocious,culinary, kiln, pumpkin, peptic, dyspepsia.To cook, ripen.
7. Assimilated form (in Italic and Celtic) *kwekw-.
a. COOK, CUISINE, KITCHEN, QUITTOR; APRICOT, BISCUIT, CONCOCT,DECOCT, PRECOCIOUS, RICOTTA, TERRA COTTA, from Latincoquere, to cook;
b. CULINARY, KILN, from Latin culXna, kitchen, deformedfrom coquXna.
8. PEPO; PUMPKIN, from Greek pepon, ripe.
9. PEPTIC, PEPTIZE; DRUPE, EUPEPTIC, PEPSIN, PEPTONE, from Greekpeptein, to cook, ripen, digest ( peptos, cooked).
10. DYSPEPSIA, from Greek -pepsia, digestion.
11. PUKKA, from Sanskrit pakva-, ripe.
[Pokorny pek¯- 798.]
pel-1
Important derivatives are: pale1, pallid, pallor, appall, palomino, falcon,poliomyelitis.Pale.
4. Suffixed variant form *pal-wo-.
i. FALLOW DEER, from Old English fealu, fealo,reddish yellow;
ii. FAUVISM, from Frankish falw-, reddish-yellow.Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *falwaz;
b. PALE2, PALLID, PALLOR; APPALL, from Latin pallKre, to be pale;
c. PALOMINO, from Latin palumbKs (influenced in form byLatin columbus, dove), ringdove, “gray-bird.”
5. Probably suffixed form *pel-ko-. FALCON; (GYRFALCON), from LateLatin falco, falcon, from Germanic *falkon-, falcon (
6. Suffixed extended form *peli-wo-.
a. PELOPS, from Greek pelios, dark;
b. o-grade form *poli-wo-. POLIOMYELITIS, from Greekpolios, gray.
7. PELARGONIUM, from Greek pelargos (< *pelawo-argos), stork(argos, white; see arg-), perhaps from pel-1.
[Pokorny 6. pel- 804.]
pel-2
Important derivatives are: fold1, -fold, multiple, triple.To fold.
9. Extended o-grade form *polt-.
a. FOLD1, from Old English fealdan, faldan, to fold;
b. FALTBOAT, from Old High German faldan, to fold;
c. FURBELOW, from Italian falda, fold, flap, pleat;
i. FALDSTOOL, from Medieval Latin compoundfaldistolium, folding chair;
ii. FAUTEUIL, from Old French faldestoel, faldstool.Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic compound*faldistolaz, “folding stool” (*stolaz, stool; seest7-);
d. -FOLD, from Old English -feald, -fald, -fold, fromGermanic combining form *-falthaz, *-faldaz. a, b, c,d, and e all from Germanic *falthan, *faldan.
10. Combining form *-plo-.
a. DECUPLE, MULTIPLE, OCTUPLE, QUADRUPLE, QUINTUPLE, SEPTUPLE,(SEXTUPLE), TRIPLE, from Latin -plus, -fold (as in triplus,threefold);
b. (-PLOID); TRIPLOBLASTIC, from Greek -plos, -ploos, -fold (asin haploos, haplous, single, and triploos, triple).
[Pokorny 3. a. pel- 802.]
pel-3
Important derivatives are: film, pelt1, surplice.Skin, hide.
9. Suffixed form *pel-no-. FELL3, from Old English fell, skin, hide,from Germanic *felnam.
10. FILM, from Old English filmen, membrane, from Germanicsuffixed form *fel-man-ja-.
11. Suffixed form *pel-ni-. PELISSE, PELLICLE, (PELT1), PELTRY, PILLION;PELLAGRA, SURPLICE, from Latin pellis, skin.
12. ERYSIPELAS, from Greek -pelas, skin.
13. Suffixed form *pel-to-. PELTATE, from Greek peltK, a shield(made of hide).
[Pokorny 3. b. pel- 803.]
pel-4
An important derivative is: monopoly.To sell.
Lengthened o-grade form *pol-. BIBLIOPOLE, MONOPOLY, from Greek polein, tosell.
[Pokorny 5. pel- 804.]
pel-5
Important derivatives are: anvil, felt1, filter, pulsate, pulse1, push, compel, expel,propel, repel, polish, appeal.To thrust, strike, drive.
I. Suffixed form *pel-de-.
a. ANVIL, from Old English anfilt(e), anfealt, anvil(“something beaten on”);
i. FELT1, from Old English felt, felt;
ii. FILTER, from Medieval Latin filtrum, filter, pieceof felt. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *feltaz,*filtiz, compressed wool. Both a and b fromGermanic *felt-, *falt-, to beat.
2. PELT2, POUSSETTE, PULSATE, PULSE1, PUSH; COMPEL, DISPEL, EXPEL, IMPEL,PROPEL, REPEL, from Latin pellere (past participle pulsus), to push,drive, strike.
a. Suffixed o-grade form *pol-o-, fuller of cloth. POLISH,from Latin polXre, to make smooth, polish (
b. suffixed o-grade form *pol-o- (with differentaccentuation from the preceding), fulled (of cloth).INTERPOLATE, from Latin compound adjective inter-polis(also interpolus), refurbished (inter-, between; see en).
II. Extended form *pelN-.
1. Present stem *peln7-.
a. APPEAL, from Latin appell7re, “to drive to,” address,entreat, appeal, call (ad-, to; see ad-);
b. COMPELLATION, from Latin compell7re, to accost, address(com-, intensive prefix; see kom).
2. Possible suffixed zero-grade extended adverbial form *plN-ti-,or locative plural *plN-si. PLESIOSAUR, from Greek plKsios, near(*pl7ti or *pl7si.
[Pokorny 2. a. pel- 801.]
pelN-1
Important derivatives are: full1, fill, plenitude, plenty, replenish, folk, plural, plus,surplus, poly-, accomplish, complete, compliment, comply, deplete, expletive,implement, supply, plebeian, plethora.To fill; with derivatives referring to abundance and multitude. Variant *plK-,contracted from *pleN-.
I. Zero-grade form *p_N-.
1. Suffixed form *p_N-no- FULL1, from Old English full, full, fromGermanic *fulnaz, *fullaz, full.
2. FILL, from Old English fyllan, to fill (from Germanic derivativeverb *fulljan, to fill), and fyllu, full amount (from Germanicabstract noun *full-Xno-, fullness).
3. PLENARY, PLENITUDE, PLENTY, PLENUM; PLENIPOTENTIARY, REPLENISH,TERREPLEIN, from Latin plKnus, full, from Latin stem *plKno-,replacing *pl7no- (influenced by Latin verb plKre, to fill; see III.1. below).
4. Suffixed form *p_N-go-.
a. FOLK, from Old English folc, people;
b. VOLKSLIED, from Old High German folc, people. Both aand b from Germanic *folkam.
II. Suffixed form *p(e)lN-u-.
1. Obscure comparative form. PI˘, PLURAL, PLUS; NONPLUS, PLUPERFECT,SURPLUS, from Latin pl7s, more (Old Latin plous). See also III. 4.
below.
2. O-grade form *pol(N)-u-. POLY-; HOI POLLOI, from Greek polus,much, many.
3. PALUDAL, PALUDISM, from Latin pal7s, marsh, possibly from pelN-1 (? < “inundated”; but probably rather from pel-1).
III. Variant form *plK-.
1. (ACCOMPLISH), COMPLETE, COMPLIMENT, (COMPLY), DEPLETE, EXPLETIVE,IMPLEMENT, REPLETE, SUPPLY, from Latin plKre, to fill.
2. Possibly suffixed form *plK-dhw-. (PLEBE), PLEBEIAN, PLEBS;PLEBISCITE, from Latin plKbs, plKbKs, the people, multitude.
3. Suffixed form *plK-dhwo-. PLETHORA; PLETHYSMOGRAPH, fromGreek derivative verb plKthein, to be full.
4. Suffixed adjective (positive) form *plK-ro-. PLEROCERCOID, fromGreek plKrKs, full.
5. Suffixed (comparative) form *plK-i(s)on-. PLEO-, PLEONASM;PLEIOTAXY, PLEIOTROPISM, PLIOCENE, from Greek pleon, pleion, more.
6. Suffixed (superlative) form *plK-isto-. PLEISTOCENE, from Greekpleistos, most.
IV. POORI, from Sanskrit p7raU, cake (pelN-1.
[Pokorny 1. pel- 798.]
pelN-2
Important derivatives are: field, floor, plain, plane1, plane2, explain, palm1, palm2,planet, plasma, plaster, plastic, polka.Flat; to spread.
Variant *pl7-, contracted from *plaN-.
6. Suffixed form *pel(N)-tu-. FIELD, from Old English feld, openfield, from Germanic *felthuz, flat land.
7. Suffixed form *pel(N)-t-es- (by-form of *pel(N)-tu-).
a. FELDSPAR, from Old High German feld, field;
b. VELDT, from Middle Dutch veld, velt, field. Both a and bfrom Germanic *feltha-, flat land.
8. Variant form *pl7-.
a. suffixed form *pl7-ru-. FLOOR, from Old English flor,floor, from Germanic *floruz, floor;
b. suffixed form *pl7-no-. LLANO, PIANO2, PLAIN, PLANARIAN,PLANE1, PLANE2, PLANE3, PLANISH, PLANO-, PLANULA; EXPLAIN,(PIANOFORTE), from Latin pl7nus, flat, level, even, plain,clear.
9. Suffixed zero-grade form *p_N-m7. PALM1, PALM2, from Latinpalma (< *palama), palm of the hand.
10. Possibly extended variant form *plan-.
a. PLANET; APLANATIC, from Greek planasthai, to wander (
b. FL‚NEUR, from French fl‚ner, to walk the streets idly, froma Germanic source akin to Old Norse flana, to wanderaimlessly, from Germanic *flan-, possibly from pelN-2.
11. Suffixed zero-grade form *plN-dh-. -PLASIA, PLASMA, -PLAST,PLASTER, PLASTIC, (PLASTID), -PLASTY; (DYSPLASIA), METAPLASM,(TOXOPLASMA), from Greek plassein (< *plath-yein), to mold,“spread out.”
12. O-grade form *polN-.
a. POLYNYA, from Russian polyV, open;
b. POLACK, POLKA, from Slavic polje, broad flat land, field.
[Pokorny pelN- 805.] See also extensions pl7k-1, plat-
pelN-3
Important derivatives are: police, policy1, politic, metropolis.Citadel, fortified high place.
POLICE, (POLICY1), POLIS, POLITIC, (POLITY); ACROPOLIS, COSMOPOLIS, COSMOPOLITE,MEGALOPOLIS, METROPOLIS, NECROPOLIS, POLICLINIC, PROPOLIS, from Greek polis, city.
[In Pokorny 1. pel- 798.]
penkweImportant derivatives are: five, fifteen, penta-, pentad, pentagon, pentathlon,Pentecost, fifth, quintet, quintessence, finger, fist, foist.Five.
I. Basic form *penkwe.
1. Assimilated form *pempe.
a. FIVE; FIFTY, from Old English fXf, five, with derivativefXftig, fifty (-tKne, ten; see dekc);
b. FIN2, from Old High German finf, funf, five. Both a andb from Germanic *fimf.
c. FIFTEEN, from Old English fXftKne, fifteen;
d. FEMTO-, from Old Norse fimmt7n, fifteen. Both a and bfrom Germanic compound *fimftehun, fifteen (*tehun,ten; see dekc).
2. Assimilated form *kwenkwe.
a. CINQUAIN, CINQUE, QUINQUE-; CINQUECENTO, (CINQUEFOIL),QUINCUNX, from Latin quXnque, five;
b. KENO, QUINATE, from Latin distributive quXnX, five each;
c. QUINDECENNIAL, from Latin compound quXndecim, fifteen(decem, ten; see dekc).
3. PENTA-, PENTAD; PENSTEMON, (PENTAGON), (PENTAMETER),(PENTATHLON), from Greek pente, five.
4. PUNCH3; PACHISI, from Sanskrit paÒca, five.
II. Compound *penkwe-(d)konta, “five tens,” fifty (*-(d)konta, group often; see dekc).
1. QUINQUAGENARIAN, QUINQUAGESIMA, from Latin quXnqu7ginta, fifty.
2. PENTECOST, from Greek pentKkonta, fifty.
III. Ordinal adjective *penkw-to-.
1. FIFTH, from Old English fXfta, fifth, from Germanic *fimfton-.
2. QUINT1, QUINTAIN, QUINTET, QUINTILE; QUINTESSENCE, QUINTILLION,QUINTUPLE, from Latin quXntus (< *quinc-tos), feminine quXnta,fifth.
IV. Suffixed form *penkw-ro-. FINGER, from Old English finger, finger, fromGermanic *fingwraz, finger (
V. Suffixed reduced zero-grade form *pik-sti-.
a. FIST, from Old English f«st, fist;
b. FOIST, from Dutch vuist, fist. Both a and b fromGermanic *funhstiz
[Pokorny penk¯e 808, piksti- 839.]
pent-Important derivatives are: find, pontiff, pontoon, punt1, sputnik, path.To tread, go.
9. FIND, from Old English findan, to find, from Germanic*finthan, to come upon, discover.
10. Suffixed o-grade form *pont-i-.
a. PONS, PONTIFEX, PONTIFF, PONTINE, PONTOON, PUNT1;(TRANSPONTINE), from Latin pons (stem pont-), bridge(earliest meaning, “way, passage,” preserved in thepriestly title pontifex, “he who prepares the way”; -fex,maker; see dhK-);
b. SPUTNIK, from Russian sputnik, fellow traveler, sputnik,from put', path, way.
11. Zero-grade form *pit-. PERIPATETIC, from Greek patein, to tread,walk.
12. Suffixed zero-grade form *pit-N-.
a. PATH, from Old English pæth, path;
b. FOOTPAD, from Middle Dutch pad, way, path. Both a andb from Germanic *patha-, way, path, probablyborrowed (? via Scythian) from Iranian *path-.
[Pokorny pent- 808.]
per1
Important derivatives are: far, paramount, paradise, for, forth, afford, further,foremost, former2, first, prow, protein, proton, fore, forefather, before, from, furnish,veneer, purchase, prone, reciprocal, approach, reproach, approximate, probable,probe, proof, prove, approve, improve, pre-, private, privilege, privy, deprive, proper,property, appropriate, premier, primal, primary, primate, prime, primitive, prince,principal, principle, pristine, priest.Base of prepositions and preverbs with the basic meanings of “forward,”“through,” and a wide range of extended senses such as “in front of,” “before,”“early,” “first,” “chief,” “toward,” “against,” “near,” “at,” “around.”
I. Basic form *per and extended form *peri.
a. TURNVEREIN, from Middle High German vereinen, tounite, from Old High German far-;
b. VEER2, from Middle Dutch vieren, to let out, slacken;
c. (see ghend-) Germanic compound *fer-getan, “to loseone's hold,” forget.
d. FRUMP, from Middle Dutch verrompelen, to wrinkle. a,b, c, and d all from Germanic *fer-, *far-, used chieflyas an intensive prefix denoting destruction, reversal, orcompletion.
2. Suffixed (comparative) form *per-ero-, farther away. FAR, fromOld English feor(r), far, from Germanic *fer(e)ra.
3. PER, PER-; PARAMOUNT, PARAMOUR, PARGET, PARVENU, from Latin per,through, for, by.
4. PERI-; PERISSODACTYL, from Greek peri, around, near, beyond.
a. PARADISE, from Avestan pairi-, around;
b. PURDAH, from Old Persian pari, around, over;
c. (see wer-) Old Iranian *pari-v7raka-, protective. a, b,and c all from Old Iranian *pari-, around.
5. PERESTROIKA, from Old Russian pere-, around, again, from Slavic*per-.
II. Zero-grade form *py-.
a. FOR, from Old English for, before, instead of, onaccount of;
b. FOR-, from Old English for-, prefix denotingdestruction, pejoration, exclusion, or completion. Botha and b from Germanic *fur, before, in.
2. Extended form *pyt-. FORTH; AFFORD, from Old English forth,from Germanic *furth-, forward.
3. Suffixed (comparative) form *py-tero-. FURTHER, from OldEnglish furthra, furthor, farther away, from Germanic*furthera-.
a. Compound *py-st-i- (or *por-st-i-, with o-grade form*por-), “that which stands before,” stake, post (see st7-);
b. PORRECT, from Latin por-, forth, forward. Both a and bfrom Latin por- from *py-.
4. Suffixed form *py-sod. PARGET, from Latin porro, forward.
III. Extended zero-grade form *pyN-.
1. Suffixed (superlative) form *pyN-mo-.
a. FOREMOST, FORMER2, from Old English forma, first,foremost, from Germanic *fruma-, *furma-;
b. (see ed-) Latin compound prandium, “first meal,” latebreakfast, lunch (probably < *pr7m-d-ium < *pyNm-(e)d-yo-; second element *-(e)d-, to eat).
2. Suffixed (superlative) form *pyN-isto-. FIRST, from Old Englishfyrst, fyrest, first, from Germanic *furista-, foremost.
3. Suffixed form *pyN-wo-.
a. PROW, from Greek proira, forward part of a ship, fromanalogically suffixed form *prow-arya;
b. PROTEIN, PROTIST, PROTO-, PROTON, from Greek protos, first,foremost, from suffixed (superlative) form *prow-ato-.Both a and b from Greek *prowo-, first, foremost.
4. Suffixed form *pyN-i. ARPENT, from Latin arepennis, half-acre(second element obscure), from Gaulish ari (combining formare-), before, from Celtic *(p)ari, *are.
IV. Extended form *pyN8.
a. FORE, FORE-; (FOREFATHER), from Old English fore, for,before;
b. VORLAGE, from Old High German fora, before;
c. BEFORE, from Old English beforan, before, fromGermanic prefixed and suffixed form *bi-fora-na, inthe front (*bi-, at, by; see ambhi). a, b, and c all fromGermanic *fura, before.
2. PARA-1; PALFREY, from Greek para, beside, alongside of, beyond.
V. Extended form *prp.
a. FRO; (FROWARD), from Old Norse fr7, from, fromGermanic *fra, forward, away from;
b. (see ed-, Kik-) Germanic *fra-, completely.
2. Suffixed form *prp-mo-.
a. FROM, from Old English from, from, from Germanic*fram, from;
b. FURNISH, VENEER, from Old French f(o)urnir, to supply,provide, from Germanic derivative verb *frumjan, tofurther, from Germanic *frum, forward;
c. PRAM2, from Czech pr·m, raft.
3. Suffixed form *pro-wo-. FRAU, (FR‰ULEIN), from Old HighGerman frouwa, lady, from Germanic *frowo-, lady,lengthened-grade feminine of *frawan-, lord.
4. Suffixed form *pro-wo-. NAPRAPATHY, from Slavic pravƒ, right.
5. PRO1, PRO-1, (PROUD); (IMPROVE), PURCHASE, from Latin pro, prp-,before, for, instead of.
6. Suffixed form *pro-no-. PRONE, from Latin pronus, leaningforward.
7. Possible suffixed form *pro-ko-. RECIPROCAL, from Latincompound reciprocus, alternating, “backward and forward”(*re-ko-, backward; see re-).
8. Suffixed adverb *pro-kwe.
a. APPROACH, (RAPPROCHEMENT), REPROACH, from Latin prope,near;
b. suffixed form *prokw-inkwo-. PROPINQUITY, from Latinpropinquus, near;
c. suffixed (superlative) form *prokw-samo-. PROXIMATE;APPROXIMATE, from Latin proximus, nearest.
9. Compound *pro-bhw-o-, growing well or straightforward(*bhw-o-, to grow; see bheuN-). (PROBABLE), PROBE, PROBITY,(PROOF), PROVE; APPROVE, IMPROBITY, (REPROVE), from Latin probus,upright, good, virtuous.
10. PRO-2, from Greek pro, before, in front, forward.
11. Suffixed (comparative) form *pro-tero-. HYSTERON PROTERON,PROTEROZOIC, from Greek proteros, before, former.
12. PRAKRIT, from Sanskrit pra-, before, forth.
13. (see wKro-) Celtic *ro-, intensive prefix, in *ro-wero-,sufficiency.
VI. Extended forms *prai-, *prei-.
1. PRE-; PRETERIT, from Latin prae, before.
2. Suffixed (comparative) form *prei-yos-. PRIOR2, from Latinprior, former, higher, superior.
3. Suffixed form *prei-wo-.
a. PRIVATE, PRIVILEGE, PRIVITY, PRIVY; DEPRIVE, from LatinprXvus, single, alone (
b. PROPER, PROPERTY; APPROPRIATE, PROPRIOCEPTION,PROPRIOCEPTOR, from Latin proprius, one's own,particular (< pro prXvo, in particular, from the ablativeof prXvus, single; pro, for; see V. 5.).
4. Extended form *preis-.
a. Suffixed (superlative) form *preis-mo-.
i. PREMIER, PRIMAL, PRIMARY, PRIMATE, PRIME, PRIMITIVE,PRIMO, PRIMUS; IMPRIMIS, PRIMAVERA1, PRIMEVAL,PRIMIPARA, PRIMOGENITOR, PRIMOGENITURE, PRIMORDIAL,from Latin prXmus (< *prXsmus; ablative pluralprXmXs), first, foremost;
ii. PRINCE, PRINCIPAL, PRINCIPLE, from Latin compoundprXnceps, “he who takes first place,” leader, chief,emperor (-ceps, “-taker”; see kap-);
b. suffixed form *preis-tano-. PRISTINE, from LatinprXstinus, former, earlier, original.
VII. Extended form *pres- in compound *pres-gwu-, “going before”(*gw-u-, going; see gw7-). PRESBYTER, (PRIEST); PRESBYOPIA, from Greekpresbus, old, old man, elder.
VIII. Extended form *proti. PROS-, from Greek pros, against, toward,near, at.
[Pokorny 2. A. per 810.] Other possibly related forms are grouped under per-2,per-3, per-4, per-5
per-2
Important derivatives are: firth, fjord, fare, wayfarer, welfare, pore2, emporium,ferry, fern, ford, port1, opportune, porch, portal, portable, portage, porter1, export,import, important, portfolio, rapport, report, sport, support, transport.To lead, pass over. A verbal root belonging to the group of per1.
I. Full-grade form *per-.
1. Suffixed form *per-tu-. FIRTH, FJORD, from Old Norse fjˆrdhr, an
inlet, estuary, from Germanic *ferthuz, place for crossing over,ford.
2. Suffixed form *per-on7. PERONEAL, from Greek peronK, pin of abrooch, buckle (
3. Suffixed form *per-yo-. DIAPIR, from Greek peirein, to pierce.
II. O-grade form *por-.
i. FARE; WAYFARER, WAYFARING, (WELFARE), from OldEnglish faran, to go on a journey, get along;
ii. FIELDFARE, from Old English faran, possiblyaltered by folk etymology in Old English, froman uncertain original;
b. GABERDINE, from Old High German faran, to go, travel.Both a and b from Germanic *faran, to go.
2. Suffixed form *por-o-, passage, journey. PORE2; EMPORIUM,POROMERIC, from Greek poros, journey, passage.
3. Suffixed (causative) form *por-eyo-, to cause to go, lead,conduct. FERRY, from Old English ferian, to transport, fromGermanic *farjan, to ferry.
4. Lengthened-grade form *por-.
a. FERE, from Old English (ge)fKra, “fellow-traveler,”companion (ge-, together, with; see kom), fromGermanic suffixed form *for-ja-;
b. F¸HRER, from Old High German fuoren, to lead, fromGermanic suffixed (causative) form *for-jan.
5. Possibly suffixed form *por-no-, feather, wing (
a. FERN, from Old English fearn, fern (having featheryfronds), from Germanic *farno, feather, leaf;
b. PAN2, from Sanskrit parham, leaf, feather.
III. Zero-grade form *py-.
1. Suffixed form *py-tu-, passage.
a. FORD, from Old English ford, shallow place where onemay cross a river, from Germanic *furdu-;
b. PORT1; IMPORTUNE, OPPORTUNE, from Latin portus, harbor(< “passage”).
2. Suffixed form *py-t7. PORCH, PORT3, PORTAL, PORTCULLIS, PORTER2,PORTICO, PORTIËRE, PORTULACA, from Latin porta, gate.
3. Suffixed (denominative) form *py-to-. PORT5, PORTABLE, PORTAGE,PORTAMENTO, PORTATIVE, PORTER1; COMPORT, DEPORT, EXPORT, IMPORT,(IMPORTANT), PORTFOLIO, PURPORT, RAPPORT, REPORT, (SPORT), SUPPORT,TRANSPORT, from Latin port7re, to carry.
[Pokorny 2. B. per 816.]
per-3
Important derivatives are: fear, peril, experience, experiment, expert, pirate, empiric.To try, risk (
A verbal root belonging to the group of per1.
4. Lengthened grade *pKr-. FEAR, from Old English f<r, danger,sudden calamity, from Germanic *fKraz, danger.
5. Suffixed form *perX-tlo-. (PARLOUS), PERIL, from Latin perXclum,perXculum, trial, danger.
6. Suffixed form *per-yo-. EXPERIENCE, EXPERIMENT, EXPERT, fromLatin experXrX, to try, learn by trying (ex-, from; see eghs).
7. Suffixed form *per-ya. PIRATE; EMPIRIC, from Greek peira, trial,attempt.
[Pokorny 2. E. per 818.]
per-4
Important derivatives are: press1, pressure, print, compress, depress, express, imprint,oppress, repress, reprimand, suppress.To strike.
A verbal root possibly belonging to the group of per1. Extended forms *prem-
, *pres-. PREGNANT2, PRESS1, PRESSURE, PRINT; APPRESSED, COMPRESS, DEPRESS, EXPRESS,IMPRESS1, (IMPRINT), OPPRESS, REPRESS, (REPRIMAND), SUPPRESS, from Latin premere(past participle pressus), to press.
[Pokorny 3. per- 818.]
per-5
Important derivatives are: interpret, praise, precious, price, appraise, appreciate,depreciate, pornography.To traffic in, sell (per1. Base of two distinct extended roots.
I. Root form *pret-.
1. INTERPRET, from Latin compound inter-pres (stem inter-pret-),go-between, negotiator (inter-, between; see en).
2. Suffixed form *pret-yo-. PRAISE, PRECIOUS, PRICE; APPRAISE,(APPRECIATE), DEPRECIATE, from Latin pretium, price.
II. Root form *perN-. Suffixed form *p(e)r-n-N-, with o-grade *por(N)-n7.PORNOGRAPHY, from Greek pornK, prostitute, from pernanai, to sell.
[In Pokorny 2. C. per 817.]
perd-Important derivatives are: fart, partridge..To fart.
1. FART, from Old English *feortan, to fart, from Germanic*fertan, *farton.
2. PARTRIDGE, from Greek perdix, partridge (which makes a sharpwhirring sound when suddenly flushed).
[Pokorny perd- 819.] See also pezd-.
perN-1
Important derivatives are: parade, pare, parry, apparatus, apparel, disparate,emperor, imperative, imperial, parachute, parasol, prepare, rampart, repair1,separate, sever, several, parent, repertory.
To produce, procure.
Possibly the same root as perN-2. See also per-5 II. Zero-grade form *pyN-(becoming *par- in Latin).
a. root form *par-7-. PARADE, PARE, (PARLAY), PARRY, (PARURE);APPARATUS, (APPAREL), COMPRADOR, DISPARATE, EMPEROR,(IMPERATIVE), (IMPERIAL), (PARACHUTE), PARASOL, PREPARE,RAMPART, REPAIR1, SEPARATE, (SEVER), (SEVERAL), from Latinpar7re, to try to get, prepare, equip;
b. suffixed form *par-yo-. -PARA, PARENT, PARITY2, -PAROUS,PARTURIENT, POSTPARTUM, REPERTORY, from Latin parere,parXre, to get, beget, give birth;
c. suffixed form *par-o-, producing, in compound *pau-paros, producing little, poor (see pau-);
d. suffixed form *par-ik7. PARCAE, from Latin Parcae, theFates (who assign one's destiny).
[Pokorny 2. D. per 818.]
perN-2
Important derivatives are: parcel, parse, part, impart, repartee, portion, proportion,pair, par, parlay, peer2, compare, nonpareil.To grant, allot (reciprocally, to get in return). Possibly the same root as perN-1.See also per-5 II. Zero-grade form *pyN- (becoming *par- in Latin).
a. suffixed form *par-ti-. PARCEL, (PARCENER), PARSE, PART;BIPARTITE, COMPART, IMPART, REPARTEE, from Latin pars(stem part-), a share, part;
b. possibly suffixed form *par-tio. PORTION, PROPORTION,from Latin portio, a part (first attested in the phrase pro
portione, in proportion, according to each part, perhapsassimilated from *pro partione);
c. PAIR, PAR, (PARITY1), PEER2; COMPARE, IMPARITY, NONPAREIL,PARI-MUTUEL, from Latin p7r, equal, perhaps from perN-2.
[Pokorny 2. per, Section C. 817.]
perkwu-Important derivatives are: fir, cork.Oak.
1. Zero-grade form *pykw-. FIR, probably from a Scandinaviansource akin to Old Icelandic f«ri, fir, from Germanic *furh-jon-.
2. Assimilated form *kwerkwu-. CORK, QUERCETIN; QUERCITRON, fromLatin quercus, oak.
[Pokorny perk¯u-s 822.]
pes-Important derivatives are: pencil, penicillium, penis.Penis.
Suffixed form *pes-ni-. PENCIL, (PENICILLIUM), PENIS, from Latin pKnis (< *pesnis),penis, tail.
[Pokorny 3. pes- 824.]
pet-Important derivatives are: feather, petition, appetite, compete, perpetual, repeat,pen1, propitious, ptomaine, symptom, hippopotamus.Also petN-To rush, fly. Variant *ptK-, contracted from *pteN-.
3. Suffixed form *pet-r7. FEATHER, from Old English fether,feather, from Germanic *fethro, feather.
4. -PETAL, PETITION, PETULANT; APPETITE, COMPETE, IMPETUS, PERPETUAL,REPEAT, from Latin petere, to go toward, seek.
