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Agile Research in Information Systems Field
Analysis from Knowledge Transformation Perspective
Ilia Bider
8th IADIS International Conference onInformation Systems 2015
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Motivation – personal perspective• Personal background – relevant practice
– Software development - (requirements engineering, programming, management, introducing IT in organizations)
– Business process & BPS support systems development (process modeling, system development, introduction in practice)
• Personal background – relevant research– Analysis of Traditional vs Agile from knowledge transformation
perspective for both software development and business process development
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Motivation – personal perspective• A seminar on agile research at our department -
Autumn 2014 by Michael Twidale
• An idea to try the same approach to analysis of the notion of agile research as we used for agile system and business process development
• The results of application of this idea is what I want to present today
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GoalAnswer the questions
1. Is it possible to define a notion of “agile research”, more specifically a notion of “agile research project”?
2. If yes how it differs from non-agile research (project)?
3. Is there any existing types of research projects that can be called agile?
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Plan of presentation1. Showing how knowledge transformation perspective
can be used for analysis agile vs non-agile project in other domains.
2. Analysis of previous attempts to define agile research
3. Defining analogous of working software for research
4. Applying approach from 1 to the research world
5. Discussing already existing types of research projects that can be considered as agile
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Background: SECI ModelSECI model of knowledge transformation of Nonaka:
Nonaka, I., 1994. A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization science, 5(1), pp.14-37..
Two types of knowledge:– Explicit– Tacit
Tacit
Exp
licit
Externalization
Exp
licit
CombinationInternalization
Socialization
Taci
t
Explicit Explicit
Taci
t
Tacit
Tacit
Taci
t
Externalization Taci
t
Combination
Internalization Socialization
Exp
licit
Explicit Explicit
Exp
licit
Tacit
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Knowledge transformation: TSDECEA - a model of Traditional Software Development (TSD)
Additional type of knowledge:
Embedded knowledge
Each model is a simplification
Tacit
Exp
licit
Externalization
Exp
licit
CombinationInternalization
Socialization
Taci
t
Explicit Explicit
Taci
t
Tacit
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Knowledge transformation: ASDSEA - a model of Agile Software Development (ASD):
Avoiding explication of knowledge
Difference:1. Requirements: engineering ->
discovery
2. Design + Coding = Embedment
3. One big cycle -> many smallTacit
Taci
t
Externalization Taci
t
Combination
Internalization Socialization
Exp
licit
Explicit Explicit
Exp
licit
Tacit
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Usability of the Models• Analysis of advantages, drawbacks, and risks for each
type of SD• Areas of applicability for ASD (and TSD)
Both without going into details, e.g. XP, SCRUM, etc.
References:Bider I. Analysis of Agile Software Development from the Knowledge Transformation Perspective. In: Proceedings of BIR 2014, LNBIP 194, Springer 2014, pp. 143-157.
Extended version as a chapter in a coming book: Software Engineering in the Systems Context. Edited by Ivar Jacobson and Harold “Bud” Lawson. College Publishing, Systems series, 2015
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Plan of presentation1. Showing how knowledge transformation perspective
can be used for analysis agile vs non-agile project in other domains.
2. Analysis of previous attempts to define agile research
3. Defining analogous of working software for research
4. Applying approach from 1 to the research world
5. Discussing already existing types of research projects that can be considered as agile
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Analysis of previous attempts• Rewriting agile manifesto http://agilemanifesto.org,
examples:– http://xavier.amatriain.net/AgileResearch/– http://www.infoq.com/articles/agile-academic-research
• Superficial and fail to define “working software” in
Value working software over comprehensive documentation
Examples: “real-world working solutions over comprehensive theories”
document, such as research project report, a paper, or a PhD thesis
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Plan of presentation1. Showing how knowledge transformation perspective
can be used for analysis agile vs non-agile project in other domains.
