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Advisors: Rurng-Sheng GuoWen-Chen Chang
Graduate: Su-Yin Wang2009/06/19, NKNU
Progress of Polarized Hydrogen-Deuteride (HD)
Target for Strangeness Experiments
at SPring-8/LEPS
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2
Outline
IntroductionPHYDES01 ProductionNMR MeasurementSignal Distortion (Appendix)AnalysisResult and ConclusionDiscussion and Future
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Introduction
Motivation
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4 Kinds of Mechanisms of
The γp →φp Reaction
Diffractive production within the vector-meson-dominance model through Pomeron exchange
One-pion-exchange
OZI
uud uud
ss
ss-knockout uud-knockoutA.I.Titov et al. Phys. Rev. C58 (1998) 2429 4
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Cross sectionCross Section at Eg = 2.0 GeV
Vector-meson-dominance model
One pion exchange
ss knockout
uud knockoutA.I.Titov et al. Phys. Rev. C58 (1998) 2429
Pomeron exchange is more ten times than anothers Only the Pomeron exchange is clear.
The experimental data are fromH. J. Besch, G. Hartmann, R. Kose, F. Krautschneider, W.
Paul, and U. Trinks, Nucl. Phys. B70, 257 ~1974!.
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Scattering angle
LEPS data :LD2
LAB angle q
CM angle q
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Cross sectionCross Section at Eg = 2.0 GeV
Vector-meson-dominance model
One pion exchange
ss knockout
uud knockoutA.I.Titov et al. Phys. Rev. C58 (1998) 2429
Pomeron exchange is more ten times than anothers Only the Pomeron exchange is clear.
The experimental data are fromH. J. Besch, G. Hartmann, R. Kose, F. Krautschneider, W.
Paul, and U. Trinks, Nucl. Phys. B70, 257 ~1974!.
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Beam target asymmetrymore sensitive to understand the components of cross section
PA
PABTC
bca
cbacba
AP
AP
A
P
222
Cancel the systematic error
P
A
g
g
p
p
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p A (g:+1 p:+1/2) (g:+1 p:-1/2)
S=+1
S=+1
S=+2
S=-1/2 S=-1/2
S=+1
S=-1
S=0
S=+1/2 S=+1/2
S=+1
S=0
S=+1
S=-1/2 S=-1/2
S=+1
S=0
S=+1
S=+1/2
S=+1/2CANCELCANCEL
p: polarization of proton is parallel with polarization of target A: polarization of proton is anti-parallel with polarization of target
g g pp
AP
APBTC
content ss
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Theory
}]][][[
]][][[{
][
2/112/11
2/102/10
2/1
ssuud
ssuudB
uudAP
Beam-Target double spin asymmetryat Eg = 2.0 GeV
Strangeness content is assumed to be 0%(Solid), 0.25%(Dashed), 1%(Dot-dashed). (0,1) is the relative phase between the strange and non-strange amplitudes.
A.I.Titov et al. Phys. Rev. C58 (1998) 2429
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Unclear Exchange Particle
Example: t-channel exchange of Λ(1520) photoproduction Exchange particle is clear to see, if …
▪ Fix the spin and orientation of initial state particles.▪ The spin and orientation of final state are measured.
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Introduction
HD Overview
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Why we choose HD
Polarized this
Symmetry requirement
hetero-HD (boson “D” and fermion “H”)no Symmetry requirement
polarization is low
18.6 days 6.3 days
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Small concentrations of ortho-H2
B0
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Experimental ConditionsPhoton beam polarization
Circular polarization
Photon beam energy E=1.5-2.4 GeVPhoton beam intensity 106 γ's/secSpectrometer Standard LEPS magnetic spectrometer
Tagger, SC, AC, SVTX, DC1, DC2, DC3, and TOF wall
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HD Target at Other Laboratories
At Institut de Physique Nucleaire de Orsay (IPN Orsay) Magnetic field ~ 15 Tesla Temperature ~ 10 mK PH~ 60%, PD~14%
At the Laser Electron Gamma Source (LEGS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory Magnetic field ~ 15 Tesla Temperature ~ 15 mK The initial :PH~ 59%, PD~7% With Saturated Forbideen Transition (SFT): PH~ 32%, PD~33%
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HD Target Goal
We can use both proton and neutron.
Temperature ~ 10 mK Magnetic field ~ 17 Tesla The target production take 2~3
month. The target relaxation time ~1
year. Use the brute force: PH~ 90%,
PD~30% If we use forbidden adiabatic fast
passage (FAFP) to invert state polarization. PD can reach to 50%.