5. Suffixed form *pet-n7. PANACHE, PEN1, PENNA, PENNATE, PENNON, PIN,PINNA, PINNACLE, PINNATE, (PINNATI-), PINNULE; EMPENNAGE, fromLatin penna, pinna, feather, wing.
6. Suffixed form *pet-ro- (see oku-).
7. Suffixed form *pet-yo-. PROPITIOUS, from Latin propitius,
favorable, gracious, orginially a religious term meaning “fallingor rushing forward,” hence “eager,” “well-disposed” (said ofthe gods; pro-, forward; see per1).
8. Suffixed zero-grade form *pt-ero-. -PTER; ACANTHOPTERYGIAN,APTERYX, ARCHAEOPTERYX, COLEOPTERAN, MECOPTERAN, ORTHOPTERAN,PERIPTERAL, PLECOPTERAN, PTERIDOLOGY, PTERYGOID, from Greekpteron, feather, wing, and pterux, wing.
9. Suffixed zero-grade form *pt-ilo-. COLEOPTILE, from Greekptilon, soft feathers, down, plume.
10. Suffixed variant form *ptK-no-. STEAROPTENE, from Greek ptKnos,winged, flying.
11. Reduplicated form *pi-pt-. PTOMAINE, PTOSIS; ASYMPTOTE, PERIPETEIA,PROPTOSIS, SYMPTOM, from Greek piptein, to fall, with nominalderivatives pto-to-, pto-ti-, pto-ma.
12. O-grade form *pot-. HIPPOPOTAMUS, from Greek potamos“rushing water,” river (-amo-, Greek suffix).
13. Suffixed form *pet-tro-. TALIPOT, from Sanskrit pattram,feather, leaf.
[Pokorny 2. pet- 826.]
petN-Important derivatives are: fathom, patent, pace1, pass, compass, expand, petal, pan1.To spread.
1. Suffixed o-grade form *pot(N)-mo-. FATHOM, from Old Englishfæthm, fathom, from Germanic *fathmaz, “length of two armsstretched out.”
2. Suffixed (stative) variant zero-grade form *pat-K-. PATENT,PATULOUS, from Latin patKre, to be open.
3. Probably variant zero-grade form in remade nasalized form*pat-no-. PACE1, (PAS), (PASS), PASSIM; (COMPASS), EXPAND, REPAND,from Latin pandere (past participle passus < *pat-to-), to spreadout.
4. Suffixed form *pet-alo-. PETAL, from Greek petalon, leaf.
5. Suffixed form *pet-ano-. (PAELLA), PAN1, PATEN, (PATINA1),(PATINA2), from Greek patanK (? < *petan7), platter, “thingspread out.”
6. PETASOS, from Greek petasos, broad-brimmed hat, from Greeksuffixed form *peta-so-.
[Pokorny 1. pet 824.]
peu-Important derivatives are: putative, account, amputate, compute, count1, dispute,impute, repute, pave.To cut, strike, stamp.
5. Suffixed (participial) zero-grade form *pu-to, cut, struck.
a. PUTAMEN, PUTATIVE; (ACCOUNT), AMPUTATE, COMPUTE, COUNT1,DEPUTE, DISPUTE, IMPUTE, REPUTE, from Latin put7re, toprune, clean, settle an account, think over, reflect;
b. PIT1, from Latin puteus, well, possibly from peu-.
6. Variant form *pau-.
a. suffixed form *pau-yo. PAVE, (PAVÈ), from Latin pavXre,to beat;
b. suffixed (stative) form *paw-K-. PAVID, from LatinpavKre, to fear (
c. ANAPEST, from Greek paiein, to beat, perhaps from peu-.
[Pokorny 3. pKu- 827.]
peuN-Important derivatives are: pure, purge, Puritan, expurgate.To purify, cleanse.
Suffixed zero-grade form *p7-ro- (< *puN-ro). POUR, PURE, PURGE, PURITAN;COMPURGATION, DEPURATE, EXPURGATE, (SPURGE), from Latin p7rus, pure, and
p7rg7re, to purify (< *p7r-ig7re; second element agere, to drive; see ag-).
[Pokorny 1. peu- 827.]
peuk-Important derivatives are: pugilism, pugnacious, impugn, poignant, point, pounce1,punctuate, puncture, pungent, expunge, pygmy.Also peug-To prick. Zero-grade form *pug-.
4. Suffixed form *pug-no-. PONIARD, PUGILISM, PUGIL STICK,PUGNACIOUS; IMPUGN, OPPUGN, REPUGN, from Latin pugil, pugilist,and pugnus, fist, with denominative pugn7re, to fight with thefist.
5. Nasalized zero-grade form *pu-n-g-. BUNG, POIGNANT, POINT,POINTILLISM, PONTIL, (POUNCE1), (POUNCE3), PUNCHEON1, PUNCTUATE,PUNCTURE, PUNGENT; COMPUNCTION, EXPUNGE, SPONTOON, TRAPUNTO,from Latin pungere, to prick.
6. (PYGMAEAN), PYGMY, from Greek pugmK, fist.
[Pokorny peuˆ- 828.]
pezd-Derivatives are: fizzle, petard.To fart.
1. Suffixed form *pezd-i-. FEIST, FIZZLE, from Middle English fisten,to fart, from Germanic *fistiz, a fart.
2. PETARD, from Latin pKdere, to fart.
3. PEDICULAR, from Latin pKdis, louse (? pezd-.
[Pokorny pezd- 829, 2. peis- 796.] See also perd-.
pNter-Important derivatives are: father, forefather, padre, paternal, patrician, patrimony,patron, expatriate, perpetrate, patriot, patriarch.Father.
5. FATHER; (FOREFATHER), from Old English fæder, father, fromGermanic *fadar.
6. PADRE, PATER, PATERNAL, PATRI-, PATRICIAN, PATRIMONY, PATRON, PËRE;EXPATRIATE, PERPETRATE, from Latin pater, father.
7. PATRI-, PATRIOT; ALLOPATRIC, EUPATRID, PATRIARCH, SYMPATRIC, fromGreek patKr, father.
[Pokorny pNt K´(r) 829.]
pl7k-1
Important derivatives are: fluke1, flake1, flaw1, placebo, placid, plea, plead, pleasant,please, complacent, placate, plank, placenta, archipelago.Also plak-To be flat. Extension of pelN-2.
2. FLOE, from Old Norse flo, layer, coating, from Germanic *floho.
3. Variant form *pl7g-.
a. FLUKE1, from Old English floc, flatfish, from Germanic*flok-;
b. FLAKE1, from Middle English flake, flake, from aScandinavian source probably akin to Norwegian flak,flat piece, flake, from Germanic *flakaz;
c. FLAKE2, from Old Norse flaki, fleki, hurdle, fromGermanic *flak-.
4. Extended form *plak7. FLAG4, FLAW1, from Old Norse flaga, layerof stone, from Germanic *flago.
5. Possibly suffixed (stative) form *plak-K-, to be calm (as of theflat sea). PLACEBO, PLACID, PLEA, (PLEAD), PLEASANT, PLEASE;COMPLACENT, from Latin placKre, to please, be agreeable.
6. Root noun *plak-. (SUPPLICATE), SUPPLE, from Latin supplex,suppliant (whence denominative supplic7re, to beg humbly,first attested in Archaic Latin as sub vos placo, I entreat you; sub,under; see upo.)
7. Lengthened suffixed form *pl7k-7-. PLACABLE, PLACATE, fromLatin pl7c7re, to calm (causative of placKre).
8. Nasalized form *pla-n-k-. PLANCHET, PLANK, from Latin plancus,flat, flat-footed.
9. Variant form *plag-.
a. PLAGIARY, from Latin plaga, net (? pl7k-1;
b. PLAGAL, PLAGIO-, PLAYA, from Greek plagos, side.
10. Root form *plak-. PLACENTA, PLACOID; LEUKOPLAKIA, from Greekplax, flat, flat land, surface.
11. Possible variant form *pelag-. PELAGIC; ARCHIPELAGO, from Greekpelagos, sea.
[Pokorny 1. pl7-k- 831.]
pl7k-2
Important derivatives are: fling, plaint, complain, plankton, plague, apoplexy,paraplegia.To strike.
1. Nasalized variant forms *pla-n-k-, *pla-n-g-.
a. FLING, from Middle English flingen to fling, from aScandinavian source akin to Old Norse flengja, to flog,whip, from Germanic *flang-;
b. PLAINT, PLANGENT; COMPLAIN, from Latin plangere, to strike(one's own breast), lament;
c. suffixed form *plang-yo-. PLANKTON, from Greek plazein,to drive away, turn aside.
2. Variant form *pl7g-. PLAGUE, from Latin pl7ga, a blow, stroke.
3. Suffixed form *pl7k-yo-. PLECTRUM, -PLEGIA, PLEXOR; APLOPLEXY,CATAPLEXY, PARAPLEGIA, from Greek plKssein, to beat, strike.
[Pokorny 2. pl7k- 832.]
plat-Important derivatives are: flat1, flatter1, flat2, flounder2, clan, plan, plant, supplant,
place, plate, plateau, platitude, plaza.To spread.
Also *plet-. Extension of pelN-2.
2. Variant form *plad-.
a. FLAT1, from Old Norse flatr, flat;
b. FLATTER1, from Old French flater, to flatter. Both a and bfrom Germanic *flataz, flat.
3. Suffixed variant form *plad-yo-. FLAT2, from Old English flet(t),floor, dwelling, from Germanic *flatjam.
4. Basic form *plat-. FLAN, from Late Latin flado, flat cake,pancake, from Germanic *flatho(n), flat cake.
5. FLOUNDER2, from Anglo-Norman floundre, flounder, from aScandinavian source probably akin to Old Swedish flundra,flatfish, flounder, from Germanic nasalized suffixed form*flu-n-th-r-jo-.
6. Nasalized form *pla-n-t-. CLAN, PLAN, PLANT, PLANTAIN1, PLANTAR;PLANTIGRADE, SUPPLANT, TRANSPLANT, from Latin planta, sole of thefoot, and denominative plant7re, to drive in with the sole of thefoot, plant, whence planta, a plant.
7. Suffixed zero-grade form *p_t-u-. PIAZZA, PLACE, PLAICE, PLANE4,(PLANE TREE), PLATE, (PLATEAU), (PLATITUDE), (PLATY2), PLATY-, (PLAZA),from Greek platus, flat, broad.
[Pokorny plat- 833.]
plek-Important derivatives are: flax, multiplex, plait, pliant, plight1, ply1, apply,complicate, deploy, display, employ, implicate, reply, complex, perplex.To plait.
Extension of pel-2.
1. Suffixed o-grade form *plok-so-. FLAX, from Old English fleax,flax, from Germanic *flahsam, flax.
2. Full-grade form *plek-. MULTIPLEX, from Latin -plex, -fold (incompounds such as duplex, twofold; see dwo-).
3. PLAIT, PLIANT, PLICA, PLICATE, PLIGHT1, PLISSÈ, PLY1; APPLY, COMPLICATE,COMPLICE, DEPLOY, DISPLAY, EMPLOY, EXPLICATE, IMPLICATE, REPLICATE,(REPLY), from Latin plic7re, to fold (also in compounds used asdenominatives of words in -plex, genitive -plicis).
4. Suffixed forms *plek-to- and *plek-t-to-. PLEACH, PLEXUS;AMPLEXICAUL, COMPLECT, (COMPLEX), PERPLEXED, from Latin plectere(past participle plexus), to weave, plait, entwine.
5. PLECOPTERAN, PLECTOGNATH, from Greek plekein, to plait, twine,and plektos, twisted.
[Pokorny pleˆ- 834.]
pleu-Important derivatives are: plover, pulmonary, pneumonia, Pluto, flow, flood, fly1,fly2, flee, fledge, flight1, fowl, fleet1, fleet2, float, flutter, flit, fluster.To flow.
I. Basic form *pleu-.
1. (PLOVER), (PLUVIAL), PLUVIOUS, from Latin pluere, to rain.
2. PLEUSTON, from Greek pleusis, sailing.
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *plu-elos. PYELITIS, from Greekdissimilated puelos, trough, basin.
4. Suffixed form *pl(e)u-mon-, “floater,” lung(s).
a. PULMONARY, from Latin pulmo (< *plumonKs), lung(s);
b. PNEUMO-, PNEUMONIA, PNEUMONIC, from Greek pleumon,pneumon (influenced by pneuma, breath; see pneu-),lung.
5. Suffixed o-grade form *plou-to. PLUTO; PLUTOCRACY, PLUTOGRAPHY,from Greek ploutos, wealth, riches (< “overflowing”).
6. Lengthened o-grade form *plo(u)-.
i. FLOW, from Old English flowan, to flow;
ii. FLUE2, from Middle Dutch vluwe, fishnet,perhaps from pleu-. Both (i) and (ii) fromGermanic *flowan, to flow;
b. suffixed form *plo-tu-. FLOOD, from Old English flod,flood, from Germanic *floduz, flowing water, deluge.
II. Extended form *pleuk-.
1. FLY1, from Old English flKogan, to fly, from Germanic *fleugan,to fly.
2. FLY2, from Old English flKoge, a fly, from Germanic *fleugon-,flying insect, fly.
3. FLEE, from Old English flKon, to flee, from Germanic *fleuhan,to run away, probably from pleu-.
4. FLEY, from Old English fl«gan, flKgan, to put to flight, fromGermanic causative *flaugjan.
5. FLËCHE, FLETCHER, from Old French fleche, arrow, fromGermanic suffixed form *fleug-ika.
6. Zero-grade form *pluk-.
a. FLEDGE, from Old English *flycge, with feathers (only inunfligge, featherless), from Germanic *flugja-, feather;
b. FLIGHT1, FLIGHT2, from Old English flyht, act of flying, and*flyht, act of fleeing, escape, from Germanic suffixedform *flug-ti-;
c. FOWL, from Old English fugol, bird, from Germanic*fuglaz, bird, dissimilated from possible (but unlikely)suffixed form *flug-laz;
d. FL¸GELHORN, FUGLEMAN, from Middle High German vl¸gel,wing, from Germanic suffixed form *flug-ila.
III. Extended form *pleud-.
1. FLEET1, FLEET2, from Old English flKotan, to float, swim (fromGermanic *fleutan), and Old Norse fliotr, fleet, swift (from
Germanic *fleutaz).
2. Zero-grade form *plud-.
i. FLOAT, from Old English flotian, to float;
ii. FLOTSAM, from Old French floter, to float. Both(i) and (ii) from Germanic derivative *floton, tofloat;
b. FLOTILLA, from Old Norse floti, raft, fleet;
c. FLUTTER, from Old English floterian, flotorian, to floatback and forth (-erian, iterative and frequentativesuffix);
d. FLIT, from Old Norse flytja, to further, convey, fromGermanic *flutjan, to float. a, b, c, and d all fromGermanic *flut-, *flot-.
3. FLUSTER, probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Icelandicflaustr, hurry, and flaustra, to bustle, from Germanic *flausta-,contracted from suffixed form *flaut-st7-, probably from*pleud-, o-grade *ploud-.
[Pokorny pleu- 835, pl(e)u-mon- 837.]
pneu-Important derivatives are: sneeze, snore, snort, pneumatic.To breathe. Imitative root.
1. SNEEZE, from Old English fnKosan, to sneeze, from Germanic*fneu-s-.
2. SNORE, (SNORT), from Old English fnora, sneezing, fromGermanic *fnu-s-.
3. APNEA, DIPNOAN, DYSPNEA, EUPNEA, HYPERPNEA, HYPOPNEA, POLYPNEA,TACHYPNEA, from Greek pnein, to breathe, with o-grade nounspnoia, breathing, and pnoK, breath.
4. Suffixed form *pneu-mi. PNEUMA, PNEUMATIC, PNEUMATO-, PNEUMO-
, from Greek pneuma, breath, wind, spirit.
5. Germanic variant root *fnes-. SNEER, from Old English fn<ran,to snort, gnash one's teeth.
[Pokorny pneu- 838.]
po(i)-Important derivatives are: potable, poison, potion, beer, beverage, imbibe,symposium.To drink. Contracted from *poN(i)-.
I. Basic form *po(i)-.
a. Suffixed reduced form *po-to-. POTABLE, POTATION,POTATORY, from Latin potus, drunk; a drink (whencepot7re, to drink);
b. suffixed form *po-ti-. POISON, POTION, from Latin potio, adrink.
2. Reduplicated form *pi-pN-o-, whence *pi-bo-, assimilated to*bi-bo-. BEER, BEVERAGE, BIB, BIBULOUS; IMBIBE, (IMBRUE), from Latinbibere, to drink.
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *pN-ti-, *po-ti-. SYMPOSIUM, fromGreek posis, drink, drinking.
II. Zero-grade form *pX- (< *piN-).
1. Suffixed form *pX-ro-. PIROG, from Old Church Slavonic pirƒ,feast.
2. Suffixed (nasal present) form *pX-no-. PINOCYTOSIS, from Greekpinein, to drink.
[Pokorny 2. po(i)- 839.]
pol-Important derivatives are: feel, palpable, palpitate, catapult, psalm.To touch, feel, shake.
a. FEEL, from Old English fKlan, to examine by touch, feel;
b. SPRACHGEF¸HL, from Old High German vuolen, to feel.Both a and b from Germanic *foljan, to feel.
1. Reduplicated zero-grade form *pal-p-.
a. PALP, from Latin palpus, a touching;
b. PALPABLE, PALPATE1, PALPITATE, from Latin palp7rX, palp7re,to stroke gently, touch;
c. PALPEBRA, from Latin palpebra, eyelid (
2. Perhaps suffixed zero-grade form *pal-yo-. CATAPULT, fromGreek pallein, to sway, brandish.
3. Perhaps suffixed form *psal-yo-. PSALM, PSALTERY, from Greekpsallein, to pluck, play the harp (but more likely of imitativeorigin).
[Pokorny 1. G. pel- 801.]
porko-Important derivatives are: aardvark, porcelain, pork, porcupine, porpoise.Young pig.
a. FARROW1, from Old English fearh, little pig;
b. AARDVARK, from Middle Dutch diminutive form varken,small pig. Both a and b from Germanic *farhaz.
1. PORCELAIN, PORCINE, PORK; PORCUPINE, PORPOISE, from Latin porcus,pig.
[Pokorny porˆo-s 841.]
poti-Important derivatives are: possess, power, possible, potent, impotent.Powerful; lord.
1. PODESTA, POSSESS, POWER, from Latin potis ( *pots pos-), powerful,able.
2. POSSIBLE, POTENT; (IMPOTENT), OMNIPOTENT, PREPOTENT, from Latin
compound posse, to be able (contracted from potis, able + esse,to be; see es-).
3. Form *pot-.
a. compound *ghos-pot-, “guest-master,” host (see ghos-ti-);
b. compound *dems-pot-, “house- master,” ruler (seedem-).
4. PADISHAH, from Old Persian pati-, master.
[Pokorny poti-s 842.]
prek-Important derivatives are: pray, prayer1, precarious, deprecate, postulate.To ask, entreat.
1. Basic form *prek-. PRAY, PRAYER1, PRECARIOUS; DEPRECATE, IMPRECATE,from *prex, prayer (attested only in the plural precKs), withLatin denominative prec7rX, to entreat, pray.
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *pyk-sk- becoming *pork-sk-,contracted into *posk- in suffixed form *posk-to, contractedinto *posto-. POSTULATE; EXPOSTULATE, from Latin postul7re, to ask,request.
[Pokorny 4. perˆ- 821.]
preus-Important derivatives are: freeze, frost, prurient.To freeze, burn.
1. FREEZE, from Old English frKosan, to freeze, from Germanic*freusan, to freeze.
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *prus-to-. FROST, from Old Englishforst, frost, frost, from Germanic *frustaz, frost.
3. Suffixed form *preus-i-. PRURIENT, PRURIGO, PRURITUS, from Latindenominative pr7rXre, to burn, itch, yearn for, from *preusis,
*preuris, act of burning.
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *prus-wXn7. PRUINOSE, from LatinpruXna, hoarfrost.
[Pokorny preus- 846.]
prX-Important derivatives are: free, filibuster, friend, afraid, Friday.To love.
Contracted from *priN-.
1. Suffixed form *priy-o-.
a. FREE, from Old English frKo, free, and frKon, freogan, tolove, set free;
b. (FILIBUSTER), FREEBOOTER, from Dutch vrij, free. Both aand b from Germanic *frijaz, beloved, belonging to theloved ones, not in bondage, free, and *frijon, to love.
2. Suffixed (participial) form *priy-ont-, loving. FRIEND, from OldEnglish frXond, frKond, friend, from Germanic *frijand-, lover,friend.
3. Suffixed shortened form *pri-tu-.
a. SIEGFRIED, from Old High German fridu, peace;
b. AFFRAY, AFRAID, from Old French esfreer, to disturb, fromVulgar Latin *exfred7re, to break the peace, from ex-,out, away (see eghs) + *frid7re, to make peace, fromGermanic *frithu-, peace;
c. (see bhergh-2) Germanic compound *berg-frij-, “highplace of safety,” from *frij-, peace, safety. a, b, and c allfrom Germanic *frithuz, peace.
4. Suffixed feminine form *priy-7, beloved.
a. FRIGG, from Old Norse Frigg, goddess of the heavens,wife of Odin;
b. FRIDAY, from Old English FrXgedæg, Friday, fromGermanic compound *frije-dagaz, “day of Frigg”(translation of Latin Veneris diKs, “Venus's day”). Botha and b from Germanic *frijjo, beloved, wife.
[Pokorny pr7i- 844.]
p'-Important derivatives are: foul, filth, defile1, fuzzy, putrid, potpourri, putrefy,purulent, pus..To rot, decay.
1. Suffixed form *p7-lo-.
a. FOUL, from Old English f7l, unclean, rotten;
b. FULMAR, from Old Norse f7ll, foul;
c. FILTH, from Old English f«lth, foulness, from Germanicabstract noun *f7litho;
d. FILE3; DEFILE1, from Old English f«lan, to sully, fromGermanic denominative *f7ljan, to soil, dirty. a, b, c,and d all from Germanic *f7laz, rotten, filthy.
2. Extended form *pug-. FOG2, from Middle English fog, fogge,aftermath grass, from a Scandinavian source probably akin toIcelandic f7ki, rotten sea grass, and Norwegian fogg, rank grass,from Germanic *fuk-.
3. Extended variant form *pous-. FUZZY, from Low German fussig,spongy, from Germanic *fausa-.
4. Suffixed form *pu-tri-. PUTRESCENT, PUTRID; (OLLA PODRIDA),(POTPOURRI), PUTREFY, from Latin puter (stem putri-), rotten.
5. Suffixed form *puw-os-.
a. PURULENT, PUS; SUPPURATE, from Latin p7s, pus;
b. PYO-, from Greek puon, puos, pus.
6. EMPYEMA, from Greek compound empuein, to suppurate (en-, in; seeen).
[Pokorny 2. p'- 848.]
p7r-Important derivatives are: fire, pyre.Fire.
Contracted from *puNr-, zero-grade form of *paNwy.
1. FIRE, from Old English f«r, fire, from Germanic suffixed form *f7r-i-.
2. PYRE, PYRETIC, PYRITES, PYRO-, PYRRHOTITE, PYROSIS; EMPYREAL, from Greekpur, fire.
[Pokorny pe¯or 828.]
re-The following entry is not, strictly speaking, Indo-European, since it isrepresented in only one branch of the family. It is included because of the manyEnglish words among its descendants. Important derivatives are: re-, retro-,arrears.Also red-Backward. Latin combining form conceivably from Indo-European*wret-, metathetical variant of *wert-, to turn (wer-2.
7. RE-, from Latin re-, red-, backward, again.
8. Suffixed form *re(d)-tro-. RETRAL, RETRO-; ARREARS, REAR GUARD,REARWARD2, REREDOS, from Latin retro, backward, back, behind.
9. Suffixed form *re-ko-. (see per1) Latin reciprocus, “backwardand forward.”
rK-Important derivatives are: real1, republic.To bestow, endow.
Contracted from *reN-. Suffixed form *reN-i-, goods, wealth, property. RE2,REAL1, REBUS, REIFY, REPUBLIC, from Latin rKs, thing.
[Pokorny 4. rei- 850.]
rKd-Important derivatives are: rodent, corrode, erode, rostrum, rash2, abrade, erase.To scrape, scratch, gnaw.
13. O-grade form *rod-.
a. RODENT; CORRODE, ERODE, from Latin rodere, to gnaw;
b. suffixed (instrumental) form *rod-tro-. ROSTRUM, fromLatin rostrum, beak, ship's bow.
14. Possibly variant form *r7d-.
a. RADULA, RASH2, RASORIAL; ABRADE, CORRADE, ERASE, from Latinr7dere, to scrape;
b. suffixed (instrumental) form *r7d-tro-. RACLETTE, fromLatin r7strum, rake.
[Pokorny 2. rKd- 854.]
reg-Important derivatives are: right, realm, rector, rectum, regent, regime, regiment,region, correct, direct, erect, rectangle, rectify, surge, rich, regal, reign, royal,maharajah, rail1, regular, regulate, rule, rake1, rack1, reckon, interrogate, prerogative,reckless.To move in a straight line, with derivatives meaning “to direct in a straight line,lead, rule.”
I. Basic form *reg-.
1. Suffixed form *reg-to-. RIGHT, from Old English riht, right, just,correct, straight, from Germanic *rehtaz.
2. REALM, RECTITUDE, RECTO, RECTOR, RECTUM, REGENT, REGIME, REGIMENT,REGION; CORRECT, DIRECT, ERECT, (PORRECT), RECTANGLE, RECTIFY,RECTILINEAR, (RESURGE), (RISORGIMENTO), SURGE, from Latin regere,to lead straight, guide, rule (past participle rKctus, henceadjective rKctus, right, straight).
3. ANORECTIC, ANOREXIA, from Greek oregein, to stretch out, reachout for (with prothetic vowel from oldest root form *Nreg-).
II. Lengthened-grade form *rKg-, Indo-European word for a tribal king.
a. BISHOPRIC, ELDRITCH, from Old English rXce, realm;
b. RIKSMÂL, from Old Norse rXki, realm;
c. REICHSMARK, from Old High German rXchi, realm;
d. RICH, from Old English rXce, strong, powerful, and OldFrench riche, wealthy. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic*rXkja-, from Celtic suffixed form *rXg-yo-.
2. REAL2, REGAL, REGULUS, REIGN, ROYAL; REGICIDE, REGIUS PROFESSOR,VICEREINE, VICEROY, from Latin rKx, king (royal and priestly title).
3. Suffixed form *rKg-en-. RAJ, RAJAH, (RANI), (RYE2); MAHARAJAH,MAHARANI, from Sanskrit r7j7, r7jan-, king, rajah (femininer7jÒX, queen, rani), and r7jati, he rules.
III. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *rKg-ol7. RAIL1, REGLET, REGULAR,REGULATE, RULE, from Latin rKgula, straight piece of wood, rod.
IV. O-grade form *rog-.
1. RAKE1, from Old English raca, racu, rake (implement withstraight pieces of wood), from Germanic *rako.
2. RACK1, from Middle Dutch rec, framework, from Germanic*rak-.
3. RANK2, from Old English ranc, straight, strong, hence haughty,overbearing, from Germanic *rankaz (with nasal infix),possibly from reg-.
4. RECKON, from Old English gerecenian, to arrange in order,recount (ge-, collective prefix; see kom), from Germanic*rakinaz, ready, straightforward.
5. Suffixed form *rog-7-. ROGATION, ROGATORY; ABROGATE, ARROGATE,CORVÈE, DEROGATE, INTERROGATE, PREROGATIVE, PROROGUE, SUBROGATE,SUPEREROGATE, from Latin rog7re, to ask (
6. Suffixed form *rog-o-. ERGO, from Latin ergo, therefore, inconsequence of, perhaps contracted from a Latin phrase *K
rogo, “from the direction of” (K < ex, out of; see eghs), from apossible Latin noun *rogus, “extension, direction.”
V. Lengthened o-grade form *rog-.
1. RECK, Old English rec(c)an, to pay attention to, take care(formally influenced by Old English reccan, to extend, stretchout, from Germanic *rakjan), from Germanic *rokjan.
2. RECKLESS, from Old English rKcelKas, careless (-lKas, lacking; seeleu-), from Germanic rokja-.
[Pokorny 1. re´- 854.]
rei-Important derivatives are: run, rill, rival, rivulet, derive.To flow, run.
23. Suffixed zero-grade form *ri-nu-.
a. RUN, RUNNEL, from Old English rinnan, to run, and OldNorse rinna, to run (from Germanic *rinnan, to run,from *ri-nw-an), and from Old English causativeærnan, eornan, to run (from secondary Germaniccausative *rannjan);
b. EMBER DAY, from Old English ryne, a running, fromsecondary Germanic derivative *runiz;
c. RENNET, from Old English *rynet, from secondaryGermanic derivative *runita-.
24. Suffixed zero-grade form *ri-l-. RILL, from Dutch ril or LowGerman rille, running stream, from Germanic *ril-.
25. Suffixed form *rei-wo-. RIVAL, RIVULET; DERIVE, from Latin rXvus,stream.
[Pokorny 3. er- 326.]
reidh-Important derivatives are: ride, raid, road, ready, array.To ride.
I. Basic form *reidh-.
a. RIDE, from Old English rXdan, to ride;
b. RITTER, from Middle Dutch rXden, to ride. Both a and bfrom Germanic *rXdan.
2. PALFREY, from Latin verKdus, post horse, from Celtic *wo-rKd-(*wo-, under; see upo).
II. O-grade form *roidh-.
a. RAID, ROAD, from Old English r7d, a riding, road;
b. RADDLE1, from Middle High German reidel, rod betweenupright stakes (reidh-. Both a and b from Germanic*raid-.
2. READY, from Old English ræde, geræde, ready (*raid-ja-,probably from reidh-.
3. ARRAY, CURRY1, from Vulgar Latin *-rKd7re, to arrange, fromGermanic *raidjan, probably from reidh-.
[Pokorny reidh- 861.]
reig-Important derivatives are: reach, rigid, rigor.To reach, stretch out.