2. Analysis of previous attempts to define agile research
3. Defining analogous of working software for research
4. Applying approach from 1 to the research world
5. Discussing already existing types of research projects that can be considered as agile
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Defining “working software”• In software world:
1. The software is functioning and is free from the major bugs
2. The software is actually used in the context for which it was intended
• In IS research world: – Software = scientific knowledge, e.g. a theory, that exists in
an explicit form– Usage: to explain, to describe, to predict, to analyze and to
design or take action, … (Gregor, S., 2006. The Nature of Theory in
Information Systems. MIS Quarterly, 30(3), pp.611-42.)
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Defining “working software”• Working scientific knowledge:
1. The knowledge in its explicit form has no contradictions
2. There is at least one individual for whom this knowledge became tacit and he/she has successfully used it for some purpose
• Based on– In the end all knowledge needs to become personal and tacit
(Polanyi, M.S., 1969. Knowing and Being. Chicago: University of Chicago.)
– Essentially all models are wrong, but some of them are useful (Box, G. E. P., and Draper, N. R., (1987), Empirical Model Building and Response Surfaces, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY)
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Plan of presentation1. Showing how knowledge transformation perspective
can be used for analysis agile vs non-agile project in other domains.
2. Analysis of previous attempts to define agile research
3. Defining analogous of working software for research
4. Applying approach from 1 to the research world
5. Discussing already existing types of research projects that can be considered as agile
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Knowledge transformation: TRECCI - a model of Traditional Research (TR)
Embedded knowledge:1. Systems artifacts, e.g. documents, IT systems
2. Tacit knowledge of human participants
Tacit
Exp
licit
Externalization
Exp
licit
CombinationInternalization
Socialization
Taci
t
Explicit Explicit
Taci
t
Tacit
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Advantages & Risks with TR
+ Higher status: rigor- Long cycle, sensitive to the right
decision taken at the first stages: instability
- Formulated in a way that prevents adoption: lack of relevance
- Could be applied only to existing Information System: limitation
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Knowledge transformation: ARAEI - a model of Agile Research (AR):Postponing explication of knowledge
Involvement:1. Socialization
2. Being part of the system
3. Being part of the intervention project
Tacit
Taci
t
Externalization Taci
t
Combination
Internalization Socialization
Exp
licit
Explicit Explicit
Exp
licit
Tacit
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Advantages & drawbacks of ARMitigating the TR risks+ Instability & Lack of relevance are mitigated by
smaller cycles+ Could be applied to innovative Information System
through disruptive intervention projects
Drawbacks- Lack of rigor on the first cycles
Requirements on researcher (limitations)• Capability to be involved • Capability to reflect
Different skills set than for a traditional research
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Plan of presentation1. Showing how knowledge transformation perspective
can be used for analysis agile vs non-agile project in other domains.
2. Analysis of previous attempts to define agile research
3. Defining analogous of working software for research
4. Applying approach from 1 to the research world
5. Discussing already existing types of research projects that can be considered as agile
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Agile research projects type
1. Action research (Lewin, K., 1952. Field theory in social science: Selected theoretical papers by Kurt Lewin. London: Tavistock)
2. Design science (Hevner, A.R., March, S.T. & and, P.J., 2004. Design Science in Information Systems Research. MIS Quarterly, 28(1), pp.75-105)
3. Reflective theory building (Mott, V., 1996. Knowledge comes from practice: Reflective theory building in practice. In R.W. Rowden, ed. Workplace learning: Debating five critical questions of theory and practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. pp.57-63)
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Action researchKolb’s cycle of experimental learning – researcher is part of the system
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Goal reachedAnswer the questions
1. Is it possible to define a notion of “agile research”?Yes, through a model of knowledge transformation
2. If yes how it differs from non-agile research?Yes, through comparing the agile model with the traditional one
3. Is there any existing types of research projects that can be called agile?Yes, action research, design science, reflective theory building
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Potential usabilityOf the presented agile research (reflections on my research experience)
1. Analysis of successful and unsuccessful past research projects (learning from success and failures)
2. Decision making (to use TR or AR)
3. Project planning for AR
4. Research education.
Needs testing
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Q & A
Thank you for your patience
Questions and comments
Please
Contact: ilia@{dsv.su|ibissoft}.se