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HD target cell
Advantage and disadvantage HD molecule does not contain heavy nuclei such as
Carbon and Nitrogen. Good for experiments observing reactions with small
cross section The HD target needs thin aluminum wires (at most 20%
in weight) to insure the cooling. Target Size
25 mm in diameter; 50 mm in thickness
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Transport of Polarization HD Target
0.5 hour
s 3 hours
0.5 hour
s
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Main Problems are …
TC1 SC TC2 IBC
Magnetic field 0.15T 2T 0.15T 1T
Temperature 4.2K 1.2K 4.2K 300mK
Time 30 mins 3 hours 30 mins 100 days
Could we keep polarization at…
Could we succeed in polarization?
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Polarized HYdrogen-DEuteride target for Strangeness (PHYDES)
PHYDES01 Production
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HD Purify
H2
HD
D2
Extraction
HD
D2
Extraction
HD
HD
[H] = 1.26%In PHYDES01 [D] =
2.07%[HD] =97.66%
22
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Solid HD Production
Normal
production No TC
production
Since TC1 not work
now
solidify
solidify
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PHYDES01
Process Solidify HD
PHREF
measuring
Aging time
IBC conditio
n
SC conditi
on
TC conditio
n
PDREF
measuring
Magnetic field
0T 1.08T 1.08T 1.08T 1.08T 0.15T 7.26T
temperature 14~22K
4.2K 14mK 0.3K 1.2K 4.2K 4.2KTime
[HD]=97.66%; 0.68 HD was solidified for PHYDES01.
After 53 days aging, the relaxation time in three conditions are measured.
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NMR Measurement
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Principle of NMR Measurement
0HE
hE
hH0
hH 0
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Single coil method
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Cancellation Circuit
Cancellation circuit for keeping away signals which enter in Lock-in
Amp at direct without entering in the coil.
Single coil method uses one coil takes both transmitter and receiver coil.
16MHz15MHz14MHz28
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Flow Chart
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Polarization Estimate
Polarization signal area Measure reference signal in thermal equilibrium
A
ref
targetreftarget
targettargetrefref //
AAP
P
APAP
)(")(')( i
0
)(" dP
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31)1))(0(()0()(
)1))(0(()0()(
1
1
targetthermal_eqtargettarget
target
targetthermal_eqtargettarget
ref
targetreftarget
Tt
Tt
eAAAtA
areasignalionpolarizatN
eNNNtN
AAP
P
Relaxation Time Measurement
polarization at thermal equilibrium state polarization decay function combine two function
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Shape Distortion
Appendix
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Account of NMR shape width
The smallest width of the NMR shape can be estimated from the uncertainty principle.
Precision of frequency. The non-uniformity of the local magnetic
field in a superconductor The non-uniformity of the local magnetic
field from the induced current of aluminums wires and cool finger.
1 ;
EE
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Non-uniformity of Magnetic Field
real012
23
34
4center )PPPP(PB Bxxxx
Breal
ΔBBcenter
ΔBBcenter
Magnetic field uniformity profile Measurement value Fitting by 4th-order polynomial
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Simulation
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Advanced Simulation The PHYDES01 use 0.68 mole HD only. The smallest cell
size is 34 mm. The biggest size is 80 mm (the length of aluminums)
This result shows the most likely cell position around -14 cm and cell length around 46 mm.