4. O-grade form *roig-. REACH, from Old English r<can, to stretchout, reach, from Germanic *raikjan.
5. Possibly suffixed (stative) zero-grade form *rig-K-. RIGID, RIGOR,from Latin rigKre, to be stiff (?
[Pokorny (rei´) 862.]
rep-Important derivatives are: rape1, rapid, rapt, ravish, surreptitious.To snatch.
Suffixed zero-grade form *rap-yo-. RAPACIOUS, RAPE1, RAPID, RAPINE, RAPT, (RAVEN2),RAVIN, RAVISH; EREPSIN, (SUBREPTION), SURREPTITIOUS, from Latin rapere, to seize.
[Pokorny rep- 865.]
ret-Important derivatives are: Tory, rodeo, roll, rotary, rotate, rotund, roulette, round1,control, prune2.To run, roll.
2. Prefixed form *to-wo-ret-, “a running up to” (to-, to; wo,under, up, up from under; see upo). TORY, from Old Irish toir,pursuit.
3. Suffixed o-grade form *rot-7-. RODEO, ROLL, ROTA, ROTARY, ROTATE,ROTUND, (ROTUNDA), ROULETTE, ROUND1, ROWEL; BAROUCHE, CONTROL,PRUNE2, ROTIFORM, ROTOGRAVURE, from Latin rota, wheel.
4. Suffixed (participial) form *ret-ondo-. ROTUND, from Latinrotundus, round, probably from *retundus, “rolling.”
[Pokorny ret(h)- 866.]
reudh-Important derivatives are: red, rufous, robust, corroborate, rambunctious, ruddy,rust, rouge, rubeola, ruby, rubric, russet.Red, ruddy.
III. O-grade form *roudh-.
a. RED, from Old English rKad, red;
b. RORQUAL, from Old Norse raudhr, red. Both a and bfrom Germanic *raudaz.
2. ROWAN, from a source akin to Old Norse reynir, mountain ash,rowan (from its red berries), from Germanic *raudnia-.
3. RUFESCENT, RUFOUS, from Latin r7fus (of dialectal Italic origin),reddish.
4. RUBIGINOUS, from Latin robus, red.
5. ROBLE, ROBORANT, ROBUST; CORROBORATE, (RAMBUNCTIOUS), fromLatin robur, robus, red oak, hardness, and robustus, strong.
IV. Zero-grade form *rudh-.
1. Form *rudh-7-.
a. RUDDLE, from Old English rudu, red color;
b. RUDDOCK, from Old English rudduc, robin;
c. RUDDY, from Old English rudig, ruddy. a, b, and c allfrom Germanic *rudo.
2. Suffixed form *rudh-sto-. RUST, from Old English r7st (alsorust?), rust, from Germanic *rust-.
3. ROUGE, RUBEOLA, RUBY; RUBEFACIENT, from Latin rubeus, red.
4. RUBICUND, from Latin rubicundus, red, ruddy.
5. RUBIDIUM, from Latin rubidus, red.
6. Suffixed (stative) form *rudh-K-. RUBESCENT, from Latin rubKre,to be red.
7. Suffixed form *rudh-ro-.
a. RUBELLA, RUBRIC; BILIRUBIN, from Latin ruber, red;
b. RUTILANT, from Latin rutilus, reddish;
c. ERYTHEMA, ERYTHRO-, from Greek eruthros, red (withprothetic vowel, from oldest root form *Nreudh-);
d. ERYSIPELAS, from possibly remade Greek erusi-, red,reddening.
8. Suffixed form *rudh-to-. RISSOLE, ROUX, RUSSET, from Latin russus,red.
[Pokorny reudh- 872.]
reuN-Important derivatives are: room, rummage, rural, rustic.To open; space.
16. Suffixed variant form *r7-mo- (< *ruN-mo-).
a. ROOM, from Old English r7m, space;
b. LEBENSRAUM, from Old High German r7m, space;
c. RUMMAGE, from Old ProvenÁal run, ship's hold, space. a,b, and c all from Germanic *r7maz;
d. REAM2, from Old English r«man, to widen, open up,from Germanic denominative *r7mjan.
17. Suffixed form *reu(N)-es-. RURAL, RUSTIC, from Latin r7s, “openland,” the country.
[Pokorny re¯N-, r7- 874.]
reug-An important derivative is: reek.To vomit, belch; smoke, cloud.
15. REEK, from Old English rKocan, to smoke, reek, and rKcan, tofumigate, from Germanic *reukan.
16. Suffixed zero-grade form *rug-to-. ERUCT, from Latin ruct7re, tobelch.
[Pokorny 4. reu- 871.]
reup-Important derivatives are: rip1, bereave, rover, rob, robe, loot, usurp, rout1, rupture,abrupt, bankrupt, corrupt, disrupt, erupt, interrupt.Also reub-To snatch.
I. Basic form *reub-. RIP1, from Flemish rippen, to rip, from Germanic*rupjan.
II. O-grade form *roup-.
a. REAVE1, from Old English rKafian, to plunder;
b. BEREAVE, from Old English berKafian, to take away (be-,bi-, intensive prefix; see ambhi);
c. ROVER2, from Middle Dutch and Middle Low German
roven, to rob. a, b, and c all from Germanic *(bi-)raubon.
d. ROB, from Old French rober, to rob;
e. RUBATO, from Italian rubare, to rob. Both a and b from aRomance borrowing from Germanic *raubon, to rob.
2. ROBE, from Old French robe, robe (*raubo, booty.
3. Suffixed form *roup-tro-. LOOT, from Sanskrit loptram, booty.
4. RUBLE, from Old Russian rubiti, to chop, hew, from Slavic*rubje/a-.
III. Zero-grade form *rup-.
1. USURP, from Latin 7s7rp7re (< *7su-rup-; 7sus, use, usage, from7tX, to use), originally “to interrrupt the orderly acquisition ofsomething by the act of using,” whence to take into use, usurp.
2. Nasalized form *ru-m-p-. ROUT1, RUPTURE; ABRUPT, BANKRUPT,CORRUPT, DISRUPT, ERUPT, INTERRUPT, IRRUPT, RUPICOLOUS, from Latinrumpere, to break.
[Pokorny 2. reu- 868.]
ytko-Important derivatives are: arctic, Arthur.Bear.
12. URSINE, from Latin ursus, bear (< *orcsos).
13. ARCTIC, ARCTURUS, from Greek arktos, bear.
[Pokorny y´ˆto-s 875.]
s7-Important derivatives are: sad, sate1, satiate, asset, satisfy, satire, saturate.To satisfy.
Contracted from *saN-.
10. Suffixed zero-grade form *sN-to-.
a. SAD, from Old English sæd, sated, weary, fromGermanic *sadaz, sated;
b. SATE1, from Old English sadian, to sate, from derivativeGermanic verb *sadon, to satisfy, sate.
11. Suffixed zero-grade form *sN-ti-. SATIATE, SATIETY; (ASSAI2), ASSET,SATISFY, from Latin satis, enough, sufficient.
12. Suffixed zero-grade form *sN-tu-ro-. SATIRE, SATURATE, fromLatin satur, full (of food), sated.
13. Suffixed zero-grade form *sN-d-ro-. HADRON, from Greekhadros, thick.
[Pokorny s7- 876.]
s7g-Important derivatives are: seek, sake1, forsake, ransack, presage, sagacious,hegemony.To seek out.
Contracted from *saNg-.
15. Suffixed form *s7g-yo-. SEEK, from Old English s<can, sKcan, toseek, from Germanic *sokjan.
16. Suffixed form *s7g-ni-. SOKE, from Old English socn, attack,inquiry, right of local jurisdiction, from Germanic *sokniz.
17. Zero-grade form *sNg-.
a. SAKE1, from Old English sacu, lawsuit, case, fromGermanic derivative noun *sako, “a seeking,”accusation, strife;
i. FORSAKE, from Old English forsacan, to renounce,refuse (for-, prefix denoting exclusion orrejection; see per1);
ii. RANSACK, from Old Norse *saka, to seek. Both (i)and (ii) from Germanic *sakan, to seek, accuse,
quarrel. Both a and b from Germanic *sak-.
18. Independent suffixed form *s7g-yo-. PRESAGE, from Latin s7gXre,to perceive, “seek to know.”
19. Zero-grade form *sNg-. SAGACIOUS, from Latin sag7x, of keenperception.
20. Suffixed form *s7g-eyo-. EXEGESIS, HEGEMONY, from GreekhKgeisthai, to lead (
[Pokorny s7g- 876.]
sak-Important derivatives are: sacred, consecrate, execrate, saint, sanctum, sanctify.To sanctify.
3. Suffixed form *sak-ro-.
a. SACRED; CONSECRATE, EXECRATE, from Latin sacer, holy,sacred, dedicated;
b. compound *sakro-dhot-, “performer of sacred rites” (*-dhot-, doer; see dhK-). SACERDOTAL, from Latin sacerdos,priest.
4. Nasalized form *sa-n-k-. SAINT, (SANCTUM); CORPOSANT,SACROSANCT, SANCTIFY, from Latin sancXre (past participle sanctus),to make sacred, consecrate.
[Pokorny sak- 878.]
sal-Important derivatives are: salt, silt, sauce, salad, salami, salary, saline, saltcellar,saltpeter.Salt.
26. Extended form *sald-.
a. suffixed form *sald-o-. SALT, from Old English sealt, salt,from Germanic *saltam;
i. SOUSE1, from Old French sous, pickled meat;
ii. SILT, from Middle English cylte, fine sand, from asource probably akin to Danish and Norwegiansylt, salt marsh. Both (i) and (ii) from Germaniczero-grade suffixed extended form *sult-jo;
b. (SALSA), SAUCE, from Latin sallere (past participle salsus <*sald-to-), to salt.
27. SAL, SALAD, SALAMI, SALARY, SALI-, SALINE; SALTCELLAR, SALTPETER, fromLatin s7l (genitive salis), salt.
28. HALO-, from Greek hals (stem hal-), salt, sea.
[Pokorny 1. sal- 878.]
s7wel-Important derivatives are: sun, Sunday, south, southern, solar, parasol, solstice,helium.Also s(u)wel-, su(N)el-, su(N)en-, sun-The sun. Contracted from *saNwel-.
4. Variant forms *swen-, *sun-.
i. SUN, from Old English sunne, sun;
ii. SUNDEW, from Middle Dutch sonne, sun. Both (i)and (ii) from Germanic *sunnon-;
b. SUNDAY, from Old English sunnandæg, Sunday, fromGermanic compound *sunnon-dagaz, “day of the sun”(translation of Latin diKs solis);
c. SOUTH, SOUTHERN, from Old English s7th, south, ands7therne, southern, from Germanic derivative *sunthaz,“sun-side,” south.
5. Variant form *s(N)wol-. SOL3, SOL, SOLAR, SOLARIUM; GIRASOL,INSOLATE, PARASOL, SOLANINE, SOLSTICE, TURNSOLE, from Latin sol, thesun.
6. Suffixed form *s7wel-yo-. HELIACAL, HELIO-, HELIUM; ANTHELION,APHELION, ISOHEL, PARHELION, PERIHELION, from Greek hKlios, sun.
[Pokorny s7wel- 881.]
sK-Important derivatives are: sow1, seed, season, semen, seminary, disseminate.To sow.
Contracted from *seN-.
6. SOW1, from Old English s7wan, to sow, from Germanic *sKan.
7. Suffixed form *sK-ti-, sowing.
a. SEED, from Old English s<d, seed;
b. COLZA, from Middle Dutch saet and Middle LowGerman s7t, seed. Both a and b from Germanic *sKdiz,seed.
8. Reduplicated zero-grade form *si-s(N)-. SEASON, from Latinserere, to sow, satio (< *sN-tio), sowing.
9. Suffixed form *sK-men-, seed. SEMÈ, SEMEN, SEMINARY; DISSEMINATE,
from Latin sKmen, seed.
[In Pokorny 2. sK(i)- 889.]
sed-Important derivatives are: sit, set1, ersatz, settle, saddle, soot, seat, sÈance, sedentary,sediment, session, siege, assess, dissident, obsess, possess, preside, reside, subsidy,supersede, subside, sedate1, soil1, chair.To sit.
5. Suffixed form *sed-yo-.
a. SIT, from Old English sittan, to sit;
b. SITZ BATH, SITZKRIEG, SITZMARK, from Old High Germansizzen, to sit. Both a and b from Germanic *sitjan.
6. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *sod-eyo-.
a. SET1, from Old English settan, to place;
b. BESET, from Old English besettan, to set near;
c. ERSATZ, from Old High German irsezzan, to replace,from sezzan, to set. a, b, and c all from Germanic *(bi-)satjan, to cause to sit, set.
7. Suffixed form *sed-lo-, seat. SETTLE, from Old English setl, seat,from Germanic *setlaz.
8. O-grade form *sod-. SADDLE, from Old English sadol, saddle,from Germanic *sadulaz, seat, saddle (perhaps from *sod-dhlo-).
9. Suffixed lengthened o-grade form *sod-o-. SOOT, from OldEnglish sot, soot (*sotam.
10. Suffixed lengthened-grade form sKd-i-, settler. COSSET, possiblyfrom Old English s<ta, -s<te, inhabitant(s), from Germanic*s7ti-.
11. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *sKd-yo-. SEAT, from Old Norsesæti, seat, from Germanic *(ge)sKtjam, seat (*ge-, *ga-,collective prefix; see kom).
12. Form *sed-K-. SÈANCE, SEDENTARY, SEDERUNT, SEDILE, SEDIMENT, SESSILE,SESSION, SEWER2, SIEGE; ASSESS, ASSIDUOUS, DISSIDENT, (INSESSORIAL),INSIDIOUS, OBSESS, POSSESS, PRESIDE, RESIDE, SUBSIDY, SUPERSEDE, fromLatin sedKre, to sit.
13. Reduplicated form *si-zd-.
a. SUBSIDE, from Latin sXdere, to sit down, settle;
b. SYNIZESIS, from Greek hizein, to sit down, settle down.
14. Lengthened-grade form *sKd-. SEE2, from Latin sKdKs, seat,residence.
15. Lengthened-grade form *sKd-7-. SEDATE1, from Latin sKd7re, tosettle, calm down.
16. Suffixed o-grade form *sod-yo-. SOIL1, from Latin solium,throne, seat.
17. Suffixed form *sed-r7-. -HEDRON; CATHEDRA, (CHAIR), EPHEDRINE,EXEDRA, SANHEDRIN, TETRAHEDRON, from Greek hedra, seat, chair,face of a geometric solid.
18. Prefixed and suffixed form *pi-sed-yo-, to sit upon (*pi, on; seeepi). PIEZO-; ISOPIESTIC, from Greek piezein, to press tight.
19. Basic form *sed-.
a. EDAPHIC, from Greek edaphos, ground, foundation (withGreek suffix -aphos);
b. UPANISHAD, from Sanskrit upani}ad, Upanishad, fromsad-;
c. TANIST, from Old Irish t7naise, designated successor,from Celtic *t7nihessio-, “one who is waited for,” from*to-ad-ni-sed-tio, from *to-ad-ni-sed-, to wait for.
20. Suffixed form *sed-o-, sitting. EISTEDDFOD, from Welsh eistedd,sitting, from Celtic *eks-dX-sedo- (see eghs, de-).
[Pokorny sed- 884.]
segh-Important derivatives are: hectic, eunuch, epoch, scheme, scholar, scholastic, school1.To hold.
9. Suffixed form *segh-es-. SIEGFRIED, from Old High German sigu,sigo, victory, from Germanic *sigiz-, victory (
10. HECTIC; CACHEXIA, CATHEXIS, ECHARD, ENTELECHY, EUNUCH, OPHIUCHUS,from Greek ekhein, to hold, possess, be in a certain condition,and hexis, habit, condition.
11. O-grade form *sogh-. EPOCH, from Greek epokhK, “a holdingback,” pause, cessation, position in time (epi-, on, at; see epi).
12. Zero-grade form *sgh-.
a. SCHEME, from Greek skhKma, “a holding,” form, figure;
b. (SCHOLAR), SCHOLASTIC, SCHOLIUM, SCHOOL1, from GreekskholK, “a holding back,” stop, rest, leisure, employmentof leisure in disputation, school.
13. Reduplicated form *si-sgh-. ISCHEMIA, from Greek iskhein, tokeep back.
[Pokorny se´h- 888.]
sek-Important derivatives are: scythe, saw1, sedge, Saxon, skin, secant, section, sector,segment, dissect, insect, intersect, sickle.To cut.
18. SCYTHE, from Old English sXthe, sigthe, sickle, from Germanic*segitho, sickle.
19. Suffixed o-grade form *sok-7-. SAW1, from Old English sagu,sage, saw, from Germanic *sago, a cutting tool, saw.
20. Suffixed o-grade form *sok-yo-. SEDGE, from Old English secg,sedge, from Germanic *sagjaz, “sword,” plant with a cuttingedge.
21. Suffixed o-grade form *sok-so-. SAXON, from Late Latin Saxo,(plural SaxonKs), a Saxon, from West Germanic tribal name*Saxon-, Saxon, traditionally (but doubtfully) regarded as fromGermanic *sahsam, knife, sword (as if “warrior with knives”).
22. Extended root *skend-, to peel off, flay. SKIN, from Old Norseskinn, skin, from Germanic *skinth-.
23. Basic form *sek-. SECANT, -SECT, SECTILE, SECTION, SECTOR, SEGMENT;DISSECT, INSECT, INTERSECT, RESECT, (TRANSECT), from Latin sec7re, tocut.
24. Lengthened-grade form *sKk-. SICKLE, from Latin sKcula, sickle.
25. Possible suffixed variant form *sak-so-.
a. ZAX, from Old English seax, knife;
b. SAXATILE; SAXICOLOUS, SAXIFRAGE, from Latin saxum, stone (
[Pokorny 2. sLk- 895, sken-(d-) 929.] See also extended roots skei-, sker-1, sker-3
sekw-1
Important derivatives are: sect, sequel, sequence, sue, suitor, consequent, ensue,execute, persecute, prosecute, pursue, subsequent, sequester, second2, intrinsic, seal1,
sign, assign, designate, insignia, resign, social, society, associate, dissociate.To follow.
17. SECT, SEGUE, SEGUIDILLA, SEQUACIOUS, SEQUEL, SEQUENCE, SUE, SUITOR;CONSEQUENT, ENSUE, EXECUTE, OBSEQUIOUS, PERSECUTE, PROSECUTE,(PURSUE), SUBSEQUENT, from Latin sequX, to follow.
18. SEQUESTER, SEQUESTRUM, from Latin sequester, “follower,”mediator, depositary.
19. Suffixed (participial) form *sekw-ondo-. SECOND2, SECONDO,SECUND, SECUNDINES, from Latin secundus, following, comingnext, second.
20. Suffixed form *sekw-os, following. EXTRINSIC, INTRINSIC, fromLatin secus, along, alongside of.
21. Suffixed form *sekw-no-. SEAL1, SEGNO, SIGN; ASSIGN, CONSIGN,DESIGNATE, INSIGNIA, RESIGN, from Latin signum, identifying mark,sign (
22. Suffixed o-grade form *sokw-yo-. SOCIABLE, SOCIAL, SOCIETY, SOCIO-;ASSOCIATE, CONSOCIATE, DISSOCIATE, from Latin socius, ally,companion (< “follower”).
[Pokorny 1. sek¯- 896.]
sekw-2
Important derivatives are: see1, sight.To perceive, see.
3. SEE1, from Old English sKon, to see, from Germanic *sehwan, tosee.
4. SIGHT, from Old English sihth, gesiht, vision, spectacle, fromGermanic abstract noun *sih-tiz.
[Pokorny 2. sek¯- 897.]
sekw-3
Important derivatives are: say, saw2, saga, scold.To say, utter.
14. O-grade form *sokw-.
a. suffixed form *sokw-yo-. SAY, from Old English secgan,to say, from Germanic *sagjan;
b. suffixed form *sokw-7-.
i. SAW2, from Old English sagu, a saying, speech;
ii. SAGA, from Old Norse saga, a saying, narrative.Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *sago, a saying.
15. Perhaps suffixed zero-grade form *skw-e-tlo-, narration. SCOLD,SKALD, from Middle English scolde, an abusive person, and OldNorse sk7ld, poet, “satirist” (to which the probableScandinavian source of Middle English scolde is perhaps akin),from North Germanic *skathla.
[In Pokorny 2. sek¯- 897.]
sel-Important derivatives are: salient, sally, sautÈ, assail, desultory, exult, insult, result,somersault, salmon.To jump.
8. Suffixed zero-grade form *sal-yo-.
a. SALACIOUS, SALIENT, SALLY, (SAUTÈ); ASSAIL, DESULTORY,DISSILIENT, EXULT, INSULT, RESILE, RESULT, SOMERSAULT, fromLatin salXre, to leap;
b. HALTER2, from Greek hallesthai, to leap, jump.
9. SALMON, from Latin salmo (borrowed from Gaulish), salmon(sel-.
[Pokorny 4. sel- 899.]
sem-1
Important derivatives are: simultaneous, assemble, ensemble, single, Sanskrit, same,anomalous, seem, seemly, some, similar, assimilate, resemble, simplicity, simple.One; also adverbially “as one,” together with.
I. Full-grade form *sem-.
a. HENDECASYLLABIC, HENDIADYS, HENOTHEISM, HYPHEN, fromGreek heis (*hen-s < *hem-s), one;
b. (see dekc) Greek he- in hekaton, one hundred (?dissimilated from *hem-katon). Both a and b fromGreek *hem-.
2. Suffixed form *sem-el-. SIMULTANEOUS; ASSEMBLE, ENSEMBLE, fromLatin simul, at the same time.
3. Suffixed form *sem-golo-. SINGLE, from Latin singulus, alone,single.
4. Compound *sem-per- (*per, during, for; see per1). SEMPRE;SEMPITERNAL, from Latin semper, always, ever (
II. O-grade form *som-.
1. SAMSARA, SANDHI, SANSKRIT, from Sanskrit sam, together.
2. Suffixed form *som-o-.
a. SAME, from Old Norse samr, same, from Germanic*samaz, same;
b. HOMEO-, HOMO-; ANOMALOUS, from Greek homos, same;
c. HOMILY, from Greek homilos, crowd.
3. Suffixed form *som-alo-. HOMOLOGRAPHIC, from Greek homalos,like, even, level.
III. Lengthened o-grade form *som-.
1. Suffixed form *som-i-. SEEM, SEEMLY, from Old Norse sœmr,fitting, agreeable (*somiz.
2. Suffixed lengthened o-grade form *som-o-. SAMIZDAT, SAMOVAR,from Russian sam(o)-, self.
IV. Zero-grade form *sc-.
1. (ACOLYTE), ANACOLUTHON, from Greek compound a-kolouthos,accompanying (a- + keleuthos, way, path), from ha-, a-,together.
2. Compound form *sc-plo- (*-plo-, -fold; see pel-2). HAPLOID,from Greek haploos, haplous, single, simple.
3. Suffixed form *scm-o-.
a. SOME, from Old English sum, one, a certain one;
b. -SOME1, from Old English -sum, -like. Both a and b fromGermanic *sumaz.
4. Suffixed form *scm-alo-. SIMILAR; ASSIMILATE, RESEMBLE, fromLatin similis, of the same kind, like.
5. Compound *sc-kKro-, of one growing (see ker-2).
6. Suffixed form *sc-tero-. HETERO-, from Greek heteros (earlierhateros), one of two, other.
7. Compound *sc-plek-, “one-fold,” simple (*plek-, -fold; seeplek-). SEMPLICE, SIMPLEX, SIMPLICITY, from Latin simplex, simple.
8. Compound *sc-plo-, “one-fold,” simple (*-plo-, -fold; see pel-2). SIMPLE, from Latin simplus, simple.
9. Extended form *scma. HAMADRYAD, from Greek hama, togetherwith, at the same time.
[Pokorny 2. sem- 902.]
sem-2
An important derivative is: summer1.Also semN-Summer.
Suffixed zero-grade form *scN-aro-. SUMMER1, from Old English sumor,summer, from Germanic *sumaraz.
[Pokorny 3. sem- 905.]
sKmi-An important derivative is: semi-.Half.
14. SAND-BLIND, from Old English s7m-, half, from Germanic *sKmi-.
15. SEMI-, from Latin sKmi-, half.
16. SESQUI-, SESTERCE, from Latin sKmis, half.
17. HEMI-, from Greek hKmi-, half.
[Pokorny sKmi- 905.]
sen-Important derivatives are: senate, senescent, senile, senior, sir, sire, surly.Old.
SEIGNIOR, SENATE, SENECTITUDE, SENESCENT, SENILE, SENIOR, SENOPIA, (SIGNORY), (SIR),SIRE, (SURLY), from Latin senex, old, an elder.
[Pokorny sen(o)- 907.]
sengwh-Important derivatives are: sing, song.To sing, make an incantation.
a. SING, from Old English singan, to sing;
b. MEISTERSINGER, MINNESINGER, SINGSPIEL, from Old HighGerman singan, to sing. Both a and b from Germanic*singan.
3. Suffixed o-grade form *songwh-o-, singing, song. SONG, fromOld English sang, song, song, from Germanic *sangwaz.
[Pokorny seng¯h- 906.]
sent-Important derivatives are: send1, godsend, scent, sense, sentence, sentinent,sentiment, sentinel, assent, consent, dissent, resent.To head for, go.
1. WIDDERSHINS, from Old High German sin(d), direction, fromGermanic form *sinthaz.
2. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *sont-eyo-. SEND1, from Old
English sendan, to send, from Germanic *sandjan, to cause togo.
3. Suffixed o-grade form *sont-o-. GODSEND, from Old Englishsand, message, messenger, from Germanic *sandaz, that whichis sent.
4. Perhaps suffixed form *sent-yo-. SCENT, SENSE, (SENSILLIUM),SENTENCE, SENTIENT, SENTIMENT, SENTINEL; ASSENT, CONSENT, DISSENT,PRESENTIMENT, RESENT, from Latin sentXre, to feel (
[Pokorny sent- 908.]
sep-Important derivatives are: sage1, sapient, savant, savor, savvy, insipid.To taste, perceive.
Suffixed zero-grade form *sap-yo-. SAGE1, SAPID, SAPIENT, SAPOR, SAVANT, SAVOR,SAVVY; INSIPID, from Latin sapere, to taste, have taste, be wise.
[Pokorny sap- 880.]
septcImportant derivatives are: seven, September, septet.Seven.
13. SEVEN; SEVENTEEN, SEVENTY, from Old English seofon, seven, withderivatives (hund)seofontig, seventy, and seofontXne, seventeen(-tXne, ten; see dekc), from Germanic *sebum.
14. SEPTEMBER, SEPTENNIAL, SEPTET, SEPTUAGINT, SEPTUPLE; SEPTENTRION,from Latin septem, seven.
15. HEBDOMAD, HEPTA-, HEPTAD, from Greek hepta, seven.
[Pokorny septc 909.]
ser-1
Important derivatives are: conserve, observe, preserve, reserve, reservoir, hero.To protect.
2. Extended form *serw-. CONSERVE, OBSERVE, PRESERVE, RESERVE,(RESERVOIR), from Latin serv7re, to keep, preserve.
3. Perhaps suffixed lengthened-grade form *sKr-os-. HERO, fromGreek hKros, “protector,” hero.
[Pokorny 2. ser- 910.]
ser-2
Important derivatives are: series, assert, exert, insert, sermon, sorcerer, sort, assort,consort.To line up.
13. SERIES, SERTULARIAN; ASSERT, DESERT3, DISSERTATE, EXERT, INSERT, fromLatin serere, to arrange, attach, join (in speech), discuss.
14. Suffixed form *ser-mon-. SERMON, from Latin sermo (stemsermon-), speech, discourse.
15. Perhaps suffixed form *ser-7-. SEAR2, (SERRIED), from Latin sera,a lock, bolt, bar (?
16. Suffixed zero-grade form *sy-ti-. SORCERER, SORT; ASSORT, CONSORT,SORTILEGE, from Latin sors (stem sort-), lot, fortune (probablyfrom the lining up of lots before drawing).
17. Suffixed o-grade form *sor-mo-. HORMOGONIUM, from Greekhormos, chain, necklace.
[Pokorny 4. ser- 911.]
seuN-1
An important derivative is: son.To give birth.
Suffixed zero-grade form in derivative noun *su(N)-nu-, son. SON, from OldEnglish sunu, son, from Germanic *sunuz.
[Pokorny 2. seu- 913.] See also s7-.
seuN-2
Important derivatives are: soup, sup2, sop, sip, suck, soak, suction, succulent.To take liquid.
IX. Suffixed zero-grade form *suN-yo-, contracted to *s7-yo. HYETAL;ISOHYET, from Greek huetos, rain, from huein, to rain.
X. Possible extended zero-grade form *s7b-.
a. SUP1, from Old English s7pan, s7pian, to drink, sip;
b. SOUP, (SUP2), from Old French soup(e), soup. Both a andb from Germanic *s7p-.
c. SOP, from Old English sopp- in soppcuppe, cup fordipping bread in;
d. SIP, from Middle English sippen, to sip, from a sourceprobably akin to Low German sippen, to sip, possiblyfrom seuN-2. Both a and b from Germanic *supp-.
XI. Possible extended zero-grade form *s7g-.
1. SUCK, from Old English s7can, to suck, from Germanic *s7k-.
2. SOAK, from Old English socian, to steep, from Germanicshortened form *sukon.
3. SUCTION, SUCTORIAL, from Latin s7gere, to suck.
4. Variant form *s7k-. SUCCULENT, from Latin s7cus, succus, juice.
[Pokorny 1. seu- 912.]
skand-Important derivatives are: scan, scansion, ascend, descend, transcend, scandal, scale2.Also skend-To leap, climb.
4. SCAN, SCANDENT, SCANSION, SCANSORIAL; ASCEND, (CONDESCEND),DESCEND, TRANSCEND, from Latin scandere, to climb.
5. Suffixed form *skand-alo-. SCANDAL, from Greek skandalon, asnare, trap, stumbling block.
6. Suffixed form *skand-sl7-. ECHELON, ESCALADE, SCALE2, from Latin
sc7lae, steps, ladder.
skei-Important derivatives are: shin1, science, conscious, nice, shit, schism, rescind, shed1,sheath, ski, esquire, squire.To cut, split.
