Download - Adrenal glands
Aka Suprarenal gland
Pyramidal in shape
Located superior to
each kidney
Consist of an outer
adrenal cortex and
inner adrenal medulla
AldosteroneRegulates homeostasis of
two mineral ions: Na+ & K+
Helps adjust blood pressure
and blood volume.
Promotes excretion of H+
Renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone pathway
STIMULI
•Dehydration, Na+ def. or hemorrhage
DECREASE
• Blood volume and blood pressure
SECRETION
• Enzyme, renin
• Juxtaglomerular cells
CONVERT
•Renin converts Angiotensinogen,plasmaprotein, into ANGIOTENSIN 1
LUNGS
•Angiotensin-converting enzyme
•Angiotensin II
KIDNEYS
•Secrete Aldosterone
•Juxtaglomerular cells
INCREASE
•Blood volume and pressure
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Synthesized by Zona
Fasciculata
Affects glucose
homeostasis
Regulates metabolism
and resistance to stress
Negative Feedback
System
LOW LEVEL
•Neurosecretory cell in HYPOTHALAMUS
•CRH
RELEASE
•Anterior pituitary
•ACTH
EFFECTOR
• Zona fasciculata
•Secrete glucocorticoid
ANDROGEN
Synthesized by Zona
Reticularis
Produce steroid hormones
ACTH stimulates secretion
Masculinizing effect
NOREPINEPHRINE &
EPINEPHRINE
STIMULI
•Stressful situations and exercise
HYPOTHALAMUS
•Sympathetic preganglionic neurons in splanchnic nerve
CHROMAFFIN CELLS
•Secretes E and NE
Increase blood flow to the heart,
liver, and skeletal muscles, and
adipose tissue
Dilates airways to the lungs
Increase blood levels of glucose
and fatty acids
NOREPINEPHRINE &
EPINEPHRINE
Pancreas is a flattened
organ
Located in the curve of
the duodenum
Consist of a head, body,
and tail
Cell Types in Pancreatic Islets
Alpha or A cells
15% of the cells in Pancreatic islets
Glucagon
β- cells or B cells
80%
Insulin
δ- cells or D cells
5%
Somatostatin
Regulation of Glucagon
and Insulin Secretion
Hypoglycemia•Secretion of glucagon
•Inhibits insulin secretion
Hepatocytes•Gluconeogenesis
•Glycogenolysis
Hyperglycemia• Inhibits
glucagon secretion
Secretion of insulin
• Glycogenesis• Increase protein synthesis• Lipogenesis• Slow gluconeogenesis and
glycogenolysis
Size and shape
resembles that of
unshelled
almonds
Located in the
pelvic cavity, one
in each side of
the uterus
Covered by the
mesovarium
Ovaries
Follicular cells
Cells that surrounds the ovarian follicles
Secrete estrogen
Corpus luteum
Contains the remnants of mature follicle after ovulation
Produces progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibin
Hormones and Uses Progesterone
Helps prepare the endometrium for
implantation
Prepare the Mammary glands for milk
secretion
Estrogen
Feminizing sex hormone
For the development of oocytes
Maintenance of female reproductive
structures and
Secondary sex characteristics
Hormones and Uses Relaxin
Increases pubic symphysis during
pregnancy
Dilate uterine cervix during labor and
delivery
Inhibin
Inhibits the production of FSH
Leydig Cells
Aka interstitial cell of leydig or
interstitial endocrinocyte
Located in the interstitial tissue
between the convuluted seminiferous
tubules
Secretes testosterone