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Analysis
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Analysis outline Preparation of Analysis
Unification of the Signal Amplification Magnetic Field Adjustment Data Position Shift Unification of Bin Size Phase Adjustment
Extracting the Signal Area (Relaxation Time) Histogram Method Model Method
Extracting the Signal Area (Polarization) Histogram Method Model with Deviation Method
Error Estimation Relaxation Time Estimation Polarization Estimation
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Preparation of Analysis–
Unification of the Signal Amplification
The original data with the sensitivity = (1mVrms/-47dBm)
The signal is ten times of original one. We also change the signalshape to positive. 39
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Preparation of Analysis–
Magnetic Field Adjustment
B-1 B0 B1 B3B2B-3 B-2 ~ B50B-50 ~
101
50
500
i
iBBreset
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Preparation of Analysis–
Data Position Shift
After Peak Shift
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If bad phase … If good phase …
Preparation of Analysis–
Phase Adjustment
Quadrature
In Phase In Phase
Quadrature
PhaseIn
Quadraturecossinsincos
'PhaseIn 'Quadrature
qqqq
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Preparation of Analysis–
Remove the Background
Fit each signal only background part
After remove background, for each pulse, start analysis
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Extracting the Signal Area (Relaxation Time) –
Histogram Method Fit only
background part fitting
Fill histogram only signal part (green)
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Extracting the Signal Area (Relaxation Time) –
Histogram Method
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Fitting example
Extracting the Signal Area (Relaxation Time) –
Histogram Method
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D:IBC,18hours,θ=0.4H:IBC,332hours,θ=0.75
Extracting the Signal Area (Relaxation Time) –
Model Method H model
increase
decrease
increase
decrease
D model
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Fitting example
Extracting the Signal Area (Relaxation Time) –
Model Method
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Extracting the Signal Area (Polarization)–
Necessary to Take AverageZoom in each signal
Average of 73 signals
Average of “Error of each signal” = 2.05E-3
Error of average signal = 2.72E-4Signal height ~ 1 .5E-3
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Extracting the Signal Area (Polarization) –
Histogram Method
Same as discussed in extracting
the signal area of relaxation time
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Extracting the Signal Area (Polarization) –
Model Method
Bad fitting by signal deviation
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Extracting the Signal Area (Polarization) –
Consider Signals Deviation
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Extracting the Signal Area (Polarization) –
Model Method with DeviationGauss deviation=2.6094655E-04
D model at 300mK, 1.08T
D model with Gauss deviation
Fit the sigma of deviation in small
region
Use the sigma to fit the background
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Extracting the Signal Area (Polarization) –
Flow Chart
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Polarization and Relaxation Time
1
1
)0()(
)0()(
targetthermal_eqtarget
target
targetthermal_eqtarget
ref
targetreftarget
Tt
Tt
eAAtA
areasignalonpolarizatiN
eNNtN
AAP
P
polarization at thermal equilibrium state polarization decay function combine two function
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Fill histogram
Fill histogram
left
right
combine
Original
New error
Estimation of Statistical Error
sizebin bin ofnumber 000863.0Area of 0.000863 valueRMS Bin Each of
stat
stat
EE
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Estimation of Systematic Error
2decreaseincrease
aveAAA
22 )()( avedecreaseaveincreasesys AAAAE
sysstatfinal EEE 22
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Result and
Conclusion
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Result
ConsistentInconsistent
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Histogram method
Two method comparison–
big signal Model method
H, TC, increase , 47 hours
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Histogram method
Relaxation time estimation –
Comparison-small signal Model method
D, TC, decrease ,46hours
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Result When extract the signal area of polarization,
peak up the model method. When extract the signal area of relaxation
time, peak up the histogram method.
[M]
[M]
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Conclusion The production polarized of HD target succeeded,
If the initial polarization is assumed to be 100%, the H polarization becomes 98% and D polarization becomes 97%
The relaxation times in the SC and TC condition are found to be long enough compared with the staying time needed for the transportation of the HD target.
The relaxation time in the IBC condition is found to be long enough to produce a new polarized HD target for replacement in continuous experiments.
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Discussion and
Future
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Outline of Discussion and Future
Study of Aging Time Lower Polarization NMR Measurement Improvement of D Polarization From Success of Polarized HD Target to Using the Polarized
HD Target in LEPS Experiment
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Study of Aging Time-Data comparision (consider [O-H2])
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Lower Polarization
The polarization degree expected by the aging process is about PH~ 85% and PD~25%.
The polarization degree was obtained as about PH~ 41% and PD~13%.
Bad Linearity of the NMR Signal Height Improvement of Thermal Conduction
Make a new target cell with high purity aluminum wires.
Develop the single crystal HD target.
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NMR Measurement-Frequency Sweeping or Magnetic Field Sweeping
For sweeping magnetic field, one need to break superconductor-state of magnet, and turn the magnet to drive-state. It waste a lot of liquid helium.
If the polarization of D and H are both measured, the magnetic field sweep from 1T to 7T will generate a lot of heat and waste a lot of liquid helium.
The significant change of magnetic field, make the polarization of HD unstable.
Cannot be avoided
Can be avoided easy by separating the cancellation circuits of H and D,
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Improvement of D Polarization Forbidden Adiabatic Fast Passage (FAFP) and Saturated Forbidden Transition
(SFT)
D. Babusci et al., LEGS expt. L18/L19 (1994).
The time linefrom LEGS group
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Improvement of D Polarization
The Difficulties of FAFP and SFT The concentration of o-H2 can not be handled easy
now. The concentration of p-D2 can not be handled easy
now. (p-D2 should be ~0)
The amounts of heat depend on the amounts of HD and RF power.
The relation between concentration of o-H2 and the relaxation time of H is not well known enough.
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From Success of Polarized HD Target to Using the Polarized HD Target in LEPS Experiment
There are still many subjects that we have to work on: Installation of HD target system in the
LEPS experiment hutch. The transit of HD target from RCNP to
SPring-8/LEPS. Acceptable trigger rate for data taking.