Extension of sek-.
a. SHIN1, from Old English scinu, shin, shinbone (
b. CHINE, from Old French eschine, backbone, piece ofmeat with part of the backbone. Both a and b fromGermanic suffixed form *ski-no-.
8. SCIENCE, SCILICET, SCIOLISM; ADSCITITIOUS, CONSCIENCE, CONSCIOUS,NESCIENCE, (NICE), OMNISCIENT, PLEBISCITE, PRESCIENT, from LatinscXre, to know (
9. Suffixed zero-grade form *skiy-en7. SKEAN, from Old Irish scXan,knife.
10. Extended root *skeid-.
i. SHIT, from Old English *scXtan, to defecate;
ii. SKATE3, from Old Norse skXta, to defecate;
iii. SHYSTER, from Old High German skXzzan, todefecate. (i), (ii), and (iii) all from Germanic*skXtan, to separate, defecate;
b. suffixed zero-grade form *sk(h)id-yo-. SCHISM, SCHIST,SCHIZO-, from Greek skhizein, to split;
c. nasalized zero-grade form *ski-n-d-. SCISSION; EXSCIND,PRESCIND, RESCIND, from Latin scindere, to split.
11. Extended root *skeit-.
i. SHED1, from Old English scKadan, to separate;
ii. SHEATH, from Old English scKath, sheath (skei-.Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *skaith-,
*skaidan;
b. SKI, from Old Norse skXdh, log, stick, snowshoe, fromGermanic *skXdam;
c. o-grade form *skoit-. ÈCU, ESCUDO, ESCUTCHEON, ESQUIRE,SCUDO, SCUTUM, (SQUIRE), from Latin sc7tum, shield (<“board”).
12. Extended root *skeip-.
a. SHEAVE2, from Middle English sheve, pulley (
b. SKIVE, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old NorseskXfa, to slice, split;
c. SHIVER2, from Middle English shivere, scivre, splinter,possibly from a Low German source akin to MiddleLow German schever, splinter. a, b, and c all fromGermanic *skif-.
[Pokorny skei- 919.]
skel-1
Important derivatives are: shell, shale, scale1, scalp, shield, skill, cutlass, shelf, half,scalpel, sculpture.Also kel-To cut.
a. SHELL, from Old English scell, sciel, shell;
b. SCAGLIOLA, from Italian scaglia, chip. Both a and b fromGermanic *skaljo, piece cut off, shell, scale.
c. SHALE, from Old English sc(e)alu, husk, shell;
d. SCALE1, from Old French escale, husk, shell. Both a and bfrom Germanic *skalo.
e. SCALL, from Old Norse skalli, bald head (
f. SCALP, from Middle English scalp, top of the head, froma source akin to Old Norse skalpr, sheath, shell. Both aand b from Germanic *skal-.
2. SCALE3, SKOAL, from Old Norse sk7l, bowl, drinking vessel (madefrom a shell), from Germanic *skKlo.
3. SHIELD, from Old English scield, shield (< “board”), fromGermanic *skelduz.
a. SKILL, from Old Norse skil, reason, discernment,knowledge (< “incisiveness”);
b. SHELDRAKE, from Middle English scheld, variegated, froma Low German source akin to Middle Dutch schillen, todiversify, with past participle schillede, separated,variegated. Both a and b from Germanic *skeli-.
4. SCHOOL2, SHOAL2, from Middle Low German schole, troop, orMiddle Dutch scole, both from Germanic *skulo, a division.
5. Suffixed variant form *kel-tro-. COULTER, CULTRATE, CUTLASS, fromLatin culter, knife.
6. Suffixed zero-grade form *sk_-yo-. SCALENE, from Greek skallein,to stir up, hoe ( skalenos, uneven).
7. Extended root *skelp-.
a. SHELF, from Middle Low German schelf, shelf (*skelf-;
b. HALF, from Old English healf, half, from Germanic*halbaz (*kelp-), divided possibly from skel-1;
c. perhaps variant *skalp-. SCALPEL, SCULPTURE, from Latinscalpere, to cut, scrape, with derivative sculpere(originally as the combining form of scalpere), to carve
[Pokorny 1. (s)kel- 923.]
skel-2
An important derivative is: shall.To be under an obligation.
O-grade (perfect) form *skol-. SHALL, from Old English sceal (used with thefirst and third person singular pronouns), shall, from Germanic *skal, I owe,hence I ought.
[Pokorny 2. (s)kel- 927.]
sker-1
Important derivatives are: shear, share1, shears, scabbard, score, shard, short, shirt,skirt, skirmish, screen, carnage, carnal, carnation, carnival, carrion, carnivorous,incarnate, curt, cortex, sharp, scrap1, scrape, scrub1, shrub1, screw.Also ker-To cut.
VIII. Basic form *sker-, *ker-.
a. SHEAR, from Old English scieran, sceran, to cut;
b. SHEER1, from Low German scheren, to move to and fro,and Dutch scheren, to withdraw, depart. Both a and bfrom Germanic *skeran.
c. SHARE2, from Old English scKar, plowshare;
d. SHARE1, from Old English scearu, scaru, portion, division(but recorded only in the sense of “fork of the body,”“tonsure”). Both a and b from Germanic *skeraz.
e. SHEAR, from Old English scKar, scissors, from Germanic*skKr-o- and *sker-ez-;
f. compound *skKr-berg-, “sword protector,” scabbard(see bhergh-1). SCABBARD, from Old French escauberc,scabbard, possibly from a Germanic source akin to OldHigh German scarberc, scabbard. Both a and b fromGermanic *skKr-.
2. SCORE, from Old Norse skor, notch, tally, twenty, fromGermanic *skur-.
3. SCAR2, SKERRY, from Old Norse sker, low reef (*skar-jam.
4. Suffixed o-grade extended form *skorp-o-. SCARF2, from OldNorse skarfr, diagonally-cut end of a board, from Germanic*skarfaz.
5. Suffixed o-grade extended form *skord-o-. SHARD, from OldEnglish sceard, a cut, notch, from Germanic *skardaz.
6. Extended form *skerd- in suffixed zero-grade form *skyd-o-.
a. SHORT, from Old English scort, sceort, “cut,” short;
b. SHIRT, from Old English scyrte, skirt (
c. SKIRT, from Old Norse skyrta, shirt. a, b, and c all fromGermanic *skurtaz.
d. SKIRMISH, from Old French eskermir, to fight with asword, fence, and Old Italian scaramuccia, skirmish,from a source akin to Old High German skirmen, toprotect;
e. SCREEN, from Middle Dutch scherm, shield. Both a and bfrom Germanic extended form *skerm-.
7. Variant form *kar-. CARNAGE, CARNAL, CARNASSIAL, CARNATION,CARNIVAL, CARRION, CARUNCLE, CHARNEL, CRONE; CARNIVOROUS,INCARNATE, from Latin caro (stem carn-), flesh.
8. Suffixed o-grade form *kor-yo. CORIACEOUS, CORIUM, CUIRASS,CURRIER; EXCORIATE, from Latin corium, leather (originally “pieceof hide”).
9. Suffixed zero-grade form *ky-to-. CURT, CURTAL, KIRTLE, fromLatin curtus, short.
10. Suffixed o-grade form *kor-mo-. CORM, from Greek kormos, atrimmed tree trunk.
11. Suffixed o-grade form *kor-i-. COREOPSIS, from Greek koris,bedbug (< “cutter”).
12. Suffixed zero-grade form. SHORE1, from Old English scora,shore, from Germanic *skur-o.
IX. Extended roots *skert-, *kert-.
1. Zero-grade form *kyt- or o-grade form *kort-. CORTEX;DECORTICATE, from Latin cortex, bark (
2. Suffixed form *kert-sn7-. CENACLE, from Latin cKna, meal (
X. Extended root *skerp-. SCURF, probably from a Scandinavian sourceakin to Old English sceorf, scab, scurf, from Germanic *skerf-.
XI. Extended root *skerb(h)-, *skreb(h)-.
a. SHARP, from Old English scearp, slope;
b. SCARP, from Italian scarpa, embankment, possibly from aGermanic source akin to Gothic skarpo, pointed object.Both a and b from Germanic *skarpaz, cutting, sharp.
c. SCRAP1, from Old Norse skrap, “pieces,” remains;
d. SCRAPE, from Old Norse skrapa, to scratch. Both a and bfrom Germanic *skrap-.
e. SCRABBLE, from Middle Dutch schrabben, to scrape;
f. SCRUB1, from Middle Dutch schrobben, to scrape. Both aand b from Germanic *skrab-.
2. SHRUB1, from Old English scrybb, shrub (*skrub-.
3. SCROBICULATE, from Latin scrobis, trench, ditch.
4. SCREW, SCROFULA, from Latin scrofa, a sow (< “rooter, digger”).
[Pokorny 4. sker-, Section I. 938.]
sker-2
Important derivatives are: shrink, ring1, ranch, range, rank1, rink, arrange, ridge,curb, curve, crest, crepe, crisp, circle, search, crown.Also ker-To turn, bend. Presumed base of a number of distantly relatedderivatives.
3. Extended form *(s)kreg- in nasalized form *(s)kre-n-g-.
a. SHRINK, from Old English scrincan, to wither, shrivel up,from Germanic *skrink-;
b. variant *kre-n-g-.
i. RUCK2, from Old Norse hrukka, a crease, fold;
ii. FLOUNCE1, from Old French fronce, pleat, fromFrankish *hrunkjan, to wrinkle. Both (i) and (ii)from Germanic *hrunk-.
4. Extended form *(s)kregh- in nasalized form *skre-n-gh-.
a. RING1, from Old English hring, a ring;
b. RANCH, RANGE, RANK1, RINK; ARRANGE, DERANGE, from OldFrench renc, reng, line, row;
c. RINGHALS, from Middle Dutch rinc (combining formring-), a ring. a, b, and c all from Germanic *hringaz,something curved, circle.
5. Extended form *kreuk-.
a. RIDGE, from Old English hrycg, spine, ridge;
b. RUCKSACK, from Old High German hrukki, back. Both aand b from Germanic hrugjaz.
6. Suffixed variant form *kur-wo-. CURB, CURVATURE, CURVE, CURVET,from Latin curvus, bent, curved.
7. Suffixed extended form *kris-ni-. CRINOLINE, from Latin crXnis(< *crisnis), hair.
8. Suffixed extended form *kris-t7-. CREST, CRISTA, CRISTATE, fromLatin crista, tuft, crest.
9. Suffixed extended form *krip-so-. CREPE, CRISP, CRISPATE, fromLatin crispus (metathesized from *cripsus), curly.
10. Extended expressive form *krXss-. CRISSUM, from Latin crXs7re,(of women) to wiggle the hips during copulation.
11. Perhaps reduplicated form *ki-kr-o-. (CIRCA), CIRCLE, (CIRCUM-),SEARCH; CRICOID, from Greek krikos (with metathesis), a ring.
12. Suffixed o-grade form *kor-ono-. (CORONA), CROWN, from Greekkoronos, curved.
13. Suffixed variant form *kur-to. KURTOSIS, from Greek kurtos,bent.
[Pokorny 3. (s)ker- 935.]
sker-3
A derivative is: dreck.
Excrement, dung.
Extension of sek-, “to cut, separate,” hence “to void excrement.”
8. Suffixed unextended form *sk-or/n-. SCATO-, SCORIA, SKATOLE,from Greek skor (genitive skatos < *sk-it-), dung.
9. Extended form *skert- in taboo metathesis *sterk-os-.
a. STERCORACEOUS, from Latin stercus, dung;
b. variant forms *(s)terg-, *(s)treg-. DRECK, from MiddleHigh German dr”c, dung, from Germanic *threkka-.
[Pokorny sˆer-d- 947, 8. (s)ter- 1031.]
(s)keu-Important derivatives are: sky, meerschaum, scum, obscure, hide2, cuticle, recoil,hose, hoard, hide1, hut.To cover, conceal.
Zero-grade form *(s)ku-. Variant *(s)keuN-, zero-grade form *(s)kuN-,contracted to *(s)k7-.
3. Suffixed basic form.
a. SKY, from Old Norse sk«, cloud;
b. SKEWBALD, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norsesk«, cloud. Both a and b from Germanic *skeu-jam,cloud (“cloud cover”).
4. Zero-grade form *sk7-.
a. suffixed form *sk7-mo-.
i. SKIM, from Old French escume, scum;
ii. MEERSCHAUM, from Old High German sc7m,scum;
iii. SCUM, from Middle Dutch sch7m, scum. (i), (ii),and (iii) all from Germanic *sk7maz, foam,scum (
b. suffixed form *sk7-ro-. OBSCURE; CHIAROSCURO, from Latinobsc7rus, “covered,” dark (ob-, away from; see epi).
5. Zero-grade form *k'-.
a. suffixed form *k7-ti-. HIDE2, from Old English h«d, skin,hide, from Germanic *h7diz;
b. suffixed form *ku-ti-. CUTANEOUS, CUTICLE, CUTIS; CUTIN,from Latin cutis skin;
c. possibly suffixed form *k7-lo-. CULET, CULOTTE; BASCULE,RECOIL, from Latin c7lus, the rump, backside;
d. suffixed form *ku-to-. -CYTE, CYTO-, from Greek kutos, ahollow, vessel.
6. Extended zero-grade form *kus-.
i. HOSE, from Old English hosa, hose, covering forthe leg;
ii. LEDERHOSEN, from Old High German hosa, legcovering. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic*huson-;
b. suffixed form *kus-dho- (or suffixed extended form*kudh-to-). HOARD, from Old English hord, stock, store,treasure (*huzdam;
c. KISHKE, from Russian kishka, gut (< “sheath”).
7. Suffixed extended zero-grade form *kut-no-. CUNNILINGUS, fromLatin cunnus, vulva (< “sheath”).
8. Extended root *keudh-.
a. HIDE1, from Old English h«dan, to hide, cover up, fromGermanic suffixed lengthened zero-grade form *h7d-jan;
b. HUT, from French hutte, hut, from Germanic suffixedzero-grade form *h7d-jon-;
c. HUDDLE, from Low German hudeln, to crowd together,probably from Germanic *h'd-.
9. SHIELING, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse sk7li,hut, from Germanic suffixed o-grade form *skaw-ala-.
[Pokorny 2. (s)keu- 951.]
skeud-Important derivatives are: shoot, shot1, shut, shuttle, sheet1, scuttle1.To shoot, chase, throw.
14. SHOOT, from Old English scKotan, to shoot, from Germanic*skeutan, to shoot.
a. SHOT1, from Old English sceot, scot, shooting, a shot;
b. SCHUSS, from Old High German scuz, shooting, a shot;
c. SCOT, (SCOT AND LOT), from Old Norse skot and OldFrench escot, contribution, tax (
d. WAINSCOT, from Middle Dutch sc(h)ot, crossbar, woodenpartition. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *skutaz,shooting, shot.
15. SHUT, from Old English scyttan, to shut (by pushing a crossbar),probably from Germanic *skutjan.
16. SHUTTLE, from Old English scytel, a dart, missile, from Germanic*skutilaz.
a. SHEET2, from Old English scKata, corner of a sail;
b. SHEET1, from Old English scKte, piece of cloth. Both aand b from Germanic *skautjon-.
c. SCOUT2, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norsesk7ta, mockery (
d. SHOUT, from Old Norse sk7ta, a taunt. Both a and bfrom Germanic *skut-.
[Pokorny 2. (s)keud- 956.]
skrXbh-
Important derivatives are: scribble, scribe, script, Scripture, ascribe, circumscribe,conscript, describe, inscribe, manuscript, postscript, prescribe, subscribe, transcribe.To cut, separate, sift.
Extension of sker-1.
7. SCRIBBLE, SCRIBE, SCRIPT, SCRIPTORIUM, SCRIPTURE, SERIF, SHRIVE; ASCRIBE,CIRCUMSCRIBE, CONSCRIPT, DESCRIBE, FESTSCHRIFT, INSCRIBE, MANUSCRIPT,POSTSCRIPT, PRESCRIBE, PROSCRIBE, RESCRIPT, SUBSCRIBE, SUPERSCRIBE,TRANSCRIBE, from Latin scrXbere, to scratch, incise, write.
8. SCARIFY1, from Greek skariphos, scratching, sketch, pencil.
[Pokorny 4. sker-, Section II. 945.]
slKb-An important derivative is: sleep.To be weak, sleep.
Possibly related to slKg- through a hypothetical base *slK- (< *sleN-). SLEEP,from Old English sl<pan, to sleep, and sl<p, sleep, from Germanic *slKpan,*slKpaz.
[In Pokorny 1. leb- 655.]
slKg-Important derivatives are: slack1, lax, relax, languish.To be slack, be languid.
Possibly related to slKb- through a hypothetical base *slK- (< *sleN-). Zero-grade form *slNg-, becoming *slag-.
7. SLACK1, from Old English slæc, “loose,” indolent, careless, fromGermanic *slak-.
8. Suffixed form *lag-so-. LAX; RELAX, from Latin laxus, loose, slack.
9. Suffixed nasalized form *la-n-g-u-. LANGUISH, from LatinlanguKre, to be languid.
10. Compound *lag-ous-, “with drooping ears” (*ous-, ear; seeous-). LAGOMORPH, from Greek lagos, lagos, hare.
11. Suffixed form *lag-no-. ALGOLAGNIA, from Greek lagnos, lustful,lascivious.
12. Basic form *slKg-. CATALECTIC, from Greek lKgein, to leave off.
[Pokorny (s)lKg- 959.]
sleubh-Important derivatives are: sleeve, lubricate, cowslip, slop1, sloop.To slide, slip.
I. Basic form *sleubh-.
1. SLEEVE, from Old English slKf, slXf, slXef, sleeve (into which thearm slips), from Germanic *sleub-.
2. SLOVEN, from Middle Low German slÙven, to put on clothescarelessly, from Germanic *slaubjan.
3. Suffixed form *sleubh-ro-. LUBRICATE, LUBRICITY, LUBRICIOUS, fromLatin l7bricus, slippery.
a. SLIP3; COWSLIP, OXLIP, from Old English slypa, slyppe, slipa,slime, slimy substance;
b. SLOP1, from Old English *sloppe, dung;
c. SLOP2, from Old English (ofer)slop, surplice. a, b, and call from Germanic *slup-.
4. SLOOP, from Middle Dutch sl7pen, to glide. Both 1 and 2 fromvariant Germanic root form *sleup-.
[Pokorny sleub(h)- 963.]
slX-Derivatives are: sloe, livid.Bluish.
Contracted from *sliN-.
4. O-grade form *sloi-. SLOE, from Old English sl7h, sl7, sloe(*slaihwon.
5. Suffixed form *slX-wo-. LIVID, from Latin lXvKre, to be bluish.
6. Suffixed form *slX-w7-. SLIVOVITZ, from Serbo-Croatian ≥ljÏva,plum
[Pokorny (s)lX- 965.]
smei-Important derivatives are: smirk, smile, marvel, miracle, mirage, mirror, admire.To laugh, smile.
8. SMIRK, from Old English smercian, to smile (with -k- formative),from Germanic reshaped forms *smer-, *smar-.
9. SMILE, from Middle English smilen, to smile, from aScandinavian source probably akin to Swedish smila, to smile,from Germanic extended form *smXl-.
10. Suffixed form *smei-ro-. MARVEL, MIRACLE, MIRAGE, MIRROR; ADMIRE,from Latin mXrus, wonderful.
11. Prefixed zero-grade form *ko(m)-smi-, smiling with (*ko-,*kom-, together; see kom). COMITY, from Latin comis (< cosmis),courteous.
[Pokorny 1. (s)mei- 967.]
(s)mer-1
Important derivatives are: mourn, memorable, mermorandum, memory,commemorate, remember.To remember.
12. Suffixed zero-grade form *my-no-. MOURN, from Old Englishmurnan, to mourn, from Germanic *murnan, to remembersorrowfully.
13. Reduplicated form *me-mor-.
a. MIMIR, from Old Norse Mimir, a giant who guards thewell of wisdom, from Germanic *mi-mer-;
b. MEMORABLE, (MEMORANDUM), MEMORY; COMMEMORATE,
REMEMBER, from Latin memor, mindful.
[Pokorny (s)mer- 969.]
(s)mer-2
Important derivatives are: merit, emeritus.To get a share of something.
4. Suffixed (stative) form *mer-K-. MERETRICIOUS, MERIT; EMERITUS,TURMERIC, from Latin merKre, merKrX, to receive a share, deserve,serve.
5. Suffixed form *mer-o-. -MERE, MERISTEM, MERO-, -MEROUS;(ALLOMERISM), (DIMER), (ISOMER), (MONOMER), (TRIMER), from Greekmeros (feminine meris), a part, division.
[In Pokorny (s)mer- 969.]
sn7-Derivatives are: natant, natation.To swim.
Contracted from *snaN-.
8. Extended form *sn7gh-. NEKTON, from Greek nKkhein, to swim.
9. Suffixed zero-grade form *(s)nN-to-. NATANT, NATATION,NATATORIAL, (NATATORIUM); SUPERNATANT, from Latin nat7re, toswim.
10. CHERSONESE, from Greek nKsos, island, attributed by some to thisroot (but more likely obscure).
[Pokorny sn7- 971.] See (s)n7u-.
(s)n7u-Important derivatives are: nourish, nurse, nutrient, nutrition.To swim, flow, let flow, whence suckle.
Contracted from *snaNu-; extension of sn7-.
6. Suffixed basic form *n7w-yo-. NAIAD, from Greek Naias,fountain nymph, probably from naein, to flow.
7. Variant root form *(s)neu(N)-. NEUSTON, from Greek nein, toswim.
8. Zero-grade form *(s)n7- (< *snuN-) in suffixed form *n7-trX
(with feminine agent suffix). NOURISH, NURSE, NURTURE, NUTRIENT,NUTRIMENT, NUTRITION, NUTRITIOUS, NUTRITIVE, from Latin n7trXx,nurse, and n7trXre, to suckle, nourish.
[In Pokorny sn7- 971.]
(s)nK-An important derivative is: needle.Also nK-To spin, sew. Contracted from *(s)neN-.
1. Suffixed form *nK-tl7. NEEDLE, from Old English n<dl, needle,from Germanic *nKthlo.
2. Suffixed form *snK-mi. NEMATO-; AXONEME, CHROMONEMA,PROTONEMA, SYNAPTINEMAL COMPLEX, TREPONEMA, from Greek nKma,thread.
3. Suffixed o-grade form *sno-t7-. SNOOD, from Old English snod,headband, from Germanic *snodo.
[Pokorny (s)nK- 973.]
(s)neNu-Important derivatives are: neuron, nerve.Tendon, sinew.
Extension of (s)nK-.
Suffixed form *(s)neNw-y-, with further suffixes.
a. *neu-r-o-. NEURO-, NEURON; APONEUROSIS, from Greekneuron, sinew;
b. metathesized form *nerwo-. NERVE; ENERVATE, from Latinnervus, sinew.
[Pokorny snKu- 977.]
so-Important derivatives are: the1, she.This, that (nominative).
For other cases see to-.
1. THE1, from Late Old English the, masculine demonstrativepronoun, replacing se (with th- from oblique forms; see to-).
2. HOI POLLOI, from Greek ho, the.
3. Feminine form *sy7. SHE, from Old English sKo, sXe, she, fromGermanic *sjo.
4. Compound variant form *sei-ke (*-ke, “that”; see ko-). SIC1,from Latin sXc, thus, so, in that manner.
[Pokorny so(s), s7, sX 978.]
sol-Important derivatives are: solid, consolidate, catholic, solicitous, solemn, salute, safe,salvage, salvo, save1.Also solN-Whole.
I. Basic form *sol-.
1. Suffixed form *sol-ido-. SOLID; CONSOLIDATE, from Latin solidus,solid.
2. Suffixed form *sol-wo-. HOLO-; CATHOLIC, from Greek holos,whole.
3. Dialectal geminated form *soll-o-.
a. SOLICITOUS, from Latin sollus, whole, entire, unbroken;
b. SOLEMN, from Latin sollemnis (second element obscure),celebrated at fixed dates (said of religious rites),established, religious, solemn.
II. Variant form *solN-.
1. Suffixed zero-grade form slN-u- giving *sal-u-. SALUBRIOUS,SALUTARY, SALUTE, from Latin sal7s, health, a whole or soundcondition.
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *s_N-wo- giving *sala-wo-. SAFE, SAGE2,SALVAGE, SALVO, SAVE1, SAVE2, from Latin salvus, whole, safe,healthy, uninjured.
[Pokorny solo- 979.]
spK-Important derivatives are: speed, despair, prosper.To thrive, prosper.
Contracted from *speN-.
2. Suffixed o-grade form *spo-ti-. SPEED, from Old English spKd,success, from Germanic *spodiz.
3. Suffixed form *spK-s-. DESPAIR, ESPERANCE, from Latin spKr7re, tohope, denominative of spKs (plural spKrKs), hope.
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *spN-ro-. PROSPER, from Latinprosperus, favorable, prosperous (traditionally regarded as frompro spKrK, according to one's hope; pro-, according to; see per1).
[Pokorny 3. sp(h)Ki- 983.]
spek-Important derivatives are: spy, espionage, specimen, spectacle, spectrum, speculate,aspect, circumspect, conspicuous, despise, expect, inspect, perspective, prospect, respect,respite, suspect, species, especial, despicable, skeptic, bishop, telescope.To observe.
I. Basic form *spek-.
a. ESPY, SPY, from Old French espier, to watch;
b. ESPIONAGE, from Old Italian spione, spy, from Germanicderivative *speh-on-, watcher. Both a and b fromGermanic *spehon.
2. Suffixed form *spek-yo-. SPECIMEN, SPECIOUS, SPECTACLE, SPECTRUM,SPECULATE, SPECULUM; ASPECT, CIRCUMSPECT, CONSPICUOUS, DESPISE,EXPECT, FRONTISPIECE, INSPECT, INTROSPECT, PERSPECTIVE, PROSPECT,RESPECT, (RESPITE), RETROSPECT, SUSPECT, TRANSPICUOUS, from Latinspecere, to look at.
3. SPECIES; ESPECIAL, from Latin speciKs, a seeing, sight, form.
a. (see gherN-) Latin haruspex, diviner;
b. (see awi-) Latin auspex, augur. Both a and b fromLatin -spex (< *-spek-), “he who sees.”
4. Suffixed form *spek-7-. DESPICABLE, from Latin (denominative)dKspic7rX, to despise, look down on (dK-, down; see de-).
5. Suffixed metathetical form *skep-yo-. SKEPTIC, from Greekskeptesthai, to examine, consider.
II. Extended o-grade form *spoko-. SCOPE, -SCOPE, -SCOPY; BISHOP, EPISCOPAL,HOROSCOPE, TELESCOPE, from metathesized Greek skopos, one whowatches, also object of attention, goal, and its denominative skopein (<*skop-eyo-), to see.
[Pokorny speˆ- 984.]
(s)pen-Important derivatives are: spider, spin, spindle, pansy, pendant1, pension1, pensive,poise1, append, appendix, compensate, depend, dispense, expend, penthouse,perpendicular, suspend, span1, pound1, ponder, spontaneous.To draw, stretch, spin.
I. Basic form *spen-.
1. Suffixed form *spen-wo-.
a. SPIDER, SPIN, from Old English spinnan, to spin, andspXthra, spider, contracted from Germanic derivative*spin-thron-, “the spinner”;
b. SPINDLE, from Old English spinel, spindle, fromGermanic derivative *spin-ilon-. Both a and b fromGermanic *spinnan, to spin.
2. Extended form *pend-. PAINTER2, (PANSY), PENCHANT, PENDANT1,PENDENTIVE, PENDULOUS, PENSILE, PENSION1, PENSIVE, PESO, POISE1;ANTEPENDIUM, APPEND, (APPENDIX), AVOIRDUPOIS, COMPENDIUM,COMPENSATE, DEPEND, DISPENSE, EXPEND, IMPEND, (PENTHOUSE), PERPEND,PERPENDICULAR, PREPENSE, PROPEND, SUSPEND, VILIPEND, from LatinpendKre, to hang (intransitive), and pendere, to cause to hang,weigh, with its frequentative pKns7re, to weigh, consider.
3. Perhaps suffixed form *pen-ya-. -PENIA, from Greek penia, lack,poverty (
4. GEOPONIC, LITHOPONE, from Greek ponos, toil, and ponein, to toil,o-grade derivatives of penesthai, to toil.
II. O-grade forms *spon-, *pon-.
a. SPAN2, from Middle Dutch spannen, to bind;
b. SPANNER, from Old High German spannan, to stretch.Both a and b from Germanic *spannan.
2. SPAN1, from Old English span(n), distance, from Germanic*spanno-.
3. SPANGLE, from Middle Dutch spange, clasp, from Germanic*spango, perhaps from (s)pen-.
4. Suffixed and extended form *pond-o-. POUND1, from Latinpondo, by weight.
5. Suffixed and extended form *pond-es-. PONDER, PONDEROUS;EQUIPONDERATE, PREPONDERATE, from Latin pondus (stem ponder-),weight, and its denominative ponder7re, to weigh, ponder.
6. Suffixed o-grade form *spon-t-. SPONTANEOUS, from Latin sponte,of one's own accord, spontaneously, possibly from (s)pen-,but more likely to a homophonous Germanic verb *spanan, toentice.
[Pokorny (s)pen-(d)- 988.]
spend-Important derivatives are: sponsor, spouse, respond.
To make an offering, perform a rite, hence to engage oneself by a ritual act.
O-grade from *spond-.
5. Suffixed form *spond-eyo-. SPONSOR, SPOUSE; DESPOND, ESPOUSE,RESPOND, from Latin spondKre, to make a solemn promise,pledge, betroth.
6. Suffixed form *spond-7. SPONDEE, from Greek spondK, libation,offering.
[Pokorny spend- 989.]
sper-Important derivatives are: sprawl, sprout, spurt, spread, Diaspora, sperm1, spore,sporadic, spray1.To strew.