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End
Thank you for your kind attention.
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Remained Polarization TC1 SC TC2 IBC
Magnetic field 0.15T 2T 0.15T 1TTemperature 4.2K 1.2K 4.2K 300mK
Time 30 mins 3 hours 30 mins 100 daysH Relaxation time ~147 hours ~277 hours ~147 hours ~2546 hours
Remained Polarization of Init PH 99.66% 98.58% 98.24% 38.27%Init PH = 41.4 % 41.46 40.81 40.67 14.62
D Relaxation time ~48 hours ~303 hours ~48 hours ~1740 hoursRemained Polarization of Init PD 98.96% 97.98% 96.96% 24.41%
Init PD = 12.2 % 12.07% 11.83% 11.83% 2.95%
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HysteresisHysteresis from cold finger and aluminum wire
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Target temperature ?H D
Polarization 41.4% 12.2%Temperature estimate by the polarization(Assume B=17T)
~40mK ~29mK
Bad linearity of the NMR signal height. Bad Thermal conductivity of Al wires or
Kel-F NMR coil supporter
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Next improvement
NMR system – to correctly measure the polarization.
NMR system – to increase Signal/Noise ratio.
Al wires or NMR coil supporter -to decrease the HD temperature.
Distillator- to improve the purity of HD
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Next progress Practice of transferring the target by using a solid H2 target A polarized HD target after the aging of 2~3 months will be ready for
the experiment. install the HD target system in the LEPS experiment hutch. (
Support frames for the IBC and TC2 will be constructed. IBC and TC2 will be transferred from RCNP to SPring-8/LEPS.
Circularly polarized ultra-violet laser beam will be prepared. Check the polarization of the HD target can be kept when the photon
beams of ~1 M γ‘s hit the target. Check trigger rate for data taking is acceptable.
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Reference signal peak up
Appendix
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Histogram area
Relaxation time estimation –
Comparison-big signal Histogram model
D, IBC, decrease ,69hours
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Resonance frequency 48.395 MHzH D
gyromagnetic ratio 42.575 6.536Resonance magnetic field 1.1366 7.4044polarization 41.4 ± 3.1% 12.2 ± 1.7%IBC (300mK, 1.0758T)After 53 days aging.
Relaxation time 2546 ± 380 hours (106.1±15.8 days)
1907 ± 273.3 hours(79.5± 11.4 days)
χ2/ndf 1.529/6 0.3354/2SC (1.2K, 1.0758T)After 67 days aging.
Relaxation time 237.5± 12.8 hours (9.9± 0.5 days)
290 ± 44.2 hours(12.1± 1.8 days)
χ2/ndf 1.141/2 0.003523/1TC (4.2K, )After 75 days aging.
Relaxation time 141.4 ± 2.5 hours (5.9± 0.1 days)
44.0± 4.6 hours(1.8± 0.2 days)
χ2/ndf 0.01367/1 0.6168/2
Model method
Resonance frequency 48.395H D
gyromagnetic ratio 42.575 6.536Resonance magnetic field 1.1366 7.4044polarization 41.4 ± 3.1% 13.8 ± 2.2%IBC (300mK, 1.0758T)After 53 days aging.
Relaxation time 2546 ± 380 hours (± days)
1740± 167.6 hours(± days)
χ2/ndf 1.529/6 2.794/2SC (1.2K, 1.0758T)After 67 days aging.
Relaxation time 281.2± 25.6hours (11.7±1.1 days)
302.5 ± 28.6 hours(12.6±1.2 days)
χ2/ndf 1.141/2 0.01654/1TC (4.2K, )After 75 days aging.
Relaxation time 147.3± 3.842 hours (6.1±0.2 days)
47.8± 5.6 hours(2.0± 0.2days)
χ2/ndf 0.7588/1 1.059/2
Histogram method
H Polarization & IBC dataC. Morisaki, Master thesis of Osaka university (2009).
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Data comparision
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Phase adjustment
PhaseIn
Quadraturecossinsincos
'PhaseIn 'Quadrature
qqqq
θ=0
θ=0.8
θ=0
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Ref signal peak up
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Ref signal peak up
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Ref signal peak up
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Ref signal peak up0212 increase
Big range Small range
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Ref signal peak up
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Ref signal peak up
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Heat exchange delay
Cooling pow
er
DRSThermal sensor
HD target
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Brute force Magnetic field=17T Temperature=17mK
Cooling pow
er
DRSThermal sensor
HD target
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Get empty cell
the
Log P
Time
Empty cellHD
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Ref signal peak up
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Ref signal peak up
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Ref signal peak up