I. Zero-grade form *spr-.
1. SPRAWL, from Old English sprKawlian, to sprawl, from Germanic*spr-.
2. Extended form *spreud-.
a. SPROUT, from Old English spr7tan, to sprout;
b. SPRITZ, SPRITZER, from Middle High German spr¸tzen, tospurt, spray;
c. SPRIT, from Old English sprKot, pole (< “sprout, stem”);
d. BOWSPRIT, from Middle Low German bochsprKt, bowsprit.a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *spr7t-.
3. Extended form *spreit-. SPRAY2, SPREAD, from Old English -spr<dan, to spread, from Germanic *spraidjan.
II. Basic form *sper-.
1. Suffixed form *sper-yo-. DIASPORA, from Greek speirein, toscatter, with derivative spora, a scattering, sowing (see III. 1.).
2. Suffixed form *sper-mi. SPERM1, from Greek sperma, sperm,seed (
III. O-grade form *spor-.
1. Suffixed form *spor-7-. SPORE, SPORO-, from Greek spora, asowing, seed.
2. Suffixed form *spor-id-. SPORADIC, from Greek sporas (stemsporad-), scattered, dispersed.
IV. Extended Germanic root *sprK(w)-. SPRAY1, from Middle Dutchspraeien, sprayen, to sprinkle, from Germanic *sprKwjan.
[Pokorny 2. (s)p(h)er- 993.]
sperN-Important derivatives are: spur, spurn, spoor.Ankle.
Zero-grade form *spy(N)-.
7. SPUR, from Old English spura, spora, spur, from Germanicsuffixed form *spur-on-.
8. Nasalized form *spy-n-N-. SPURN, from Old English spurnan,spornan, to kick, strike against, from Germanic *spurnon.
9. SPOOR, from Middle Dutch spor, spoor, track of an animal, fromGermanic suffixed form *spur-am.
[Pokorny 1. sp(h)er- 992.]
sreu-Important derivatives are: stream, diarrhea, hemorrhoid, rhythm.To flow.
3. Suffixed o-grade form *srou-mo-.
a. STREAM, from Old English strKam, stream;
b. MAELSTROM, from Middle Dutch stroom, stream. Both aand b from Germanic *straumaz, stream.
4. Basic form *sreu-.
a. RHEO- , -RRHEA; CATARRH, DIARRHEA, HEMORRHOID, RHYOLITE,from Greek rhein, to flow, with o-grade rhoos, flowing,a flowing;
b. suffixed form *sreu-mi. RHEUM, from Greek rheuma,stream, humor of the body.
5. Suffixed zero-grade form *sru-dhmo-. RHYTHM, from Greekrhuthmos, measure, recurring motion, rhythm.
6. Zero-grade extended form *srug-. SASTRUGA, from Russianstruga, deep place, perhaps from sreu-.
[Pokorny sreu- 1003.]
st7-Important derivatives are: steed, stud2, stool, stage, stance, stanza, stay1, arrest,circumstance, constant, contrast, cost, distant, instant, obstacle, obstetric, rest2,substance, stand, understand, standard, stem1, station, static, destine, obstinate, state,statue, statute, institute, prostitute, substitute, superstition, establish, stable1, assist,exist, insist, resist, ecstasy, system, post1, store, steer1, steer2.To stand; with derivatives meaning “place or thing that is standing.” Contractedfrom *staN-.
I. Basic form *st7-.
1. Extended form *st7dh-.
a. STEED, from Old English stKda, stallion, studhorse (*stod-jon-;
b. STUD2, from Old English stod, establishment for breedinghorses, from Germanic *stodo.
2. Suffixed form *st7-lo-.
a. STOOL, from Old English stol, stool;
b. (see pel-2) Germanic compound *faldistolaz. Both aand b from Germanic *stolaz.
3. ESTANCIA, STAGE, STANCE, STANCH1, STANCHION, (STANZA), STATOR, STAY1,STET; ARREST, CIRCUMSTANCE, CONSTANT, CONTRAST, (COST), DISTANT,EXTANT, INSTANT, OBSTACLE, OBSTETRIC, (OUST), REST2, RESTIVE,
SUBSTANCE, from Latin st7re, to stand.
4. Suffixed form *st7-men-. ETAMINE, STAMEN, STAMMEL, from Latinst7men, thread of the warp (a technical term).
5. Suffixed form *st7-mon-. PENSTEMON, from Greek stKmon,thread.
6. Suffixed form *st7-ro-. STARETS, from Old Church Slavonicstarƒ, old (“long-standing”).
II. Zero-grade form *stN- (before consonants).
1. Nasalized extended form *stN-n-t-.
a. STAND, from Old English standan, to stand;
b. UNDERSTAND, from Old English understandan, to know,stand under (under-, under-; see idher);
c. STANDARD, from Frankish *standan, to stand;
d. STOUND, from Old English stund, a fixed time, while,from secondary zero-grade form in Germanic *stund-o.a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *standan.
2. Suffixed form *stN-tyo-. STITHY, from Old Norse stedhi, anvil,from Germanic *stathjon-.
3. Suffixed form *stN-tlo-. STADDLE, STARLING2, from Old Englishstathol, foundation, from Germanic *stathlaz.
4. Suffixed form *stN-mno-. STEM1, from Old English stefn, stem,tree trunk, from Germanic *stamniz.
5. Suffixed form *stN-ti-.
i. STEAD, from Old English stede, place;
ii. STADHOLDER, from Dutch stad, place;
iii. SHTETL, from Old High German stat, place. (i),(ii), and (iii) all from Germanic *stadiz;
b. STAT2, from Latin statim, at once;
c. STATION, from Latin statio, a standing still;
d. ARMISTICE, SOLSTICE, from Latin -stitium, a stoppage;
e. STASIS, from Greek stasis (see III. 1. b.), a standing, astandstill.
6. Suffixed form *stN-to-.
a. BESTEAD, from Old Norse stadhr, place, from Germanic*stadaz, placed;
b. -STAT, STATIC, STATICE, STATO-; ASTASIA, (ASTATINE), fromGreek statos, placed, standing.
7. Suffixed form *stN-no-.
a. DESTINE, from Latin dKstin7re, to make firm, establish(dK-, thoroughly; see de-);
b. OBSTINATE, from Latin obstin7re, to set one's mind on,persist (ob-, on; see epi).
8. Suffixed form *stN-tu-. STATE, STATISTICS, (STATUE), STATURE, STATUS,STATUTE; CONSTITUTE, DESTITUTE, INSTITUTE, PROSTITUTE, RESTITUTE,SUBSTITUTE, SUPERSTITION, from Latin status, manner, position,condition, attitude, with derivatives stat7ra, height, stature,statuere, to set up, erect, cause to stand, and superstes (< *-stN-t-), witness (“who stands beyond”).
9. Suffixed form *stN-dhlo-. STABLE2; CONSTABLE, from Latinstabulum, “standing place,” stable.
10. Suffixed form *stN-dhli-. ESTABLISH, STABLE1, from Latin stabilis,standing firm.
11. Suffixed form *stN-t7. -STAT; ENSTATITE, from Greek -statKs, onethat causes to stand, a standing.
III. Zero-grade form *st-, *st(N)- (before vowels).
1. Reduplicated form *si-st(N)-.
a. ASSIST, CONSIST, DESIST, EXIST, INSIST, INTERSTICE, PERSIST, RESIST,SUBSIST, from Latin sistere, to set, place, stop, stand;
b. APOSTASY, CATASTASIS, DIASTASIS, ECSTASY, EPISTASIS,EPISTEMOLOGY, HYPOSTASIS, ICONOSTASIS, ISOSTASY, METASTASIS,
PROSTATE, SYSTEM, from Greek histanai (aorist stanai), toset, place, with stasis (*stN-ti-), a standing (see II. 5. e.);
c. HISTO-; HISTIOCYTE, from Greek histos, web, tissue (
2. Compound form *tri-st-i-, “third person standing by” (seetrei-).
3. Compound form *por-st-i-, “that which stands before” (*por-,before, forth; see per1). POST1, from Latin postis, post.
4. Suffixed form *st-o- in compound *upo-st-o-, “one who standsunder” (see upo).
IV. Extended root *st7u- (< *staNu-), becoming *stau- before consonants,*st7w- before vowels; basic meaning “stout-standing, strong.”
1. Suffixed extended form *st7w-7. STOW, from Old English stow,place, from Germanic *stowo.
2. Probable o-grade suffixed extended form *stow-y7. STOA, STOIC,from Greek stoa, porch.
3. Suffixed extended form *stau-ro-.
i. STORE; INSTAURATION, from Latin Xnstaur7re, torestore, set upright again (in-, on; see en);
ii. RESTORE, from Latin restaur7re, to restore, rebuild(re-, anew, again; see re-);
b. STAUROLITE, from Greek stauros, cross, post, stake.
4. Variant *tau-ro-, bull (see tauro-).
V. Zero-grade extended root *st7- (< *stuN-). Suffixed form *st7-lo-.STYLITE; AMPHISTYLAR, ASTYLAR, EPISTYLE, HYPOSTYLE, PERISTYLE, PROSTYLE,STYLOBATE, from Greek stulos, pillar.
VI. Secondary full-grade form *steuN-. Suffixed form *steuN-ro-.THERAVADA, from Sanskrit sthavira-, thick, stout, old.
VII. Variant zero-grade extended root *stu-. Suffixed form *stu-t-.STUD1, from Old English stuthu, studu, post, prop.
VIII. Secondary full-grade form *steu-.
1. Suffixed form *steu-r7. STARBOARD, from Old English stKor-, asteering, from Germanic *steuro, “a steering.”
a. STEER1, from Old English stXeran, stKran, to steer;
b. STERN2, from Middle English sterne, stern of a boat,possibly from a source akin to Old Norse stjorn, arudder, a steering, derivative of st«ra, to steer. Both aand b from Germanic denominative *steurjan.
2. Suffixed form *steu-ro-, a larger domestic animal. STEER2, fromOld English stKor, steer, from Germanic *steuraz, ox.
3. STIRK, from Old English stXrc, stierc, calf, from Germanicdiminutive *steur-ika-, probably from st7-.
[Pokorny st7- 1004.]
(s)teg-Important derivatives are: thatch, deck2, deck1, thug, tile, detect, protect.To cover.
I. O-grade form *tog-.
a. THATCH, from Old English theccan, to cover;
b. DECK2, from Middle Dutch decken, to cover;
c. DECKLE, from Old High German decchen, to cover. a, b,and c all from Germanic *thakjan.
d. THATCH, from Old English thæc, thatch;
e. DECK1, from Middle Dutch dec, decke, roof, covering.Both a and b from Germanic *thakam.
2. Suffixed form *tog-7-, covering. TOGA, from Latin toga, toga.
3. THUG, from Sanskrit sthagayati, he covers, possibly from (s)teg-.
II. Basic form *steg-. STEGODON, from Greek stegein, to cover.
III. Basic form *teg-.
1. TECTRIX, TECTUM, TEGMEN, TEGMENTUM, TEGULAR, TEGUMENT, TILE,TUILLE; DETECT, INTEGUMENT, OBTECT, PROTECT, from Latin tegere, tocover, and tKgula, tile (with lengthened-grade root).
2. TAJ, from Persian t7j, crown.
[Pokorny 1. (s)teg- 1013.]
stegh-Important derivatives are: sting, stag.To stick, prick; pointed.
1. Perhaps nasalized form *stengh-. STING, from Old Englishstingan, to sting, from Germanic *stingan.
2. O-grade form *stogh-.
a. STAG, from Old English stagga, stag, from Germanic*stag-;
b. STOCHASTIC, from Greek stokhos, pointed stake or pillar(used as a target for archers), goal.
[Pokorny stegh- 1014.]
stei-Important derivatives are: stone, tungsten, stein.Stone.
Possibly contracted from *staNi-.
1. Suffixed o-grade form *stoi-no-.
a. STONE, from Old English st7n;
b. STEENBOK, from Middle Dutch steen, stone;
c. TUNGSTEN, from Old Norse steinn, stone;
d. STEIN, from Old High German stein, stone. a, b, c, andd all from Germanic *stainaz.
2. Possibly suffixed form *st7y-y (earlier *staNi-y). STEARIC, STEARIN,
STEATITE, STEATO-; STEAPSIN, from Greek stear, solid fat, suet.
[Pokorny st7i- 1010.]
steig-Important derivatives are: stitch, stick, etiquette, ticket, distinguish, instinct, stigma,tiger, instigate, steak.To stick; pointed. Partly blended with stegh-.
I. Zero-grade form *stig-.
1. STICKLEBACK, from Old English sticel, a prick, sting, fromGermanic suffixed form *stik-ilaz.
2. Suffixed form *stig-i-. STITCH, from Old English stice, a sting,prick, from Germanic *stikiz.
3. STICK, from Old English sticca, stick, from Germanic expressiveform *stikkon-.
4. (ETIQUETTE), TICKET, from Old French estiquier, to stick, fromGermanic stative *stikkKn, “to be stuck.”
5. SNICKERSNEE, from Middle Dutch steken, to stick, stab, fromGermanic blended variant *stekan.
6. Nasalized form *sti-n-g-. DISTINGUISH, EXTINGUISH, INSTINCT, fromLatin stinguere, to quench, perhaps originally to prick, and itsapparent derivative distinguere, to separate (phonological andsemantic transitions obscure).
7. Suffixed form *stig-yo-. STIGMA; ASTIGMATISM, from Greek stizein,to prick, tattoo.
8. Suffixed reduced form *tig-ro-. TIGER, from Greek tigris, tiger(from its stripes), from the same Iranian source as Old Persiantigra-, sharp, pointed, and Avestan tighri-, arrow.
II. Basic form *steig-. INSTIGATE, from Latin XnstXg7re, to urge, from -stXg7re,to spur on, prod.
III. Suffixed o-grade form *stoig-7-. STEAK, from Old Norse steik, roast,steak, and steikja, to roast (on a spit), from Germanic *staiko.
[Pokorny steig- 1016.]
steigh-Important derivatives are: stirrup, acrostic, stair.To stride, step, rise.
I. Basic form *steigh-. STY2; STIRRUP, from Old English stXgan, to go up, rise,from Germanic *stXgan.
II. Zero-grade form *stigh-.
1. STILE1, from Old English stigel, series of steps, from Germanic*stigila-.
2. Suffixed form *stigh-to-. STICKLE, from Old English stiht(i)an, tosettle, arrange, from Germanic *stihtan, “to place on a step orbase.”
3. Suffixed form *stigh-o-. STICH; ACROSTIC, CADASTRE, DISTICH,HEMISTICH, PENTASTICH, STICHOMETRY, STICHOMYTHIA, from Greekstikhos, row, line, line of verse.
III. O-grade form *stoigh-.
1. Suffixed form *stoigh-ri-. STAIR, from Old English st<ger, stair,step, from Germanic *staigrX.
2. STOICHIOMETRY, from Greek stoikheion, shadow line, element.
[Pokorny steigh- 1017.]
stel-Important derivatives are: still1, apostle, epistle, stall1, installment1, stallion, pedestal,install, gestalt, stole1, stalk1, stilt, stout.To put, stand; with derivatives referring to a standing object or place.
I. Basic form *stel-.
1. Suffixed form *stel-ni-. STILL1, from Old English stille, quiet,fixed, from Germanic *stilli-.
2. Suffixed form *stel-yo-. APOSTLE, DIASTOLE, EPISTLE, PERISTALSIS,SYSTALTIC, from Greek stellein, to put in order, prepare, send,
make compact (with o-grade and zero-grade forms stol- andstal-).
II. O-grade form *stol-.
1. Suffixed form *stol-no-.
a. STALL1; FORESTALL, from Old English steall, standing place,stable;
b. STALE1; INSTALLMENT1, from Old French estal, place;
c. STALLION, from Anglo-Norman estaloun, stallion;
d. PEDESTAL, from Old Italian stallo, stall;
e. INSTALL, from Medieval Latin stallum, stall;
f. GESTALT, from Old High German stellen, to set, place,from Germanic denominative *stalljan. a, b, c, d, e,and f all from Germanic *stalla-.
2. Suffixed form *stol-on-. STOLON, from Latin stolo, branch,shoot.
3. Suffixed form *stol-ido-. STOLID, from Latin stolidus, “firm-standing,” stupid.
4. Suffixed form *stol-7-.
a. STALK1, from Old English stalu, upright piece, stalk, fromGermanic *stalo-;
b. STOLE1, from Greek stolK, garment, array, equipment.
III. Zero-grade form *st_-.
1. Suffixed form *st_-to-. STULTIFY, from Latin stultus, foolish (<“unmovable, uneducated”).
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *st_-no-. STULL, (STOLLEN), from OldHigh German stollo, post, support, from Germanic *stullon-.
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *stal-n7-. STELE, from Greek stKlK,pillar.
IV. Extended form *steld-.
a. STILT, from Middle English stilte, crutch, stilt, from asource akin to Low German and Flemish stilte, stick,from Germanic *stiltjon-;
b. zero-grade form *st_d-. STOUT, from Old French estout,stout, from Germanic *stult-, “walking on stilts,”strutting.
[Pokorny 3. stel- 1019.]
(s)tenN-Important derivatives are: thunder, Thursday, tornado, astonish, detonate, stun.To thunder.
1. Zero-grade form *stiN-.
a. THUNDER; THURSDAY, from Old English thunor, thunder,Thor;
b. BLUNDERBUSS, DUNDERHEAD, from Middle Dutch doner,donder, thunder.
c. THOR, from Old Norse Thorr (older form Thunarr),“thunder,” thunder god. a, b, and c all from Germanic*thunaraz.
2. O-grade form *tonN-. TORNADO; ASTONISH, DETONATE, STUN, fromLatin ton7re, to thunder.
[Pokorny 1. (s)ten- 1021.]
ster-1
Important derivatives are: stare, stark, starch, stern1, stereo-, stork, strut, start,startle, starve, torpedo, torpor.Stiff.
I. O-grade form *stor-.
1. Suffixed form *stor-K-. STARE, from Old English starian, to stare,from Germanic *staren.
2. Extended form *stor-g-.
a. STARK, from Old English stearc, hard, severe, fromGermanic *starkaz;
b. STARCH, from Old English *stercan, to stiffen, fromGermanic denominative *starkjan.
II. Full-grade form *ster-.
1. STERN1, from Old English stierne, styrne, firm, from Germanic*sternjaz.
2. Suffixed form *ster-ewo-. STERE, STEREO-; CHOLESTEROL, fromGreek stereos, solid.
3. Lengthened-grade form *stKr-. STERIGMA, from Greek stKrizein,to support.
III. Zero-grade form *sty-.
1. Extended form *styg-. STORK, from Old English storc, stork(probably from the stiff movements of the bird), fromGermanic *sturkaz.
2. STRUT, from Old English str7tian, to stand out stiffly, fromGermanic *str7t-.
IV. Extended form *sterd-.
1. REDSTART, from Old English steort, tail, from Germanic *stertaz.
a. START, from Old English *styrtan, to leap up (
b. STARTLE, from Old English steartlian, to kick, struggle.Both a and b from Germanic *stert-.
V. Extended form *sterbh-. STARVE, from Old English steorfan, to die(*sterban.
VI. Extended form *(s)terp- in suffixed (stative) zero-grade form *typ-K-.TORPEDO, TORPID, TORPOR, from Latin torpKre, to be stiff.
[Pokorny 1. (s)ter- 1022.]
ster-2
Important derivatives are: structure, construct, destroy, instruct, obstruct, industry,
strew, straw, street, stratagem.Also sterN-To spread.
I. Extended form *streu-.
1. STRAIN2, from Old English strKon, something gained, offspring,from Germanic suffixed form *streu-nam.
2. STRUCTURE; CONSTRUCT, DESTROY, INSTRUCT, OBSTRUCT, SUBSTRUCTION,from Latin struere, to pile up, construct.
3. Zero-grade form *stru-. INDUSTRY, from Latin industrius,diligent, from Old Latin indostruus (endo-, within; see en).
4. BREMSSTRAHLUNG, from Old High German str7la, arrow, lightningbolt, from Germanic *strKlo.
II. O-grade extended form *strou-.
1. Suffixed form *strou-eyo-.
a. STREW, from Old English strK(o)wian, to strew;
b. STREUSEL, from Old High German strouwen, strowwen, tosprinkle, strew. Both a and b from Germanic *strawjan.
2. Suffixed form *strow-o. STRAW, from Old English strKaw, straw,from Germanic *strawam, “that which is scattered.”
III. O-grade extended form *stroi-. PERESTROIKA, from Old Russian strojV,order.
IV. Basic forms *ster-, *sterN-.
1. Nasalized form *ster-n-N-. STRATUS, STREET; CONSTERNATE,PROSTRATE, SUBSTRATUM, from Latin sternere (past participle str7tusfrom zero-grade *strN-to-), to stretch, extend.
2. Suffixed form *ster-no-. STERNUM, from Greek sternon, breast,breastbone.
V. Zero-grade form *sty-, *styN-.
1. Suffixed form *sty-to-. STRATAGEM; STRATOCRACY, from Greekstratos, multitude, army, expedition.
2. Suffixed form *styN-to-. STRATH, from Old Irish srath, a wide
river valley, from Celtic *s(t)rato-.
3. Suffixed extended form *styN-mi. STROMA; (STROMATOLITE), fromGreek stroma, mattress, bed.
[Pokorny 5. ster- 1029.]
ster-3
Important derivatives are: star, stellar, constellation, aster, asterisk, asteroid, disaster.Star.
1. Suffixed form *ster-s-. STAR, from Old English steorra, star,from Germanic *sterzon-.
2. Suffixed form *stKr-l7-. STELLAR, STELLATE; CONSTELLATION, fromLatin stKlla, star.
3. Oldest root form *Nster-. ASTER, ASTERIATED, ASTERISK, ASTERISM,ASTEROID, ASTRAL, ASTRO-; ASTRAPHOBIA, DISASTER, from Greek astKr,star, with its derivative astron, star, and possible compoundastrapK, asteropK, lightning, twinkling (ops, stem op-, eye,appearance; see okw-).
4. ESTHER, from Persian sitareh, star, from Iranian stem *st8r-.
[Pokorny 2. ster- 1027.]
streb(h)-Important derivatives are: strop, strophe, apostrophe1, catastrophe, stroboscope.To wind, turn.
1. STREPTO-, STROP, STROPHE, STROPHOID, STROPHULUS; ANASTROPHE,APOSTROPHE1, BOUSTROPHEDON, CATASTROPHE, DIASTROPHISM, fromGreek strephein, to wind, turn, twist, with o-grade derivativesstrophK, a turning, and strophion, headband.
2. Unaspirated o-grade form *strob-. STROBILUS; STROBOSCOPE, fromGreek strobos, a whirling, whirlwind.
3. Unaspirated zero-grade form *styb-. STRABISMUS, STRABOTOMY,from Greek strabos, squinting.
[Pokorny strebh- 1025.]
streig-Important derivatives are: strike, streak, stroke1, strain1, strict, stringent, constrain,prestige, restrict.To stroke, rub, press.
I. Basic form *streig-.
a. STRIKE, from Old English strXcan, to stroke;
b. TRICOT, from Old French estriquier, to strike. Both a andb from Germanic *strXkan.
2. STRICKLE, from Old English stricel, implement for leveling grain,from Germanic diminutive *strik-ila-.
3. STREAK, from Old English strica, stroke, line, from Germanic*strikon-.
II. O-grade form *stroig-. STROKE1, from Old English *str7c, stroke, fromGermanic *straik-.
III. Zero-grade form *strig-.
1. Suffixed form *strig-7-. STRIGOSE, from Latin striga, row ofgrain, furrow drawn lengthwise over the field.
2. Suffixed form *strig-y7-. STRIA, from Latin stria, furrow,channel.
3. Nasalized form *stri-n-g-. STRAIN1, STRAIT, STRICT, STRINGENDO,STRINGENT; ASTRINGENT, CONSTRAIN, DISTRAIN, PRESTIGE, RESTRICT, fromLatin stringere, to draw tight, press together.
4. STRIGIL, from Latin strigilis, strigil, possibly akin to stringere.
[Pokorny 1. streig- 1036; 4. ster- 1028.]
su-A derivative is: swastika.Well, good.
1. SWASTIKA, from Sanskrit sv-asti, well-being, good luck, from su-,well- (see es-).
2. Compound *su-gwiN-es-, “having good life” (see gwei-).
[Pokorny su- 1037.]
s7-Important derivatives are: swine, hog, socket, sow2, hyena.Pig.
Contracted from *suN-; probably a derivative of seuN-1.
1. Suffixed form *suN-Xno-.
a. SWINE, from Old English swXn, swine;
b. KEELSON, from Old Norse svXn, swine. Both a and b fromGermanic *swXnam.
2. Suffixed form *su-k7.
a. HOG, from Old English hogg, hog, from British *hukk-;
b. SOCKET, from Anglo-Norman soc, plowshare, perhapsfrom s7-. Both a and b from Celtic expressive form*sukko-, swine, snout of a swine, plowshare;
c. SOW2, from Old English sugu, sow, from Germanic*sugo.
3. Basic form *s7-. SOW2, from Old English s7, from Germanic*s7-.
4. SOIL2, from Latin s7s, pig.
5. HYENA; HYOSCINE, from Greek hus, swine.
[Pokorny s'-s 1038.]
sw7d-Important derivatives are: sweet, dissuade, persuade, suave, hedonism.Sweet, pleasant.
1. SWEET, from Old English swKte, sweet, from Germanic *swotja-.
2. Suffixed form *sw7d-K-. SUASION; (ASSUASIVE), DISSUADE, PERSUADE,from Latin su7dKre, to advise, urge (
3. Suffixed form *sw7d-w-i-. SOAVE, SUAVE; ASSUAGE, from Latinsu7vis, delightful.
4. Suffixed form *sw7d-es-. AEDES, from Greek Kdos, pleasure.
5. Suffixed form *sw7d-on7. HEDONIC, HEDONISM, from GreekhKdonK, pleasure.
[Pokorny s¯7d- 1039.]
s(w)e-Important derivatives are: self, gossip, bustle1, suicide, secede, seclude, secret, secure,sedition, seduce, segregate, select, separate, sure, sober, sole2, solitary, solitude, solo,sullen, desolate, soliloquy, custom, ethic, ethnic, idiom, idiot, idiosyncrasy..Pronoun of the third person and reflexive (referring back to the subject of thesentence); further appearing in various forms referring to the social group as anentity, “(we our-)selves.”
1. Suffixed extended form *sel-bho-. SELF, from Old English self,sylf, self, same, from Germanic *selbaz, self.
2. Suffixed form *s(w)e-bh(o)-. SIB; GOSSIP, from Old English sibb,relative, from Germanic *sibja-, “one's own,” blood relation,relative.
3. Suffixed form *se-ge. BUSTLE1, from Old Norse -sk, reflexivesuffix, as in b7ask, to make oneself ready, from sik, oneself(reflexive pronoun), from Germanic *sik, self.
4. Suffixed form *swoi-no-. SWAIN; (BOATSWAIN), from Old Norsesveinn, herdsman, boy, from Germanic *swainaz, “one's own(man),” attendant, servant.
5. Suffixed form *s(u)w-o-, one's own.
a. SUICIDE, from Latin suX (genitive), of oneself;
b. SWAMI, from Sanskrit sv7min, “one's own master,”owner, prince, from sva- (< *swo-), one's own.
6. Extended form *sed. SECEDE, SECERN, SECLUDE, SECRET, SECURE,SEDITION, SEDUCE, SEDULOUS, SEGREGATE, SELECT, SEPARATE, (SURE), fromLatin sKd, sK, sK-, without, apart (
a. SOBER, from Latin compound sobrius, not drunk (Kbrius,drunk; see Kgwh-).
7. Possibly suffixed lengthened o-grade form *so-lo. SOLE2,SOLITARY, SOLITUDE, SOLO, SULLEN; DESOLATE, SOLILOQUY, SOLIPSISM,from Latin solus, by oneself alone.
8. Extended root *swLdh-, “that which is one's own,” peculiarity,custom.
a. SODALITY, from Latin sod7lis, companion (< “one's own,”“relative”);
b. suffixed form *swKdh-sko-. (CONSUETUDE), CUSTOM,DESUETUDE, MANSUETUDE, MASTIFF, from Latin suKscere, toaccustom, get accustomed;
c. ETHIC, ETHOS; CACOETHES, from Greek Kthos, custom,disposition, trait;
d. suffixed form *swedh-no-. ETHNIC, ETHNO-, from Greekethnos, band of people living together, nation, people (
9. Suffixed extended form *swet-aro-. HETAERA, from Greekhetairos, comrade, companion, earlier hetaros.
10. Suffixed extended form *swed-yo-. IDIO-, IDIOM, IDIOT;(IDIOPATHY), (IDIOSYNCRASY), from Greek idios, personal, private(“particular to oneself”).
11. Suffixed form *swei-no-. SINN FEIN, from Old Irish fKin, self.
12. Suffixed (ablatival) form *swe-tos, from oneself. KHEDIVE, fromOld Iranian khvad7ta-, lord, by haplology from compoundform *khvato-d7ta-, created from oneself (d7ta-, created; seedhK-).
[Pokorny se- 882.]
sweid-
An important derivative is: sweat.Sweat; to sweat.
I. O-grade form *swoid-.
1. SWEAT, from Old English sw<tan, to sweat, from Germanic*swaitaz, sweat, with its denominative *swaitjan, to sweat.
2. Suffixed form *swoid-os-. SUDORIFIC; SUDORIFEROUS, from Latins7dor, sweat.
3. O-grade form *swoid-7-. SUDATORIUM, SUINT; EXUDE, TRANSUDE,from Latin s7d7re, to sweat.
II. Suffixed zero-grade form *swid-r-os-. HIDROSIS, from Greek hidros,sweat.
[Pokorny 2. s¯eid- 1043.]
s(w)eksImportant derivatives are: six, semester, sestet, sextant, hexa-.Six.
I. Form *seks.
1. SIX; SIXTEEN, SIXTY, from Old English s(i)ex, six, with derivativessixtig, sixty, and sixt«ne, sixteen (-t«ne, ten; see dekc), fromGermanic *seks.
2. SENARY, SEX-; SEICENTO, SEMESTER, from Latin sex, six.
3. Suffixed form *seks-to-. SESTET, SESTINA, SEXT, SEXTANT, SEXTILE;SEXTODECIMO, from Latin sextus, sixth.
II. Form *sweks. HEXA-, HEXAD, from Greek hex, six.
[Pokorny s¯eˆs 1044.]
swel-Important derivatives are: swill, swallow1.To eat, drink.
1. SWILL, from Old English swilian, to wash out, gargle, from
Germanic *swil-, perhaps from swel-.
2. Extended form *swelk-. SWALLOW1; GROUNDSEL1, from Old Englishswelgan, to swallow, from Germanic *swelgan, *swelhan.
3. MANTICORE, from Greek mantikhoras, manticore, probably fromIranian *khv7ra-, eating.
[Pokorny 1. s¯el(k)- 1045.]
swen-Important derivatives are: swan, sonic, sonnet, sound1, unison, sonata, sonorous,consonant, dissonant, resound.To sound.
1. Suffixed o-grade form *swon-o-.
a. SWAN, from Old English swan, swan, from Germanic*swanaz, *swanon-, “singer”;
b. SONE, SONIC, SONNET, SOUND1; UNISON, from Latin sonus, asound.
2. Form *swen-7-. SONANT, SONATA, SONOROUS; ASSONANCE, CONSONANT,DISSONANT, RESOUND, from Latin son7re, to sound.
[Pokorny s¯en- 1046.]
swep-Important derivatives are: insomnia, hypnosis.To sleep.
1. Suffixed form *swep-os-. SOPOR; (SOPORIFIC), from Latin sopor, adeep sleep.
2. Suffixed form *swep-no-. SOMNI-, SOMNOLENT; INSOMNIA, fromLatin somnus, sleep.
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *sup-no-. HYPNO-, (HYPNOSIS), HYPNOTIC,from Greek hupnos, sleep.
[Pokorny 1. s¯ep- 1048.]
swer-Important derivatives are: swear, answer..To speak, talk.
O-grade form *swor-
a. SWEAR, from Old English swerian, to swear, proclaim,from Germanic *swarjan;
b. ANSWER, from Old English andswaru, answer, fromGermanic *and-swaro, “a swearing against,” “rebuttal”(*andi-, against; see ant-).
[Pokorny 1. s¯er- 1049.]
swesor-Important derivatives are: sister, cousin, sorority.Sister.
1. Zero-grade form *swesr-.
a. SISTER, from Old English sweostor, sister, and Old Norsesystir, sister, both from Germanic *swestr-;
b. suffixed form *swesr-Xno-. COUSIN, from Latin sobrinus,maternal cousin.
2. SORORAL, SORORITY, from Latin soror, sister.
[Pokorny s¯esor- 1051.]
swo-Important derivatives are: so1, such.Pronominal stem; so.
Derivative of s(w)e-.
a. SO1, from Old English sw7, so;
b. SUCH, from Old English swylc, such, from Germaniccompound *swa-lXk-, “so like,” of the same kind (*lXk-,
same; see lXk-).
1. Adverbial form *swai. NISI, QUASI, from Latin sX, if, in nisi, unless(nX, not; see ne- + sX, if), quasi (quam, as; see kwo- + sX, if).
[In Pokorny 2. seu- 882.]
sy7-Important derivatives are: sew, seam, suture, couture, hymen.To bind, sew.
I. Basic form *sy7-. SEW, from Old English seowian, siowan, to sew, fromGermanic *siwjan.
II. Variant form *s7-.
1. SEAM, from Old English sKam, seam, from Germanic *saumaz.
2. SUTURE; COUTURE, from Latin suere (past participle s7tus), to sew.
3. Suffixed form *s7-dhl7-. SUBULATE, from Latin s7bula, awl (
4. Suffixed form *s7-tro-. SUTRA; KAMASUTRA, from Sanskrit s7tram,thread, string.
III. Suffixed shortened form *syu-men-. HYMEN, from Greek humKn, thinskin, membrane.
[Pokorny s˜7- 915.]
tag-Important derivatives are: tact, tangent, tangible, taste, tax, attain, contact, intact,entire, integer, contaminate.To touch, handle.
14. Nasalized form *ta-n-g-. TACT, TANGENT, TANGIBLE, TASTE, TAX;ATTAIN, CONTACT, INTACT, TACTORECEPTOR, TANGORECEPTOR, fromLatin tangere, to touch, with derivatives tax7re, to touch, assess(possibly a frequentative of tangere, but probably influenced byGreek tassein, taxai, to arrange, assess), and t7ctus, touch.
15. Compound form *i-tag-ro-, “untouched, intact” (*i-, negative
prefix; see ne). ENTIRE, INTEGER, INTEGRATE, INTEGRITY, from Latininteger, intact, whole, complete, perfect, honest.
16. Suffixed form *tag-smen-. CONTAMINATE, from Latincont7min7re, to corrupt by mixing or contact (< *con-t7men-,“bringing into contact with”; con-, com-, with; see kom).
[Pokorny tag- 1054.]
tauro-Important derivatives are: Taurus, toreador, torero.Bull.
Derivative of st7-, but an independent word in Indo-European.
21. TAURINE1, TAURUS, TOREADOR, TORERO; BITTERN1, from Latin taurus,bull.
22. TAURINE2; TAUROCHOLIC ACID, from Greek tauros, bull.
[In Pokorny tKu- 1083.]
tegu-An important derivative is: thick.Thick.
THICK, from Old English thicce, thick, from Germanic *thiku-.
[Pokorny tegu- 1057.]
tek-A derivative is: thane.To beget, give birth to.
5. Suffixed form *tek-no-, child. THANE, from Old English thegn,freeman, nobleman, military vassal, warrior, from Germanic*thegnaz, boy, man, servant, warrior.
6. Suffixed o-grade form *tok-o-. OXYTOCIC, POLYTOCOUS, TOCOLOGY,from Greek tokos, birth.
[Pokorny 1. tek- 1057.]
teks-Important derivatives are: text, tissue, context, pretext, subtle, architect, technical,technology.To weave; also to fabricate, especially with an ax; also to make wicker or wattlefabric for (mud-covered) house walls.
29. TEXT, TISSUE; CONTEXT, PRETEXT, from Latin texere, to weave,fabricate.
30. Suffixed form *teks-l7.
a. TILLER2, TOIL2, from Latin tKla, web, net, warp of a fabric,also weaver's beam (to which the warp threads are tied);
b. SUBTLE, from Latin subtXlis, thin, fine, precise, subtle (<*sub-tKla, “thread passing under the warp,” the finestthread; sub, under; see upo).
31. Suffixed form *teks-on, weaver, maker of wattle for housewalls, builder (possibly contaminated with *teks-tor, builder).TECTONIC; ARCHITECT, from Greek tekton, carpenter, builder.
32. Suffixed form *teks-n7-, craft (of weaving or fabricating).TECHNICAL, (POLYTECHNIC), TECHNOLOGY, from Greek tekhnK, art,craft, skill.
a. DACHSHUND, from Old High German dahs, badger;
b. DASSIE, from Middle Dutch das, badger. Both a and bfrom Germanic *thahsu-, badger, possibly from teks-(“the animal that builds,” referring to its burrowingskill) but more likely borrowed from the same pre-Indo-European source as the Celtic totemic nameTazgo-, Gaelic Tadhg, originally “badger.”
[Pokorny teˆt- 1058.]
telN-Important derivatives are: toll1, philately, tolerate, retaliate, talent, tantalize,Atlantic, Atlas, collate, elate, legislator, relate, superlative, translate, extol.
To lift, support, weigh; with derivatives referring to measured weights and thenceto money and payment.
7. Suffixed form *telN-mon-. TELAMON, from Greek telamon,supporter, bearer.
8. Suffixed form *tel(N)-es-.
a. TOLL1; PHILATELY, from Greek telos, tax, charge;
b. TOLERATE, from Latin toler7re, to bear, endure.
9. Suffixed zero-grade form *t_N-i-. TALION; RETALIATE, from Latint7lio, reciprocal punishment in kind, possibly “something paidout,” from *tali- (influenced by t7lis, such).
10. Suffixed variant zero-grade form *tala-nt-. TALENT, from Greektalanton, balance, weight, any of several specific weights of goldor silver, hence the sum of money represented by such aweight.
11. Perhaps (but unlikely) intensive reduplicated form *tantal-.(TANTALIZE), TANTALUS, from Greek Tantalos, name of alegendary king, “the sufferer.”
12. Perhaps (but unlikely) zero-grade form *t_N-. ATLANTIC, ATLAS,from Greek Atlas (stem Atlant-), name of the Titan supportingthe world.
13. Suffixed zero-grade form *t_N-to-. ABLATION, COLLATE, DILATORY,ELATE, ILLATION, LEGISLATOR, OBLATE1, PRELATE, PROLATE, RELATE,SUBLATE, SUPERLATIVE, TRANSLATE, from Latin l7tus, “carried,borne,” used as the suppletive past participle of ferre, to bear(see bher-1), with its compounds.
14. Suffixed zero-grade form *t_N-7-. TOLA, from Sanskrit tul7,scales, balance, weight.
15. Nasalized zero-grade form *t_-n-N-. EXTOL, from Latin tollere, tolift.
[Pokorny 1. tel- 1060.]
tem-
Important derivatives are: tome, anatomy, atom, diatom, epitome, temple1,contemplate.Also temN-To cut.
IV. Form *temN-. Nasalized form *t(e)m-n-N-. TMESIS, TOME, (-TOME), -TOMY;ANATOMY, ATOM, DIATOM, DICHOTOMY, ENTOMO-, EPITOME, from Greektemnein, to cut, with o-grade forms tomos, cutting, a cut, section,volume, and tomK, a cutting.
V. Form *tem-.
1. Suffixed form *tem-lo-. TEMPLE1, TEMPLE3; CONTEMPLATE, fromLatin templum, temple, shrine, open place for observation(augury term
2. Extended root *tem-d- becoming *tend- in o-grade suffixed(iterative) form *tond-eyo-. TONSORIAL, TONSURE, from LatintondKre, to shear, shave.
[Pokorny 1. tem-, tend- 1062.]
ten-Important derivatives are: tend1, tendon, tense1, tent1, attend, contend, extend,intend, pretend, hypotenuse, sitar, tenacious, tenant, tenement, tenor, tenure, contain,continue, detain, entertain, lieutenant, maintain, obtain, pertain, retain, sustain,thin, tenuous, tender1, tone.To stretch.
III. Derivatives with the basic meaning.
1. Suffixed form *ten-do-.
a. TEND1, TENDER2, TENSE1, TENT1; ATTEND, CONTEND, DETENT,DISTEND, EXTEND, INTEND, OSTENSIBLE, PRETEND, SUBTEND, fromLatin tendere, to stretch, extend;
b. PORTEND, from Latin portendere, “to stretch out before”(por-, variant of pro-, before; see per1), a technical termin augury, “to indicate, presage, foretell.”
2. Suffixed form *ten-yo-. TENESMUS; ANATASE, BRONCHIECTASIS,CATATONIA, EPITASIS, HYPOTENUSE, PERITONEUM, PROTASIS, SYNTONIC,TELANGIECTASIA, from Greek teinein, to stretch, with o-grade
form ton- and zero-grade noun tasis (< *ti-ti-), a stretching,tension, intensity.
3. Reduplicated zero-grade form *te-tan-o-. TETANUS, from Greektetanos, stiff, rigid.
4. Suffixed full-grade form *ten-tro-.
a. TANTRA, from Sanskrit tantram, loom;
b. SITAR, from Persian t7r, string.
5. Basic form (with stative suffix) *ten-K-. TENABLE, TENACIOUS,TENACULUM, TENANT, TENEMENT, TENET, TENON, TENOR, TENURE, TENUTO;ABSTAIN, CONTAIN, (CONTINUE), DETAIN, ENTERTAIN, LIEUTENANT,MAINTAIN, OBTAIN, PERTAIN, PERTINACIOUS, RETAIN, (RETINACULUM),SUSTAIN, from Latin tenKre, to hold, keep, maintain (
IV. Derivatives meaning “stretched,” hence “thin.”
1. Suffixed zero-grade form *ti-u-. THIN, from Old Englishthynne, thin, from Germanic *thunniz, from *thunw-.
2. Suffixed full-grade form *ten-u-. TENUOUS; ATTENUATE, EXTENUATE,from Latin tenuis, thin, rare, fine.
3. Suffixed full-grade form *ten-ero-. TENDER1, (TENDRIL), fromLatin tener, tender, delicate.
V. Derivatives meaning “something stretched or capable of beingstretched, a string.”
1. Suffixed form *ten-on-. TENDON, TENO-, from Greek tenon,tendon.
2. Suffixed o-grade form *ton-o-. TONE; (BARITONE), TONOPLAST,from Greek tonos, string, hence sound, pitch.
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *ti-ya-. TAENIA; POLYTENE, from Greektainia, band, ribbon.
[Pokorny 1. ten- 1065.]
terN-1
Important derivatives are: trite, detriment, thrash, thresh, threshold, turn, contour,return, drill1, throw, thread, trauma, truant.To rub, turn; with some derivatives referring to twisting, boring, drilling, andpiercing; and others referring to the rubbing of cereal grain to remove the husks,and thence to the process of threshing either by the trampling of oxen or byflailing with flails. Variant *trK-, contracted from *treN-.
V. Full-grade form *ter(N)-.
a. TRITE, TRITURATE; ATTRITION, CONTRITE, DETRIMENT, fromLatin terere (past participle trXtus), to rub away, thresh,tread, wear out;
b. TEREDO, from Greek terKdon, a kind of biting worm.
2. Suffixed form *ter-et-. TERETE, from Latin teres (stem teret-),rounded, smooth.
3. Suffixed form *ter-sko-.
a. (THRASH), THRESH, from Old English therscan, to thresh;
b. THRESHOLD, from Old English therscold, threscold, sill of adoor (over which one treads; second element obscure).Both a and b from Germanic *therskan, *threskan, tothresh, tread.
VI. O-grade form *tor(N)-.
1. TOREUTICS, from Greek toreus, a boring tool.
2. Suffixed form *tor(N)-mo-, hole. DERMA2, from Old HighGerman darm, gut, from Germanic *tharma-.
3. Suffixed form *tor(N)-no-. TURN; (ATTORN), CONTOUR, (DETOUR),(RETURN), from Greek tornos, tool for drawing a circle, circle,lathe.
VII. Zero-grade form *tr-. DRILL1, from Middle Dutch drillen, to drill,from Germanic *thr-.
VIII. Variant form *trK- (< *treN-).
1. THROW, from Old English thr7wan, to turn, twist, fromGermanic *thrKw-.
2. Suffixed form *trK-tu-. THREAD, from Old English thr<d, thread,from Germanic *thrKdu-, twisted yarn.
3. Suffixed form *trK-mi (< *treN- or *tyN-). MONOTREME,TREMATODE, from Greek trKma, perforation.
4. Suffixed form *trK-ti- (< *treN- or *tyN-). ATRESIA, from GreektrKsis, perforation.
IX. Extended form *trX- (< *triN-).
1. Probably suffixed form *trX-on-. SEPTENTRION, from Latin trio,plow ox.
2. Suffixed form *trX-dhlo-. TRIBULATION, from Latin trXbulum, athreshing sledge.
X. Various extended forms
1. Forms *tro-, *trau-. TRAUMA, from Greek trauma, hurt, wound.
2. Form *trXb-. DIATRIBE, TRIBOELECTRICITY, TRIBOLOGY, TRYPSIN, fromGreek tribein, to rub, thresh, pound, wear out.
3. Form *trog-, *trag-.
a. TROGON, TROUT, from Greek trogein, to gnaw;
b. DREDGE2, from Greek tragKma, sweetmeat.
4. Form *trup-. TREPAN1; TRYPANOSOME, from Greek trupK, hole.
5. Possible form *tr7g-. TRUANT, from Old French truant, beggar.
[Pokorny 3. ter- 1071.]
terN-2
Important derivatives are: thrill, nostril, thorough, through, trans-, transient, trench,trunk.To cross over, pass through, overcome. Variant *tr7-, contracted from *traN-.
I. Zero-grade form *ty(N)-.
1. THRILL; NOSTRIL, from Old English thyr(e)l, th«rel, a hole (*thur-ila-.
2. Suffixed form *tyN-kwe. THOROUGH, THROUGH, from Old Englishthurh, thuruh, through, from Germanic *thurh.
3. (see nek-1) Greek nek-tar, overcoming death.
4. Zero-grade form *tyN- and full-grade form *ter(N)-. AVATAR,from Sanskrit tirati, tarati, he crosses over.
II. Variant form *tr7- (< *traN-).
1. TRANS-, TRANSIENT, (TRANSOM), from Latin tr7ns, across, over,beyond, through (perhaps originally the present participle of averb *tr7re, to cross over).
2. Suffixed form *tr7-yo-. CARAVANSARY, from Persian sar7y, inn,from Middle Persian sr7yXdhan, to protect, from Iranianthr7ya-, to protect.
III. Possible extended form *tru-.
1. Suffixed form *tru-k-. TRUCULENT, from Latin trux (stem truc-),savage, fierce, grim (< “overcoming,” “powerful,”“penetrating”).
2. Suffixed nasalized form *tru-n-k-o-. TRENCH, TRUNCATE, TRUNK,from Latin truncus, deprived of branches or limbs, mutilated,hence trunk (? < “overcome, maimed”).
[Pokorny 5. ter- 1075.]
terkw-Important derivatives are: queer, thwart, torch, torment, torque1, tortuous, distort,extort, nasturtium, retort1.To twist.
Extension of terN-1.
23. Possible variant form *t(w)erk-.
a. QUEER, from Middle Low German dwer, oblique;
b. THWART, from Old Norse thverr, transverse. Both a andb from Germanic *thwerh-, twisted, oblique.
24. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *torkw-eyo-. TORCH, TORMENT,TORQUE1, TORQUE2, TORSADE, TORT, TORTUOUS, TRUSS; CONTORT, DISTORT,EXTORT, NASTURTIUM, RETORT1, TORTICOLLIS, from Latin torquKre, totwist.
[Pokorny terk- 1077.]
ters-Important derivatives are: thirst, terrace, terrain, terrier, territory, inter,mediterranean, subterranean, toast1, torrent, torrid.To dry.
5. Suffixed zero-grade form *tys-.
a. THIRST, from Old English thurst, dryness, thirst, fromGermanic suffixed form *thurs-tu-;
b. CUSK, from Old Norse thorskr, cod (a and b fromGermanic *thurs-.
6. Suffixed basic form *ters-7-. TERRACE, (TERRAIN), TERRAN, TERRENE,TERRESTRIAL, TERRIER, TERRITORY, TUREEN; FUMITORY, INTER,MEDITERRANEAN, PARTERRE, SUBTERRANEAN, TERRAQUEOUS, TERREPLEIN,TERRE-VERTE, TERRICOLOUS, TERRIGENOUS, TURMERIC, VERDITER, fromLatin terra, “dry land,” earth.
7. Suffixed o-grade form *tors-eyo-. TOAST1, TORRENT, TORRID, fromLatin torrKre, to dry, parch, burn.
8. Suffixed zero-grade form *tys-o-. TARSUS, from Greek tarsos,frame of wickerwork (originally for drying cheese), hence a flatsurface, sole of the foot, ankle.
[Pokorny ters- 1078.]
teuN-Important derivatives are: thigh, thousand, thimble, thumb, tumor, truffle, tuber,butter, tomb.Also teu-To swell.
16. Extended form *teuk-. THIGH, from Old English thKoh, thigh,from Germanic *theuham, “the swollen or fat part of the leg,”
thigh.
17. Extended form *t7s-. THOUSAND, from Old English th7send,thousand, from Germanic compound *th7s-hundi-, “swollenhundred,” thousand (*hundi-, hundred; see dekc).
18. Probably suffixed zero-grade form *tu-l-.
a. THOLE PIN, from Old English thol(l), oar pin, oarlock(*thul-;
b. TYLECTOMY, TYLOSIS1, from Greek tulos, callus, lump.
19. Extended zero-grade form *t7m-.
a. THIMBLE, THUMB, from Old English th7ma, thumb(*th7mon-;
b. suffixed (stative) form *tum-K-. TUMESCENT, TUMID,TUMOR; DETUMESCENCE, INTUMESCE, TUMEFACIENT, (TUMEFY),from Latin tumKre, to swell, be swollen, be proud;
c. suffixed form *tum-olo-. TUMULUS, from Latin tumulus,raised heap of earth, mound.
20. Extended zero-grade form *t7bh-. TRUFFLE, TUBER; PROTUBERATE,from Latin t7ber, lump, swelling.
21. Suffixed zero-grade form *t7-ro- (< *tuN-ro-).
a. BUTTER, TYROSINE, TYROTHRICIN, from Greek turos, cheese (
b. OBTURATE, from Latin -t7r7re, to stop up, possibly from*t7ros, swollen, coagulated, stopped up.
22. Suffixed variant form *two-ro-. SORITES, SORUS, from Greek soros,heap, pile.
23. Suffixed variant form *two-mi. SOMA, SOMATO-, -SOME3; PROSOMA,from Greek soma, body (
24. Suffixed zero-grade form *twN-wo-. CREOSOTE, SOTERIOLOGY, fromGreek sozein, to save, rescue, derivative of saos, sos, safe, healthy(< “swollen,” “strong”).
25. Perhaps nasalized extended form *tu-m-b(h)- (or extended
zero-grade form *tum-). TOMB, from Greek tumbos, barrow,tomb.
[Pokorny tKu- 1080.]
teut7-Important derivatives are: Dutch, Teuton, total.Tribe.
a. DUTCH, from Middle Dutch duutsch, German, of theGermans or Teutons;
b. PLATTDEUTSCH, from Old High German diutisc, of thepeople. Both a and b from Germanic *theudiskaz, ofthe people, derivative of *theud7-, people.
10. Suffixed form *teut-onos, “they of the tribe.” TEUTON, fromLatin TeutonX, the Teutons, borrowed via Celtic from Germanictribal name *theudanoz.
11. TOTAL, TUTTI; FACTOTUM, TEETOTUM, from Latin totus, all, whole,possibly from teut7- (?
[In Pokorny tKu- 1080.]
tkei-Important derivatives are: home, hamlet, haunt, hangar, situate.To settle, dwell, be home.
10. Suffixed o-grade form *(t)koi-mo-.
a. HOME, from Old English h7m, home;
b. NIFLHEIM, from Old Norse heimr, home;
c. HAIMISH, from Old High German heim, home;
d. HAME, from Middle Dutch hame, hame (< “covering”);
e. HAMLET, from Old French ham, village, home;
f. HAUNT, from Old French hanter, to frequent, haunt,from Germanic *haimatjan, to go or bring home;
g. HANGAR, from Old French hangard, shelter, possiblyfrom Germanic *haimgardaz (*gardaz, enclosure; seegher-1). a, b, c, d, e, f, and g all from Germanic*haimaz, home.
11. Zero-grade form *tki-.
a. AMPHICTYONY, from Greek ktizein, to found, settle, frommetathesized kti-;
b. SITUATE, SITUS, from Latin situs, location, from suffixedform *si-tu- from si-, probably from *tki-.
[Pokorny 1. ˆei- 539, ˆtei- 626.]
to-Important derivatives are: the1, decoy, though, these, this, than, then, there, they,their, them, that, those, thus, tandem.Demonstrative pronoun.
For the nominative singular see so-.
a. THE2; NATHELESS, from Old English thK, th« (instrumentalcase), by the;
b. DECOY, from Middle Dutch de, the. Both a and b fromGermanic *thK-.
18. THOUGH, from Middle English though, though, from aScandinavian source akin to Old Norse tho, though, fromGermanic *thauh, “for all that.”
19. THESE, THIS, (THOSE), from Old English thes, this, this, fromGermanic *thasi-.
20. THAN, THEN, from Old English thanne, thænne, thenne, than,then, from Germanic *thana-.
21. THENCE, from Old English thanon, thence, from Germanic*thanana-.
22. THERE, from Old English th<r, thKr, there, from Germanic *thKr.
23. THITHER, from Old English thæder, thider, thither, from
Germanic *thathro.
24. THEY, from Old Norse their, they, from Germanic nominativeplural *thai.
25. THEIR, from Old Norse their(r)a, theirs, from Germanic genitiveplural *thaira.
26. THEM, from Old Norse theim and Old English th<m, them,from Germanic dative plural *thaimiz.
27. Extended neuter form *tod-. THAT, from Old English thæt, that,from Germanic *that.
28. THUS, from Old English thus, thus, from Germanic *thus-.
29. Adverbial (originally accusative) form *tam. TANDEM,TANTAMOUNT, from Latin tandem, at last, so much, and tantus, somuch.
30. Suffixed reduced form *t-7li-. TALES, from Latin t7lis, such.
31. TAUTO-, from Greek to, the.
[Pokorny 1. to- 1086.]
tolkw-Important derivatives are: loquacious, circumlocution, colloquium, elocution,soliloquy, ventriloquism.To speak.
Metathesized form *tlokw-. LOCUTION, LOQUACIOUS; ALLOCUTION, CIRCUMLOCUTION,COLLOQUIUM, (COLLOQUY), ELOCUTION, GRANDILOQUENCE, INTERLOCUTION,MAGNILOQUENT, OBLOQUY, SOLILOQUY, VENTRILOQUISM, from Latin loquX, to speak.
[Pokorny tolk¯- 1088.]
tong-Important derivatives are: thank, think, thought.To think, feel.
4. THANK, from Old English thanc, thought, good will, andthancian, to thank, from Germanic *thankaz, thought,
gratitude, and *thankon, to think of, thank.
5. BETHINK, THINK, from Old English (bi)thencan, to think, fromGermanic *(bi-)thankjan.
6. THOUGHT, from Old English (ge)thoht, thought, from Germanic*(ga)thanht- (*ga-, collective prefix; see kom).
7. METHINKS, from Old English thyncan, (third person singularpresent indicative thyncth), to seem, from Germanic *thunkjan.
[Pokorny 1. tong- 1088.]
treb-Derivatives are: thorp, trave.Dwelling.
5. Zero-grade form *tyb-. THORP, from Old English thorp, village,hamlet, from Germanic *thurp-.
6. TRABEATED, TRABECULA, TRAVE; ARCHITRAVE, from Latin trabs, beam,timber.
[Pokorny treb- 1090.]
trei-Important derivatives are: three, thrice, thirteen, thirty, trio, third, tertiary, triple,testament, testimony, attest, contest, detest, protest, testify, sitar, trinity.Three.
I. Nominative plural form *treyes.
a. THREE, THRICE; THIRTEEN, THIRTY, from Old English thrXe,thrKo, thrX, three, with its derivatives thrXga, thrXwa,thrice, thrXtig, thirty, and thrKotXne, thirteen (-tXne, ten;see dekc);
b. TRILLIUM, from Old Swedish thrXr, three. Both a and bfrom Germanic *thrijiz,
2. TREY; TRAMMEL, TRECENTO, TREPHINE, TRIUMVIR, TROCAR, from LatintrKs, three.
3. TRISKAIDEKAPHOBIA, from Greek treis, tris, three.
II. Zero-grade form *tri-.
1. Suffixed form *tri-tyo-.
i. THIRD, from Old English thrid(d)a, thirdda, third;
ii. RIDING2, from Old Norse thridhi, third. Both (i)and (ii) from Germanic *thridjaz, third;
b. TERCEL, TERCET, TERTIAN, TERTIARY, TIERCE; SESTERCE, fromLatin tertius (neuter tertium), third.
2. Combining form *tri-.
a. TRI-, TRIBE, TRIO, TRIPLE, from Latin tri-, three;
b. TRI-; TRICLINIUM, TRICROTIC, TRIDACTYL, TRIGLYPH, TRITONE,from Greek tri-, three;
c. TRIMURTI, from Sanskrit tri-, three.
3. TRIAD, from Greek trias, the number three.
4. TRICHOTOMY, from Greek trikha, in three parts.
5. TRIERARCH, from Greek compound triKrKs, galley with threebanks of oars, trireme (-KrKs, oar; see erN-).
6. Suffixed form *tri-to-. TRITIUM; TRITANOPIA, from Greek tritos,third.
7. Compound form *tri-pl-, “threefold” (*-pl- *-plo-; see pel-2).TRIPLOBLASTIC, from Greek triploos, triple.
8. Compound form *tri-plek-, “threefold” (*-plek-, -fold; seeplek-). TRIPLEX, from Latin triplex, triple.
9. Compound form *tri-st-i-, “third person standing by” (see st7-). TESTAMENT, (TESTIMONY); ATTEST, CONTEST, DETEST, OBTEST, PROTEST,TESTIFY, from Latin testis, a witness.
10. SITAR, from Persian si, three.
III. Extended zero-grade form *tris, “thrice.”
1. TERN2; TERPOLYMER, from Latin ter, thrice.
2. TRISOCTAHEDRON, from Greek tris, thrice.
3. Suffixed form *tris-no-. TRINE, (TRINITY), from Latin trXnX, threeeach.
IV. Suffixed o-grade form *troy-o-. TROIKA, from Russian troje, group ofthree.
[Pokorny trei- 1090.]
trep-Important derivatives are: trope, contrive, retrieve, trophy, tropic, entropy.To turn.
4. -TROPOUS; APOTROPAIC, (ATROPOS), TREPONEMA, from Greek trepein,to turn, with o-grade tropos, turning.
5. O-grade form *trop-.
a. suffixed form *trop-o-. TROPE, (TROUBADOUR), (TROVER);CONTRIVE, (RETRIEVE), from Greek tropos, a turn, way,manner;
b. suffixed form *trop-7-. TROPHY, TROPIC, TROPO-; ENTROPY,from Greek tropK, a turning, change.
[Pokorny 2. trep- 1094.]
treud-Important derivatives are: threat, thrust, intrude, protrude.To squeeze.
18. Suffixed o-grade form *troud-o-. THREAT, from Old EnglishthrKat, oppression, use of force, from Germanic *thrautam.
19. Variant form *tr7d-. THRUST, from Old Norse thr«sta, tosqueeze, compress, from Germanic *thr7stjan.
20. ABSTRUSE, EXTRUDE, INTRUDE, OBTRUDE, PROTRUDE, from Latin tr7dere,to thrust, push.
[Pokorny tr-eu-d 1095.]
tu-Important derivatives are: thee, thou1, thine, thy.Second person singular pronoun; you, thou.
5. Lengthened form *t7 (accusative *te, *tege). (THEE), THOU1, fromOld English th7 (accusative thec, thK), thou, from Germanic*th7 (accusative *theke).
6. Suffixed extended form *t(w)ei-no-. THINE, THY, from OldEnglish thXn, thine, from Germanic *thXnaz.
[Pokorny tu- 1097.]
ud-Important derivatives are: out, utmost, carouse, outlaw, utter1, utter2, but, about,ersatz, hubris.Also 7d-Up, out.
a. OUT; UTMOST, from Old English 7t, out;
b. CAROUSE; AUSLANDER, from Old High German 7z, out;
c. OUTLAW, from Old Norse 7t, out;
d. UITLANDER, from Middle Dutch ute, uut, out;
e. UTTER1, from Middle Low German 7t, out;
f. UTTER2, from Old English 7tera, outer, from Germanicsuffixed (comparative) form *7t-era-;
g. BUT; ABOUT, from Old English b7tan, b7te, outside(adverb), from Germanic compound *bi-7tana, “at theoutside” (*bi-, by, at; see ambhi). a, b, c, d, e, f, andg all from Germanic *7t-, out.
17. Extended form *uds.
a. ERSATZ, from Old High German irsezzan, to replace,from ir-, out;
b. ORT, from Middle Dutch oor, out;
c. (see dail-) Germanic *uz-dailjam, “a portioning out,”judgment;
d. URSPRACHE, from Old High German ur-, out of, original.a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *uz, *uz-, out.
18. Suffixed (comparative) form *ud-tero-. HYSTERESIS, HYSTERON
PROTERON, from Greek husteros, later, second, after.
19. HUBRIS, from Greek compound hubris, violence, outrage,insolence (bri-, perhaps “heavy,” “violent”; see gwerN-1), fromhu-.
20. VIGORISH, from Russian vy-, out.
[Pokorny 'd- 1103.]
uperImportant derivatives are: over, sovereign, super-, superior, supreme, sirloin, superb,sum, summit, soprano, somersault, hyper-.Over.
23. Extended form *uperi.
a. OVER, from Old English ofer, over;
b. ORLOP, from Middle Low German over, over. Both a andb from Germanic *uberi.
24. Variant form *(s)uper.
a. SOUBRETTE, SOVEREIGN, SUPER-, SUPERABLE, SUPERIOR, SUPREME,(SUPREMO), SUR-; SIRLOIN, from Latin super, super-, above,over;
b. suffixed form *(s)uper-no-. SUPERNAL, from Latinsupernus, above, upper, top;
c. suffixed form *super-bhw-o-, “being above” (*bhw-o-,being; see bheuN-). SUPERB, from Latin superbus,superior, excellent, arrogant;
d. suffixed (superlative) reduced form *sup-mo-. SUM,SUMMIT, from Latin summus, highest, topmost;
e. suffixed form *super-o-. (SOPRANINO), SOPRANO, SUPRA-;SOMERSAULT, from Latin supr7 (feminine ablativesingular), above, beyond.
25. Basic form *uper. HYPER-, from Greek huper, over.
[Pokorny uper 1105.]
upoImportant derivatives are: up, uproar, open, above, often, eaves, eavesdrop, sub-,supine1, supple, hypo-, valet, vassal, opal.Under, up from under, over.
a. UP, from Old English up, uppe, up;
b. UP-, from Old English 7p-, upp-, up;
c. UPROAR, from Middle Low German up, up;
d. AUFKL‰RUNG, from Old High German 7f, up. a, b, c,and d all from Germanic *upp-, up.
7. OPEN, from Old English open, open, from Germanic *upanaz,“put or set up,” open.
8. ABOVE, from Old English b7fan, above, over, from Germaniccompound *bi-ufana, “on, above” (*bi-, by, at; see ambhi).
9. Possibly suffixed form *up-t-. OFT, OFTEN, from Old English oft,often, from Germanic *ufta, frequently.
10. Extended form *upes-.
a. EAVES, from Old English efes, eaves;
b. EAVESDROP, from Old English yfesdrype, water from theeaves, from Germanic *obisdrup-, dripping water fromthe eaves (*drup-, to drip, from *dhrub-; see dhreu-).Both a and b from Germanic *ubaswo, *ubizwo,vestibule, porch, eaves (
11. Variant form *(s)up-.
a. SOUTANE, SUB-, from Latin sub, under;
b. SUPINE, from Latin supXnus, lying on the back (
c. suffixed form *sup-ter. SUBTERFUGE, from Latin subter,secretly;
d. (see pl7k-1) Latin supplex, suppliant, from sub, under.
12. Basic form *upo. HYPO-, from Greek hupo, under.
13. Suffixed variant form *ups-o-. HYPSO-, from Greek hupsos,height, top.
14. Basic form *upo-. (see reidh-) Latin verKdus, post horse, fromCeltic *wo-, under.
15. Probably compound *upo-st-o-. (VALET), (VARLET), VASSAL, fromVulgar Latin *vassus, vassal, from Celtic *wasso-, “one whostands under,” servant, young man (*sto-, standing; see st7-).
16. OPAL, UPANISHAD, from Sanskrit upa, near to, under (in upani}ad,Upanishad).
[Pokorny upo 1106.]
wal-Important derivatives are: valence, valiant, valid, valor, value, avail, convalesce,equivalent, invalid1, prevail, wield.To be strong.
21. Suffixed (stative) form *wal-K-. VALE2, VALENCE, VALETUDINARIAN,VALIANT, VALID, VALOR, VALUE; AMBIVALENCE, AVAIL, CONVALESCE,COUNTERVAIL, EQUIVALENT, (INVALID1), INVALID2, PREVAIL, (VALEDICTION),from Latin valKre, to be strong.
22. Extended o-grade form *wold(h)-.
a. WIELD, from Old English wealdan, to rule, and wieldan,to govern, from Germanic *waldan, to rule;
b. (see koro-) Germanic *harja-waldaz, “army
commander,” from *wald-, power, rule.
23. Suffixed extended o-grade form *wold-ti-. OBLAST, from OldChurch Slavonic vlastV, rule.
[Pokorny ¯al- 1111.]
we-An important derivative is: we.We. For oblique cases of the pronoun see nes-2.
Suffixed variant form *wey-es. WE, from Old English wK, we, we, fromGermanic *wXz.
[Pokorny ¯L- 1114.]
wK-Important derivatives are: weather, wind1, window, vent, ventilate, wing, nirvana.To blow.
Contracted from *weN-; oldest basic form *NwK- (< *NweN-).
26. Suffixed irregular shortened form *we-dhro-. WEATHER, fromOld English weder, weather, storm, wind, from Germanic*wedram wind, weather.
27. Suffixed (participial) form *wK-nt-o-, blowing.
i. WIND1, from Old English wind, wind;
ii. WINDOW, from Old Norse vindr, wind. Both (i)and (ii) from Germanic *windaz;
b. VENT1, VENTAIL, VENTILATE, from Latin ventus, wind.
28. WING, from Middle English wenge, wing, from a Scandinaviansource akin to Old Norse vængr, wing, from suffixed Germanicform *wK-ingjaz.
29. Basic form *wK-. NIRVANA, from Sanskrit v7ti (stem *v7-), itblows.
[Pokorny 10. a¯(K)- 81.]
webh-Important derivatives are: weave, web, weevil, wafer, waffle1, wave, wobble.To weave, also to move quickly.
17. WEAVE, WOOF1, from Old English wefan, to weave, fromGermanic *weban.
18. WEFT, from Old English wefta, weft, cross thread, fromGermanic *wefta-.
19. Suffixed o-grade form *wobh-yo-. WEB, WEBSTER, from OldEnglish web(b), web, from Germanic *wabjam, fabric, web.
20. WEEVIL, from Old English wifel, weevil (*webila-.
i. GOFFER, from Old French gaufre, honeycomb,waffle;
ii. WAFER, from Old North French waufre, wafer.Both (i) and (ii) from a source akin to MiddleLow German w7fel, honeycomb;
b. WAFFLE1, from Middle Dutch w7fel, waffle. Both a and bfrom suffixed Germanic form *wabila-, web,honeycomb.
c. WAVE, from Old English wafian, to move (the hand) upand down;
d. WAVER, from Middle English waveren, to waver;
e. WOBBLE, from Low German wabbeln, to move from sideto side, sway. a, b, and c all from Germanic *wab-, tomove back and forth as in weaving, possibly fromwebh-.
21. Suffixed zero-grade form *ubh-7-. HYPHA, from Greek huphK,web.
[Pokorny ¯ebh- 1114.]
wed-1
Important derivatives are: water, wet, wash, winter, hydrant, hydro-, undulate,abound, inundate, redundant, surround, otter, Hydra, whiskey, vodka.Water; wet.
33. Suffixed o-grade form *wod-or.
a. WATER, from Old English wæter, water;
b. KIRSCHWASSER, from Old High German wassar, water.Both a and b from Germanic *watar.
34. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *wKd-o-. WET, from OldEnglish w<t, wKt, wet, from Germanic *wKd-.
35. O-grade form *wod-. WASH, from Old English wæscan, wacsan,to wash, from Germanic suffixed form *wat-skan, to wash.
36. Nasalized form *we-n-d-. WINTER, from Old English winter,winter, from Germanic *wintruz, winter, “wet season.”
37. Suffixed zero-grade form *ud-or. (HYDRANT), HYDRO-, (HYDROUS),UTRICLE; ANHYDROUS, CLEPSYDRA, DROPSY, HYDATHODE, HYDATID, fromGreek hudor, water.
38. Suffixed nasalized zero-grade form *u-n-d-7-. UNDINE,UNDULATE; ABOUND, INUNDATE, (REDOUND), REDUNDANT, SURROUND,from Latin unda, wave.
39. Suffixed zero-grade form *ud-ro-, *ud-r7-, water animal.
a. OTTER, from Old English otor, otter, from Germanic*otraz, otter;
b. NUTRIA, from Latin lutra, otter (with obscure l-);
c. HYDRUS, from Greek hudros, a water snake;
d. HYDRA, from Greek hudra, a water serpent, Hydra.
40. Suffixed zero-grade form *ud-skio-. USQUEBAUGH, (WHISKEY),from Old Irish uisce, water.
41. Suffixed o-grade form *wod-7-. VODKA, from Russian voda,water.
[Pokorny 9. a¯(e)- 78.]
wed-2
Important derivatives are: ode, comedy, melody, parody, rhapsody, tragedy.To speak.
16. Oldest root form *Nwed- becoming *awed- in possiblereduplicated form *awe-ud-, dissimilated to *aweid-, withsuffixed o-grade form *awoid-o- (but more likely a separateroot *Nweid- becoming Greek *aweid-, to sing). ODE; COMEDY,EPODE, HYMNODY, MELODY, MONODY, PARODY, RHAPSODY, TRAGEDY, fromGreek aeidein (Attic aidein), to sing, and aoidK (Attic oidK),song, ode, with aoidos (Attic oidos), a singer, singing.
17. THERAVADA, from Sanskrit v7daU, sound, statement.
[Pokorny 6. au- 76.]
weg-Important derivatives are: wake1, waken, watch, bivouac, wait, vegetable, vigor, vigil,vigilante, reveille, velocity.To be strong, be lively.
3. Suffixed o-grade form *wog-K-. WAKE1, from Old English wacan,to wake up, arise, and wacian, to be awake, from Germanic*wakKn.
4. Suffixed o-grade form *wog-no-. WAKEN, from Old Englishwæcnan, wæcnian, to awake, from Germanic *waknan.
5. WATCH, from Old English wæccan, to be awake, from Germanic*wakjan.
6. Suffixed form *weg-yo-. (WICCA), (WICKED), WITCH; (BEWITCH),from Old English wicca, sorcerer, wizard (feminine wicce,witch), from Germanic *wikkjaz, necromancer (
7. BIVOUAC, from Old High German wahta, watch, vigil, fromGermanic *wahtwo.
a. WAIT, from Old North French waitier, to watch;
b. WAFT, from Middle Dutch and Middle Low Germanwachten, to watch, guard. Both a and b from Germanic
*waht-.
8. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *wog-eyo-. VEGETABLE, fromLatin vegKre, to be lively.
9. Suffixed (stative) form *weg-K-. VIGOR, from Latin vigKre, to belively.
10. Suffixed form *weg-(e)li-. VEDETTE, VIGIL, (VIGILANT), VIGILANTE;REVEILLE, SURVEILLANT, from Latin vigil, watchful, awake.
11. Suffixed form *weg-slo-. VELOCITY, from Latin vKlox, fast,“lively.”
[Pokorny ¯e´- 1117.]
wegh-Important derivatives are: weigh1, wee, weight, way, always, away, wagon, wag1,vogue, earwig, wiggle, vector, vehicle, convection, via, voyage, convey, deviate, devious,envoy1, obvious, previous, trivial, vex, convex.To go, transport in a vehicle.
4. WEIGH1, from Old English wegan, to carry, balance in a scale,from Germanic *wegan.
5. WEE, from Old English w<g(e), weight, unit of weight, fromGermanic lengthened-grade form *wKgo.
6. Suffixed form *wegh-ti-. WEIGHT, from Old English wiht, gewiht,weight, from Germanic *wihti-.
a. WAY; ALWAYS, AWAY, from Old English weg, way;
b. NORWEGIAN, from Old Norse vegr, way. Both a and bfrom Germanic *wegaz, course of travel, way.
7. Suffixed o-grade form *wogh-no-.
a. WAIN, from Old English wæ(g)n, wagon;
b. WAGON, from Middle Dutch wagen, wagon. Both a andb from Germanic *wagnaz.
8. Suffixed o-grade form *wogh-lo-.
a. WALLEYED, from Old Norse vagl, chicken roost, perch,beam, eye disease, from Germanic *waglaz;
b. OCHLOCRACY, OCHLOPHOBIA, from Greek okhlos, populace,mob (
9. Distantly related to this root are:
i. WAG1, from Middle English waggen, to wag,possibly from wegh-;
ii. GRAYWACKE, from Old High German waggo,wacko, boulder rolling on a riverbed. Both (i)and (ii) from Germanic *wag-, “to moveabout”;
b. VOGUE, from Old French voguer, to row, sail, from OldLow German *wogon, to rock, sway, from Germanic*wKga-, water in motion;
i. EARWIG, from Old English wicga, insect (
ii. WIGGLE, from Middle Dutch and Middle LowGerman wiggelen, to move back and forth, wag.Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *wig-.
10. Basic form *wegh-. VECTOR, VEHEMENT, VEHICLE; ADVECTION,CONVECTION, EVECTION, INVEIGH, from Latin vehere (past participlevectus), to carry.
11. Suffixed basic form *wegh-y7. FOY, VIA, VOYAGE; CONVEY, DEVIATE,DEVIOUS, (ENVOI), ENVOY1, OBVIOUS, PERVIOUS, PREVIOUS, (TRIVIAL),TRIVIUM, (VIADUCT), from Latin via, way, road.
12. Suffixed form *wegh-s-. VEX, from Latin vex7re, to agitate (
13. Probably suffixed form *wegh-so-. CONVEX, from Latinconvexus, “carried or drawn together (to a point),” convex(com-, together; see kom).
[Pokorny ¯e´h- 1118.]
wei-Important derivatives are: wire, ferrule, vise, viticulture, iris.
Also weiN-To turn, twist; with derivatives referring to suppleness or binding.
XI. Form *wei-.
a. WIRE, from Old English wXr, wire;
b. GARLAND, from Old French garlande, wreath, fromFrankish *wiara, *weara, wire. Both a and b fromGermanic suffixed form *wX-ra-, *wK-ra-.
2. SEAWARE, from Old English w7r, seaweed, from suffixedGermanic form *wai-ra-, probably from wei-.
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *wi-ria-. FERRULE, from Latin viriae,bracelets (of Celtic origin).
4. Suffixed form *wei-ti-. WITHY, from Old English wXthig, willow,withy, from Germanic *wXth-, willow.
5. Suffixed zero-grade form *wi-t-. WITHE, from Old Englishwiththe, supple twig, from Germanic *withjon-.
XII. Form *weiN-, zero-grade *wX- (< *wiN-).
1. Suffixed form *wX-ti-. VISE; VITICULTURE, from Latin vXtis, vine.
2. Suffixed form *wX-t7- becoming *witt7. VITTA, from Latin vitta,headband.
3. Suffixed form *wX-men-. MIMBRES, from Latin vXmen, withy,wicker.
4. Probably suffixed form *wX-ri-. (IRIDACEOUS), IRIDO-, IRIS, IRIS;(IRIDIUM), (IRITIS), from Greek iris, rainbow, and Iris, rainbowgoddess.
5. Perhaps suffixed form *wX-n-. INION; EXINE, INOSITOL, INOTROPIC,from Greek is (genitive inos), sinew.
[Pokorny 1. ¯ei- 1120.]
weid-Important derivatives are: guide, wise1, wisdom, guise, idol, kaleidscope, Hades, wit1,unwitting, view, visa, vision, advice, clairvoyance, envy, evident, interview, provide,
review, supervise, survey, idea, history, story1, penguin.To see.
IV. Full-grade form *weid-.
a. TWIT, from Old English wXtan, to reproach;
b. GUIDE, from Old ProvenÁal guidar, to guide;
c. GUY1, from Old French guier, to guide;
d. WITE, from Old English wXte, fine, penalty, fromGermanic derivative noun *wXti-. a, b, c, and d allfrom Germanic *wXtan, to look after, guard, ascribe to,reproach.
2. Suffixed form *weid-to-.
a. WISE1, from Old English wXs, wise;
b. WISDOM, from Old English wXsdom, learning, wisdom (-dom, abstract suffix; see dhK-);
c. WISEACRE, from Old High German wXssago, seer, prophet;
i. WISE2, from Old English wXse, wXs, manner;
ii. GUISE, from Old French guise, manner. Both (i)and (ii) from Germanic *wXsson-, appearance,form, manner. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic*wXssaz.
3. Suffixed form *weid-es-. EIDETIC, EIDOLON, IDOL, IDYLL, -OID;IDOCRASE, KALEIDOSCOPE, from Greek eidos, form, shape.
V. Zero-grade form *wid-.
a. WIT1, from Old English wit, witt, knowledge,intelligence;
b. WITENAGEMOT, from Old English wita, wise man,councilor. Both a and b from Germanic *wit-.
2. WIT2; UNWITTING, from Old English witan, to know, fromGermanic *witan.
3. Suffixed form *wid-to-. IWIS, from Old English gewis, gewiss,
certain, sure, from Germanic *wissaz, known.
4. Form *wid-K- (with participial form *weid-to-). VIDE, VIEW, VISA,VISAGE, VISION, VISTA, VOYEUR; ADVICE, (ADVISE), BELVEDERE, BLACK-A-
VISED, CLAIRVOYANT, ENVY, EVIDENT, INTERVIEW, PREVISE, PROVIDE,REVIEW, SUPERVISE, SURVEY, from Latin vidKre, to see, look.
5. Suffixed form *wid-es-ya. IDEA, IDEO-, from Greek idea,appearance, form, idea.
6. Suffixed form *wid-tor-. HISTORY, (STORY1); POLYHISTOR, fromGreek histor, wise, learned, learned man.
7. HADAL, HADES, from Greek HaidKs (also AidKs), the underworld,perhaps “the invisible” and from *wid-.
8. Suffixed nasalized form *wi-n-d-o-.
a. COLCANNON, from Old Irish find, white (
b. PENGUIN, from Welsh gwyn, gwynn, white.
9. (see deru-) Celtic compound *dru-wid-, “strong seer” (*dru-,strong).
VI. Suffixed o-grade form *woid-o-. VEDA; RIG-VEDA, from Sanskrit vedaU,knowledge.
[Pokorny 2. ¯(e)di- 1125.]
weiN-Important derivatives are: vim, violate, violent.Vital force. Related to wX-ro-.
Zero-grade form *wX- (< *wiN-). VIM, VIOLATE, VIOLENT, from Latin vXs, force,with irregular derivatives viol7re, to treat with force, and violentus, vehement.
[In Pokorny 3. ¯ei- 1123.]
weik-1
Important derivatives are: village, villain, vicinity, diocese, ecology, economy, parish.Clan (social unit above the household).
25. Suffixed form *weik-sl7. VILLA, VILLAGE, VILLAIN, VILLANELLE,(VILLEIN); (BIDONVILLE), from Latin vXlla, country house, farm.
26. Suffixed o-grade form *woik-o-.
a. (VICINAGE), VICINITY; (BAILIWICK), from Latin vXcus, quarteror district of a town, neighborhood;
b. ANDROECIUM, AUTOECIOUS, DIOCESE, DIOECIOUS, DIOICOUS,ECESIS, ECOLOGY, ECONOMY, ECUMENICAL, HETEROECIOUS,MONOECIOUS, PARISH, from Greek oikos, house, and itsderivatives oikia, a dwelling, and oikKsis, dwelling,administration.
27. Zero-grade form *wik-. VAISYA, from Sanskrit vi{aU, dwelling,house.
[Pokorny ¯eiˆ- 1131.]
weik-2
Important derivatives are: wicker, wicket, weak, week, vicar, vicarious.Also weig-To bend, wind.
IV. Form *weig-.
a. WYCH ELM, from Old English wice, wych elm (havingpliant branches);
b. WICKER, from Middle English wiker, wicker, from aScandinavian source akin to Swedish viker, willow twig,wand;
c. WICKET, from Old North French wiket, wicket (vikja, tobend, turn. a, b, and c all from Germanic *wik-.
d. WEAK, from Old Norse veikr, pliant;
e. WEAKFISH, from Middle Dutch weec, weak, soft. Both aand b from Germanic *waikwaz.
2. WEEK, from Old English wicu, wice, week, from Germanic*wikon-, “a turning,” series.
V. Form *weik-. Zero-grade form *wik-.
a. VICAR, (VICARIOUS), VICE-; VICISSITUDE, from Latin *vix(genitive vicis), turn, situation, change;
b. VETCH, from Latin vicia, vetch (
[Pokorny 4. ¯eik- 1130.]
weik-3
Important derivatives are: vanquish, victor, convince, evict.To fight, conquer.
26. WIGHT2, from Old Norse vXgr, able in battle, from Germanic*wXk-.
27. Nasalized zero-grade form *wi-n-k-. VANQUISH, VICTOR, VINCIBLE;CONVINCE, EVICT, from Latin vincere, to conquer.
28. Zero-grade form *wik-. ORDOVICIAN, from Celtic Ordovices(*ordo-wik-), “those who fight with hammers” (*ordo-,hammer).
[Pokorny 2. ¯eik- 1128.]
weip-Important derivatives are: waive, wipe, whip, vibrate.To turn, vacillate, tremble ecstatically.
12. O-grade form *woip-. WAIF1, WAIF2, (WAIVE), (WAIVER), fromAnglo-Norman waif, ownerless property, from a Scandinaviansource probably akin to Old Norse veif, waving thing, flag,from Germanic *waif-.
13. Variant form *weib-.
a. WIPE, from Old English wXpian, to wipe;
b. GUIPURE, from Old French guiper, to cover with silk;
c. WHIP, from Middle English wippen, to whip. a, b, and call from Germanic *wXpjan, to move back and forth.
14. Perhaps suffixed nasalized zero-grade form *wi-m-p-ila-.
a. WIMPLE, from Old English wimpel, covering for the neck(
b. (GIMP1), GUIMPE, from Old High German wimpal,guimpe;
c. WIMBLE, from Middle Dutch wimmel, auger (weip-.
15. Suffixed zero-grade variant form *wib-ro-. VIBRATE, from Latinvibr7re, to vibrate.
[Pokorny ¯eip- 1131.]
wekti-Important derivatives are: wight1, aught2, naught, not.Thing, creature.
c. WIGHT1; (AUGHT2), NAUGHT, (NOT), from Old English wiht,person, thing;
d. NIX2, from Old High German wiht, thing, being. Both aand b from Germanic *wihti-.
[Pokorny ¯ek-ti- 1136.]
wekw-Important derivatives are: vocal, voice, vowel, equivocal, vocation, vouch, advocate,avocation, evoke, invoke, provoke, revoke, epic.To speak.
32. O-grade form *wpkw-.
a. VOCAL, VOICE, VOWEL; EQUIVOCAL, UNIVOCAL, from Latin vox(stem voc-), voice;
b. CALLIOPE, from Greek ops, voice.
33. Suffixed o-grade form *wokw-7-. VOCABLE, VOCATION, VOUCH;ADVOCATE, AVOCATION, CONVOKE, EVOKE, INVOKE, PROVOKE, REVOKE,from Latin voc7re, to call.
34. Suffixed form *wekw-es-. EPIC, EPOS; EPOPEE, ORTHOEPY, fromGreek epos, song, word.
[Pokorny ¯ek¯- 1135.]
wel-1
Important derivatives are: well2, wealth, will1, will2, gallop, gallant, volition,voluntary, benevolent, malevolent, voluptuous.To wish, will.
8. WELL2, from Old English wel, well (*wel-.
9. WEAL1, WEALTH, from Old English wela, weola, well-being, riches,from Germanic *welon-.
10. WILL1, from Old English willa, desire, will power, fromGermanic *wiljon-.
11. WILL2; NILL, from Old English willan, to desire, from Germanic*wil(l)jan.
12. (see gw7-) Germanic compound *wil-kumon-.
13. O-grade form *wol-.
a. GALLOP, from Old French galoper, to gallop;
b. WALLOP, from Old North French *waloper, to gallop;
c. GALLANT, from Old French galer, to rejoice, fromFrankish Latin *wal7re, to take it easy, from Frankish*wala, good, well. a, b, and c all from Germanic *wal-.
14. Basic form *wel-. VELLEITY, VOLITION, VOLUNTARY; BENEVOLENT,MALEVOLENCE, from Latin velle (present stem vol-), to wish, will.
15. Suffixed form *wel-up-. VOLUPTUARY, VOLUPTUOUS, from Latinvolupt7s, pleasure.
[Pokorny 2. ¯el- 1137.]
wel-2
Important derivatives are: waltz, willow, walk, well1, wallow, vault1, vault2, volume,evolve, involve, revolve, vulva, valve, valley, helix.To turn, roll; with derivatives referring to curved, enclosing objects.
a. WALTZ, from Old High German walzan, to roll, waltz;
b. WELTER, from Middle Low German or Middle Dutchwelteren, to roll. Both a and b from Germanic *walt-.
7. WHELK1, from Old English weoluc, weoloc, mollusk (having aspiral shell), whelk, from Germanic *weluka-.
8. WILLOW, from Old English welig, willow (with flexible twigs),from Germanic *wel-, perhaps from wel-2.
9. WALK, from Old English wealcan, to roll, toss, and wealcian, tomuffle up, from Germanic *welk-, perhaps from wel-2.
10. O-grade form *wol-.
a. WELL1, from Old English wiella, wælla, welle, a well (
b. GABERDINE, from Old High German wallon, to roam;
c. WALLET, possibly from Old North French *walet, roll,knapsack. a, b, and c all from Germanic *wall-.
11. Perhaps suffixed o-grade form *wol-7-.
a. WALE, from Old English walu, streak on the skin, weal,welt;
b. (see wr7d-) Old High German *wurzwalu, rootstock,from *-walu, a roll, round stem. Both a and b fromGermanic *walo.
12. Extended form *welw-.
a. WALLOW, from Old English wealwian, to roll (in mud),from Germanic *walwon;
b. VAULT1, VAULT2, (VOLT2), VOLUBLE, VOLUME, VOLUTE, VOLUTIN,VOLVOX, VOUSSOIR; CIRCUMVOLVE, CONVOLVE, DEVOLVE, EVOLVE,INVOLVE, REVOLVE, from Latin volvere, to roll;
c. suffixed o-grade form *wolw-7-. VOLVA, VULVA, fromLatin vulva, volva, covering, womb;
d. suffixed zero-grade form *w_w-7-. VALVE, from Latinvalva, leaf of a door (
e. Suffixed zero-grade form *w_u-ti-. ALYCE CLOVER, fromGreek halusis, chain;
f. suffixed form *welu-tro-. ELYTRON, from Greek elutron,sheath, cover.
13. Suffixed form wel-n-. ILEUS; NEURILEMMA, from Greek eilein (<*welnein), to turn, squeeze.
14. Perhaps variant *wall-. VAIL1, VALE1, VALLEY, from Latin vallKs,vallis, valley (
15. Possibly suffixed form *wel-en7. ELECAMPANE, INULIN, from Greekhelenion, elecampane, from the Greek name HelenK (earliestform Welen7), Helen.
16. Suffixed form *wel-ik-. HELIX, from Greek helix, spiral object.
17. Suffixed form *wel-mi-nth-. HELMINTH; ANTHELMINTIC,PLATYHELMINTH, from Greek helmis, helmins (stem helminth-),parasitic worm.
[Pokorny 7. ¯el- 1140.]
welN-An important derivative is: vulnerable.To strike, wound.
1. Suffixed o-grade form *wol(N)-o-.
a. VALHALLA, from Old Norse Valhˆll, Valhalla;
b. VALKYRIE, from Old Norse Valkyrja, “chooser of theslain,” name of one of the twelve war goddesses (-kyrja,chooser; see geus-). Both a and b from Old Norse valr,the slain in battle, from Germanic *walaz.
2. Suffixed basic form *welN-nes-. VULNERABLE, from Latin vulnus(stem vulner-), a wound.
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *wlN-to-. BERDACHE, from Old Iranian*varta- (Avestan varNta-), seized, prisoner.
[In Pokorny 8. ¯el- 1144.]
wemN-Important derivatives are: vomit, emetic.To vomit.
6. WAMBLE, from Middle English wam(e)len, to feel nausea, stagger,from a Scandinavian source probably akin to Old Norse vamla,qualm, and Danish vamle, to become sick, from Germanic*wam-.
7. NUX VOMICA, VOMIT, from Latin vomere, to vomit.
8. EMESIS, EMETIC, from Greek emein, to vomit.
[Pokorny ¯em- 1146.]
wen-1
Important derivatives are: win, winsome, wont, wean1, wish, venerate, venereal,Venus, venom, venial, venison.To desire, strive for.
21. Suffixed form *wen-w-. WIN, from Old English winnan, to win,from Germanic *winn(w)an, to seek to gain.
22. Suffixed zero-grade form *wi-y7. WYNN, WINSOME, from OldEnglish wynn, wen, pleasure, joy, from Germanic *wunjo.
23. Suffixed (stative) zero-grade form *wi-K-, to be contented.WON1, (WONT), from Old English wunian, to become accustomedto, dwell, from Germanic *wunKn.
24. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *won-eyo-. WEAN, from OldEnglish wenian, to accustom, train, wean, from Germanic*wanjan.
25. WEEN, from Old English wKnan, to expect, imagine, think, fromGermanic denominative *wKnjan, to hope, from *wKniz, hope.
26. Suffixed zero-grade form *wi-sko-. WISH, from Old Englishw«scan, to desire, wish, from Germanic *wunsk-.
27. Perhaps o-grade *won-.
a. VANIR, from Old Norse Vanir, the Vanir;
b. VANADIUM, from Old Norse VanadXs, name of thegoddess Freya. Both a and b from Germanic *wana-.
28. Suffixed form *wen-es-.
a. VENERATE, VENEREAL, VENERY1, VENUS, from Latin venus,love;
b. suffixed form *wen-es-no-. VENOM, from Latin venKnum,love potion, poison.
29. Possibly suffixed form *wen-eto-, “beloved.” WEND, from OldHigh German Winid, Wend, from Germanic *Weneda-, aSlavic people.
30. Suffixed form *wen-y7. VENIAL, from Latin venia, favor,forgiveness.
31. Lengthened-grade form *wKn-7-. VENATIC, VENERY2, VENISON, fromLatin vKn7rX, to hunt.
32. Suffixed basic form *wen-o-. WANDEROO, from Sanskrit vanam,forest.
33. Possibly zero-grade suffixed form *wi-ig-. BANYAN, fromSanskrit vahik, v7hijaU, merchant (?
[Pokorny 1. ¯en- 1146.]
wen-2
An important derivative is: wound1.To beat, wound.
7. Suffixed zero-grade form *wi-to-. WOUND1, from Old Englishwund, a wound, from Germanic *wundaz.
8. Suffixed o-grade form *won-yo-. WEN1, from Old Englishwen(n), wæn(n), wen, from Germanic *wanja-, a swelling.
[In Pokorny 1. ¯7- 1108.]
wep-An important derivative is: evil.Bad, evil.
From earlier *Nwep-. Suffixed zero-grade form *up-elo-. EVIL, from Old Englishyfel, evil, from Germanic *ubilaz, evil.
wer-1
Important derivatives are: artery, aerial, air, aria, malaria, aura.To raise, lift, hold suspended.
Earlier form *Nwer-.
7. Basic form *awer-. AORTA, ARSIS, ARTERIO-, ARTERIOLE, ARTERY, fromGreek aeirein, to raise, and artKria, windpipe, artery.
8. (Obscure basic form *7wer-). AERIAL, AERO-, AIR, ARIA; MALARIA,from Greek aKr, air, possibly referred to this root.
9. Zero-grade form *aur-. AURA, from Greek aura, breath, vapor(related to Greek aKr, air).
[Pokorny 1. ¯er- 1151.]
wer-2
Important derivatives are: inward, worth1, stalwart, weird, versatile, verse1, version,versus, vertebra, vertex, adverse, anniversary, avert, controversy, convert, divert,invert, pervert, prose, universe, wreath, writhe, wrath, worry, wring, wrong, wrench,wrinkle, converge, wry, wriggle, wrist, wrestle, briar1, warp, reverberate, wrap,rhapsody, worm, vermin.Conventional base of various Indo-European roots; to turn, bend.
I. Root *wert-, to turn, wind.
i. -WARD, from Old English -weard, toward (
ii. INWARD, from Old English inweard, inward, fromGermanic *inwarth, inward (*in, in; see en).Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic variant *warth;
b. WORTH1; STALWART, from Old English weorth, worth,valuable, and derivative noun weorth, wierth, value,
from Germanic derivative *werthaz, “toward, opposite,”hence “equivalent, worth,” perhaps from wer-2. Both aand b from Germanic *werth-.
2. WORTH2, from Old English weorthan, to befall, from Germanic*werthan, to become (
3. Zero-grade form *wyt-. WEIRD, from Old English wyrd, fate,destiny (*wurthi-.
4. VERSATILE, VERSE1, VERSION, VERSUS, VERTEBRA, VERTEX, VERTIGO, VORTEX;ADVERSE, ANNIVERSARY, AVERT, BOULEVERSEMENT, CONTROVERSY,CONVERSE1, CONVERT, DEXTRORSE, DIVERT, EVERT, EXTRORSE,(EXTROVERSION), EXTROVERT, INTRORSE, INTROVERT, INVERT,MALVERSATION, OBVERT, PERVERT, PROSE, RETRORSE, REVERT, SINISTRORSE,SUBVERT, TERGIVERSATE, TRANSVERSE, UNIVERSE, from Latin vertere, toturn, with its frequentative vers7re, to turn, and passive vers7rX,to stay, behave (
5. VERST, from Russian versta, line, from Balto-Slavic *wirst7-, aturn, bend.
II. Root *wreit-, to turn.
a. WREATH, from Old English writha, band (
b. WRITHE, from Old English wrXthan, to twist, torture;
c. WRATH, WROTH, from Old English wr7th, angry (<“tormented, twisted”). a, b, and c all from Germanic*wrXth-, *wraith-.
III. Root *wergh-, to turn.
1. WORRY, from Old English wyrgan, to strangle, from Germanic*wurgjan.
2. Nasalized variant *wrengh-.
a. WRING, from Old English wringan, to twist, fromGermanic *wreng-;
i. WRONG, from Middle English wrong, wrong,from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse*vrangr, rangr, curved, crooked, wrong;
ii. WRANGLE, from Middle English wranglen, towrangle, from a Low German source akin towrangeln, to wrestle. Both (i) and (ii) fromGermanic *wrang-.
IV. Root *werg-, to turn.
1. Nasalized variant form *wreng-.
a. WRENCH, from Old English wrencan, to twist;
b. WRINKLE, from Old English gewrinclian, to wind (ge-,collective prefix; see kom). Both a and b fromGermanic *wrankjan.
2. VERGE2; CONVERGE, DIVERGE, from Latin vergere, to turn, tendtoward.
V. Root *wreik-, to turn.
a. WRY, from Old English wrXgian, to turn, bend, go;
b. WRIGGLE, from Middle Low German wriggeln, to wriggle.Both a and b from Germanic *wrXg-.
c. WRIST, from Old English wrist, wrist;
d. GAITER, from Old French guietre, gaiter, from Frankish*wrist-. Both a and b from Germanic *wristiz, from*wrihst-.
2. WREST, WRESTLE, from Old English wr<stan, to twist, fromsecondary Germanic derivative *wraistjan.
3. Possibly o-grade form *wroik-. BRIAR1, (BRUSQUE), from LateLatin br7cus, heather, from Gaulish *br7ko-.
VI. RIBALD, from Old French riber, to be wanton, from Germanic root*wrib-.
VII. Root *werb-, also *werbh-, to turn, bend.
1. WARP, from Old English weorpan, to throw away, fromGermanic *werp-, *warp-, “to fling by turning the arm.”
2. REVERBERATE, from Latin verber, whip, rod.
3. VERBENA, (VERVAIN), from Latin verbKna, sacred foliage.
4. Zero-grade form *wyb-. RHABDOMANCY, RHABDOVIRUS, from Greekrhabdos, rod.
5. Nasalized variant form *wrembh-. RHOMBUS, from Greekrhombos, magic wheel, rhombus.
VIII. Root *werp-, to turn, wind.
1. Metathesized form *wrep-. WRAP, from Middle Englishwrappen, to wrap, from a source akin to Danish dialectal vravle,to wind, from Germanic *wrap-.
2. Zero-grade form *wyp-. RAPHE, RHAPHIDE; RHAPSODY,STAPHYLORRHAPHY, TENORRHAPHY, from Greek rhaptein, to sew.
IX. Root *wymi-, worm; rhyme word to kwymi-.
1. WORM, from Old English wyrm, worm, from Germanic*wurmiz.
2. VERMEIL, VERMI-, VERMICELLI, VERMICULAR, VERMIN, from Latin vermis,worm.
[Pokorny 3. ¯er- 1152.]
wer-3
Important derivatives are: wary, aware, ward, lord, steward, warden, award, reward,wardrobe, guard, panorama, revere1.To perceive, watch out for.
III. O-grade form *wor-.
1. Suffixed form *wor-o-.
a. WARY, from Old English wær, watchful;
b. AWARE, from Old English gewær, aware (ge-, collectiveand intensive prefix; see kom);
c. WARE2, from Old English warian, to beware. a, b, and call from Germanic *waraz.
2. Suffixed form wor-to-.
i. WARD; LORD, STEWARD, from Old English weard, awatching, keeper;
ii. WARDER2, from Old English weardian, to ward,guard;
b. WARDEN; AWARD, REWARD, WARDROBE, from Old NorthFrench warder, to guard;
c. GUARD, from Old French guarder, to guard;
d. REARWARD2, from Anglo-Norman warde, guard. a, b, c,and d all from Germanic *wardaz, guard, and *wardon,to guard.
3. WARE1, from Old English waru, goods, protection, guard, fromGermanic *waro.
4. Suffixed form *wor-wo-. ARCTURUS, PYLORUS, from Greek ouros, aguard.
5. Probably variant *(s)wor-, *s(w)or-. EPHOR, PANORAMA, fromGreek horan, to see.
IV. Suffixed (stative) form *wer-K-. REVERE1, from Latin verKrX, to respect,feel awe for.
[Pokorny 8. ¯er- 1164.]
wer-4
Important derivatives are: weir, aperture, overt, overture, cover, warn, warrant,warranty, garage, garret, garrison, warren, garment, garnish.To cover.
XII. Basic form *wer-.
1. WEIR, from Old English wer, dam, fish trap, from Germanic*wer-jon-.
2. Compound form *ap-wer-yo- (*ap-, off, away; see apo-).APERIENT, APÈRITIF, APERTURE; OVERT, OVERTURE, PERT, from LatinaperXre, to open, uncover.
3. Compound form *op-wer-yo- (*op-, over; see epi). COVER,
OPERCULUM, from Latin operXre, to cover.
4. Suffixed form *wer-tro-. AMBARELLA, from Sanskrit v7£aU,enclosure, from lengthened-grade derivative *v7rt(r)a-.
XIII. O-grade form *wor-.
1. WARN, from Old English *war(e)nian, to take heed, warn, fromGermanic *war-non.
i. GUARANTY, from Old French garant, warrant,authorization;
ii. WARRANT, (WARRANTEE), WARRANTY, from Old NorthFrench warant, warrant, and warantir, toguarantee;
b. GARAGE, from Old French garer, to guard, protect;
c. GARRET, GARRISON, from Old French g(u)arir, to defend,protect;
d. WARREN, from Old North French warenne, enclosure,game preserve;
e. GARMENT, GARNISH, from Old French g(u)arnir, to equip.a, b, c, d, and e all from Germanic *war-.
2. Suffixed form *wor-o-. BARBICAN, from Old Iranian compound*pari-v7raka-, protective (*pari-, around; see per1).
[Pokorny 5. ¯er- 1160.]
wer-5
Important derivatives are: word, verb, verve, adverb, proverb, irony.Also werN-To speak. Variant *wrK-, contracted from *wreN-.
14. Suffixed zero-grade form *wy-dho-. WORD, from Old Englishword, word, from Germanic *wurdam.
15. Suffixed form *wer-dho-. VERB, VERVE; ADVERB, PROVERB, fromLatin verbum, word.
16. Suffixed form *wer-yo-. IRONY, from Greek eirein, to say, speak.
17. Variant form *wrK- in suffixed form *wrK-tor-. RHETOR, fromGreek rhKtor, public speaker.
[Pokorny 6. ¯er- 1162.]
wK-r-An important derivative is: urine.Contracted from *weN-r-. Water, liquid, milk. Related to euN-dh-y.
Suffixed zero-grade form *7r-Xn7-. URINE, from Latin 7rXna, urine.
[In Pokorny 9. a¯(e)- 78.]
werg-Important derivatives are: work, boulevard, allergy, dramaturge, energy, liturgy,metallurgy, surgery, wrought, wright, organ, orgy.To do.
I. Suffixed form *werg-o-.
a. WORK, from Old English weorc, werc, work;
b. (BOULEVARD), BULWARK, from Old High German werc,work. Both a and b from Germanic *werkam, work.
2. ERG, -URGY; ADRENERGIC, ALLERGY, ARGON, CHOLINERGIC, DEMIURGE,DRAMATURGE, ENDERGONIC, ENDOERGIC, ENERGY, ERGOGRAPH, ERGOMETER,ERGONOMICS, EXERGONIC, EXERGUE, EXOERGIC, GEORGIC, LITURGY,METALLURGY, SURGERY, (SYNERGID), SYNERGISM, THAUMATURGE, fromGreek ergon, work, action.
II. Zero-grade form *wyg-.
1. Suffixed forms *wyg-yo-, *wyg-to-.
a. WROUGHT, from Old English wyrcan, to work;
b. IRK, from Old Norse yrkja, to work. Both a and b fromGermanic *wurkjan, to work, participle *wurhta-.
2. Suffixed form *wyg-t-. WRIGHT, from Old English wryhta,maker, wright, from Germanic *wurhtjo-.
III. O-grade form *worg-.
a. ORGAN, ORGANON, from Greek organon (with suffix -ano-), tool;
b. ORGY, from Greek orgia, secret rites, worship (<“service”).
[Pokorny 2. ¯er´- 1168.]
wKro-Important derivatives are: warlock, verity, very, verdict, verify, severe, persevere.True.
10. WARLOCK, from Old English w<r, faith, pledge, from Germanic*wKra-.
11. VERACIOUS, VERISM, VERITY, VERY; AVER, VERDICT, VERIDICAL, VERIFY,VERISIMILAR, VOIR DIRE, from Latin vKrus, true.
12. SEVERE; ASSEVERATE, PERSEVERE, from Latin sevKrus, grave, serious;regarded by some as a compound of se-, sed, without (sees(w)e-), and vKrus, true, but the semantic difficulties make thisexplanation improbable.
13. Normal grade *wero-, from *werN-o-. GALORE, from Old Irishroar, enough, from *ro-wero-, sufficiency (*ro-, intensiveprefix, from *pro-; see per1).
[Pokorny 11. ¯er- 1165.]
wers-Important derivatives are: war, guerrilla, worse, worst, liverwurst.To confuse, mix up. Compare ers-.
I. Suffixed basic form.
a. WAR, from Old North French werre, war;
b. GUERRILLA, from Spanish guerra, war. Both a and b fromGermanic *werra-, from *werz-a-.
2. WORSE, from Old English wyrsa, worse, from Germaniccomparative *wers-izon-.
3. WORST, from Old English wyrsta, worst, from Germanicsuperlative *wers-istaz.
II. Suffixed zero-grade form *wys-ti-. WURST; (LIVERWURST), from Old HighGerman wurst, sausage (< “mixture”), from Germanic *wursti-.
[Pokorny ¯ers- 1169.]
wes-1
Important derivatives are: was, were, astute.To stay, dwell, pass the night, with derivatives meaning “to be.”
9. O-grade form *wos-. WAS, from Old English wæs, was, fromGermanic *was-.
10. Lengthened-grade form *wKs-. WERE, from Old English w<re(subjunctive), w<ron (plural), were, from Germanic *wKz-.
11. WASSAIL, from Old Norse vesa, vera, to be, from Germanic*wesan.
12. Perhaps suffixed form *wes-t7-. VESTA, from Latin Vesta,household goddess.
13. Possibly suffixed variant form *was-tu-. ASTUTE, from Latinastus, skill, craft (practiced in a town), from Greek astu, town (
14. Suffixed form *wes-eno-. DIVAN, from Old Persian vahanam,house.
[Pokorny 1. ¯es- 1170.]
wes-2
Important derivatives are: wear, vest, invest, travesty.To clothe.
Extension of eu-1.
13. Suffixed o-grade form *wos-eyo-. WEAR, from Old Englishwerian, to wear, carry, from Germanic *wazjan.
14. Suffixed form *wes-ti-. VEST; DEVEST, INVEST, REVET, TRAVESTY, fromLatin vestis, garment.
15. Suffixed form *wes-nu-. HIMATION, from Greek hennunai, toclothe, with nominal derivative heima, hima (< *wes-mi),garment.
[Pokorny 5. ¯es- 1172.]
wes-3
Important derivatives are: vend, bazaar.To buy.
5. Suffixed form *wes-no-. VENAL, VEND, from Latin vKnum, sale.
6. Suffixed o-grade form *wos-no-. DUOPSONY, from Greekoneisthai, to buy.
7. Suffixed form *wes-7-. BAZAAR, from Persian b7z7r, from OldIranian *vah7-carana-, “sale-traffic.”
[Pokorny 8. ¯es- 1173.]
wes-pero-Important derivatives are: west, western, Visigoth, vesper.Evening, night.
III. Reduced form *wes-.
1. Suffixed form *wes-to-.
a. WEST, from Old English west, west;
b. WESTERN, from Old English westerne, western;
c. WESTERLY, from Old English westra, more westerly. a, b,and c all from Germanic *west-.
2. VISIGOTH, from Late Latin VisigothX, “West Goths” (GothX, theGoths), from Germanic *wis-, possibly from wes-pero-.
IV. Basic form *wespero-.
1. VESPER, VESPERTILIONID, from Latin vesper, evening.
2. HESPERIAN, from Greek hesperos, evening.
[Pokorny ¯esperos 1173.]
wesyAn important derivative is: vernal.Spring.
VERNAL; PRIMAVERA1, from Latin vKr, spring (phonologically irregular).
[Pokorny ¯es-y 1174.]
wet-1
Important derivatives are: Wednesday, fan1, atmosphere.To blow, inspire, spiritually arouse.
Related to wK-.
12. Lengthened-grade form *wot-.
a. WODEN, from Old English Woden, Woden;
b. WEDNESDAY, from Old English Wodnesdæg, “Woden'sday”;
c. ODIN, from Old Norse odhinn, Odin;
d. WOTAN, from Old High German Wuotan. a, b, c, and dall from Germanic suffixed form *wod-eno-, *wod-ono-, “raging,” “mad,” “inspired,” hence “spirit,” name ofthe chief Teutonic god *Wod-enaz;
e. WOOD2, from Old English wod, mad, insane, fromGermanic *wodaz.
13. Lengthened variant form *w7t-. VATIC, from Latin v7tKs,prophet, poet.
14. Variant form *wat-. WEDELN, from Old High German wedil, fan,from Germanic suffixed form *wath-ila-.
15. Suffixed variant form *wat-no-. FAN1, VAN3, from Latin vannus, awinnowing fan.
16. Oldest basic form *Nwet- becoming *awet- in suffixed form*awet-mo-. ATMOSPHERE, from Greek atmos (< *aetmos), breath,vapor.
[Pokorny ¯7t- 1113.]
wet-2
Important derivatives are: wether, veteran, inveterate, veterinary, veal.Year.
14. Suffixed form *wet-ru-. WETHER, from Old English wether,wether, from Germanic *wethruz, perhaps “yearling.”
15. Suffixed form *wet-es-.
a. VETERAN; INVETERATE, from Latin vetus, old (
b. VETERINARY, from Latin veterXnus, of beasts of burden, ofcattle (perhaps chiefly old cattle);
c. ETESIAN, from Greek etos, year.
16. Suffixed form *wet-olo-. VEAL, VITELLUS, from Latin vitulus, calf,yearling.
[Pokorny ¯et- 1175.]
wi-Important derivatives are: wide, with.Apart, in half.
6. Suffixed form *wi-itos. WIDE, from Old English wXd, wide(*wXdaz.
7. Suffixed (comparative) form *wi-tero-.
a. WITH, WITHERS, from Old English wither, against, with itsderivative with, with, against;
b. GUERDON; WIDDERSHINS, from Old High German widar,
against. Both a and b from Germanic *withro, against.
[Pokorny 1. ¯Y- 1175.]
wXkctXA derivative is: vigesimal.Twenty.
Compound of wi-, in half, hence two, and *(d)kct-X (nominative dual),decade, reduced zero-grade form of dekc.
11. VICENARY, VIGESIMAL, from Latin vXgintX, twenty.
12. ICOSAHEDRON, from Greek eikosi, twenty.
13. PACHISI, from Sanskrit vib{atiU, twenty.
[Pokorny ¯X-kct-X 1177.]
wX-ro-Important derivatives are: werewolf, world, virile, virtue, virtuoso.Man.
Derivative of weiN-.
a. WEREWOLF, WERGELD, from Old English wer, man;
i. WORLD, from Old English weorold, world;
ii. WELTANSCHAUUNG, from Old High German weralt,world. Both (i) and (ii) from Germaniccompound *wer-ald-, “life or age of man” (*-ald-, age; see al-2);
b. LOUP-GAROU, from Old French garoul, werewolf, fromFrankish *wer-wulf, “man-wolf” (*wulf, wolf; seew_kwo-). Both a and b from Germanic *weraz, fromshortened form *wiraz.
9. VIRAGO, VIRILE, VIRTUE, (VIRTUOSA), (VIRTUOSO); DECEMVIR, DUUMVIR,TRIUMVIR, from Latin vir, man.
10. CURIA, from Latin c7ria, curia, court, possibly from wX-ro-, if
regarded as from *co-vir, “men together” (*co-, together; seekom).
[Pokorny ¯Xro- s 1177.]
w_kwo-An important derivative is: wolf.Wolf.
a. WOLF, from Old English wulf, wolf;
b. AARDWOLF, from Middle Dutch wolf, wulf, wolf;
c. WOLFRAM, from Old High German wolf, wolf;
d. (see wX-ro-) Frankish *wulf, wolf. a, b, c, and d allfrom Germanic *wulfaz.
4. Taboo variant *lupo-. LOBO, (LUPINE1), LUPINE2, LUPUS; LOUP-GAROU,from Latin lupus, wolf.
5. Taboo variant *lukwo-.
a. LYCANTHROPE, LYCOPODIUM, from Greek lukos, wolf;
b. suffixed form *lukw-ya. LYTTA; ALYSSUM, from Greeklussa, martial rage, madness, rabies (“wolf-ness”).
[Pokorny ¯_k¯os 1178.]
w_p-K-A derivative is: vulpine.Fox.
6. VULPINE, from Latin vulpKs, fox.
7. Taboo variant *NlopLk-. ALOPECIA, from Greek alopKx, fox.
[Pokorny ¯_p-, lup- 1179.]
wps
An important derivative is: rendezvous.You (plural).
RENDEZVOUS, from Latin vos, you.
[In Pokorny 1. ˜u- 513.]
wr7d-Important derivatives are: root1, wort, radical, radish, eradiate, ramify, licorice.Branch, root.
III. Basic form *wr7d-. ROOT1; RUTABAGA, from Old Norse rot, root, fromGermanic *wrot-.
IV. Zero-grade form *wyNd-.
a. WORT1, from Old English wyrt, plant, herb;
b. GEW¸RZTRAMINER, from Old High German wurz, plant,root;
c. MANGEL-WURZEL, from German Wurzel, root (<*wurzwala, rootstock; *-wala, a roll, round stem; seewel-2). a, b, and c all from Germanic *wurtiz.
2. Suffixed form *wyNd-y7-. WORT2, from Old English wyrt,brewer's wort, from Germanic *wurtjo-.
3. RADICAL, RADICLE, RADISH, RADIX; DERACINATE, ERADICATE, from Latinr7dXx, root.
4. Suffixed form *wrNd-mo-. RAMOSE, RAMUS; RAMIFY, from Latinr7mus, branch.
5. Perhaps suffixed reduced form *wy(N)d-ya. RHIZO-, RHIZOME;COLEORHIZA, LICORICE, MYCORRHIZA, from Greek rhiza, root.
[Pokorny ¯(e)r7d- 1167.]
yK-Important derivatives are: jet2, abject, adjacent, adjective, conjecture, ease, eject,inject, object, project, reject, subject, catheter, enema.
To throw.
Contracted from *yeN-.
24. Extended zero-grade forms *yak-yo- and *yak-K- (stative). GIST,(GITE), JACTITATION, JESS, JET2, JOIST; ABJECT, ADJACENT, ADJECTIVE, AMICE,CONJECTURE, DEJECT, (EASE), EJACULATE, EJECT, INJECT, INTERJECT, OBJECT,PARGET, PROJECT, REJECT, SUBJACENT, SUBJECT, SUPERJACENT, TRAJECT,from Latin iacere, to throw, lay, and iacKre, to lie down(iaculum, dart.
25. Basic form *yK- and zero-grade form *yN-. CATHETER, DIESIS,ENEMA, PARESIS, SYNESIS, from Greek hienai, to send, throw.
[Pokorny ˜K- 502.]
yeg-An important derivative is: icicle.Ice.
ICICLE, from Old English gicel, icicle, ice, from Germanic *jakilaz, *jekilaz.
[Pokorny ˜eg- 503.]
yek-Important derivatives are: jewel, jocular, joke, juggle, jeopardy.To speak.
Suffixed o-grade form *yok-o-. JEWEL, JOCOSE, JOCULAR, JOKE, JUGGLE, (JUGGLER);JEOPARDY, from Latin iocus, joke.
[Pokorny ˜ek- 503.]
yLkwyAn important derivative is: hepatitis.Liver.
30. HEPATIC, HEPATO-; HEPARIN, (HEPATITIS), from Greek hKpar, liver.
31. GIZZARD, from Persian jigar, liver.
[Pokorny ˜ek¯-yt 504.]
yKr-Important derivatives are: year, hour, horoscope.Year, season.
22. Suffixed basic form *yKr-o-. YEAR, from Old English gKar, year,from Germanic *jKram.
23. Suffixed o-grade form *yor-7-. HOUR; HOROLOGE, HOROLOGY,HOROSCOPE, from Greek hora, season.
[In Pokorny 1. ei- 293.]
yes-Important derivatives are: yeast, eczema.To boil, foam, bubble.
42. YEAST, from Old English gist, yeast, from Germanic *jest-.
43. KIESELGUHR, from Old High German j”san, to ferment, andjerian, to cause to ferment, from Germanic *jes-.
44. ECZEMA, ZEOLITE, from Greek zeein, zein, to boil.
[Pokorny ˜es- 506.]
yeu-Important derivatives are: youth, young, junior, juvenile, rejuvenate.Vital force, youthful vigor. Earliest form *Nyeu-; variant of aiw-. Suffixed zero-grade form *yuwen- (< *yu-Nen-), “possessing youthful vigor,” young.
18. Further suffixed form *yuwi-ti-. YOUTH, from Old Englishgeoguth, youth, from Germanic *jugunthi-, *jugunth7-.
19. Further suffixed form *yuwi-ko-.
i. YOUNG, from Old English geong, young;
ii. JUNKER, from Old High German junc, young;
iii. YOUNKER, from Middle Dutch jonc, young. (i),(ii), and (iii) all from Germanic *jungaz from*juwungaz;
b. GALLOWGLASS, from Old Irish oac, from Celtic *yowanko-.
20. JUNIOR, JUVENILE; REJUVENATE, from Latin iuvenis, young.
[Pokorny 3. ˜eu- 510.]
yeug-Important derivatives are: yoke, jugular, subjugate, joust, adjust, juxtapose, join,junction, juncture, junta, conjugal, injunction, yoga.To join.
VI. Zero-grade form *yug-.
1. Suffixed form *yug-o-.
a. YOKE, from Old English geoc, yoke, from Germanic*yukam;
b. JUGATE, JUGULAR, JUGUM; CONJUGATE, SUBJUGATE, from Latiniugum, yoke;
c. ZYGO- ZYGOMA, ZYGOTE, -ZYGOUS; (AZYGOUS), SYZYGY, fromGreek zugon, yoke, and zugoun, to join;
d. YUGA, from Sanskrit yugam, yoke.
2. Suffixed (superlative) form *yug-istos. JOUST; ADJUST, JUXTAPOSE,(JUXTAPOSITION), from Latin iuxt7, close by, from *iugist7 (vi7),“on a nearby (road).”
3. Nasalized form *yu-n-g-. JOIN, JUNCTION, JUNCTURE, JUNTA; ADJOIN,CONJOIN, (CONJUGAL), (CONJUNCT), ENJOIN, INJUNCTION, SUBJOIN, fromLatin iungere, to join.
VII. Suffixed form *yeug-mi. ZEUGMA, from Greek zeugma, a bond.
VIII. Suffixed o-grade form *youg-o-. YOGA, from Sanskrit yogaU, union.
[Pokorny 2. ˜eu- 508.]
yewes-Important derivatives are: jurist, jury1, conjure, injury, perjure, judge, prejudice,just1..Law.
14. JURAL, JURIST, JURY1; ABJURE, ADJURE, CONJURE, INJURY, JURIDICAL,JURISCONSULT, JURISDICTION, JURISPRUDENCE, (NONJUROR), OBJURGATE,PERJURE, from Latin i7s (stem i7r-), law, and its derivative i7r7re,“to pronounce a ritual formula,” swear.
15. Compound form *yewes-dik-, “one who shows or pronouncesthe law.” (see deik-) Latin i7dex, judge.
16. Suffixed from *yewes-to-. JUST1, from Latin i7stus, just.
[Pokorny ˜e¯os 512.]
yewo-A derivative is: zein.Grain.
Suffixed form *yew-ya. ZEIN, from Greek zeia, one-seeded wheat.
[Pokorny ˜e¯o- 512.]
yu-Important derivatives are: ye2, you.You. Second person (plural) pronoun.
YE2, YOU, from Old English gK and Kow, you, from Germanic *j7z (nominative)and *iwwiz (oblique).
[Pokorny 1. ˜u- 513.]
