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ADP, ATP and Cellular
Respiration
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What Is ATP?
Energy used by all Cells
Adenosine Triphosphate
Organic molecule containing high-energy phosphate bonds
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Chemical Structure of ATP
3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar
Adenine Base
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What Does ATP Do for You?
It supplies you with ENERGY!
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How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP
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What is the Process Called? HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)
H2O
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How Does That Happen?
An Enzyme!
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How is ATP Re-Made?
The reverse of the previous process occurs
Another Enzyme is used – ATP Synthetase
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The ADP-ATP Cycle
ATP-ase ATP Synthetase
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When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals
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Cellular Respiration
Includes pathways that require oxygen
Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced
Glucose breakdown is therefore an oxidation-reduction reaction
Breakdown of one glucose results in 38 ATP molecules
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What Type of Process is Cellular Respiration?
An Oxidation-Reduction Process or REDOX Reaction
Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> CO2 + H2O (e- removed from C6H12O6)
Reduction O2 to H2O (e- passed to O2)
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Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration
6CO2 + 6H20 + e- + 38ATP’s
C6H12O6 + 6O2
YIELDS
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What Carries the Electrons?
NAD+ (nicotinadenine dinucleotide) acts as the energy carrier
NAD+ is a coenzyme
It’s reduced to NADH when it picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ion
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Other Cellular Respiration Facts
Metabolic Pathway that breaks down carbohydrates
Process is Exergonic as High-energy Glucose is broken into CO2 and H2O
Process is also Catabolic because larger Glucose breaks into smaller molecules
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What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?
Glycolysis
The Krebs Cycle
The Electron Transport Chain
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Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:
Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle takes
place in the Mitochondria
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Review of Mitochondria Structure
Folded membranes increase surface area available for reactions to take place within the mitochondria
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Diagram of the Process
Occurs in Cytoplasm
Occurs in Matrix
Occurs across Cristae
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Glycolysis Summary
Takes place in the Cytoplasm
Anaerobic - Doesn’t Use Oxygen
Requires input of 2 ATP
Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid
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Glycolysis Diagram
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Fermentation
Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired)
Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol)
Nets only 2 ATP
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A Little Krebs Cycle History
Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937
He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1953 for his discovery
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Krebs Cycle Summary
Requires Oxygen (Aerobic) Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle
Turns twice per glucose molecule Produces two ATP Takes place in matrix of mitochondria
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Krebs Cycle
ATP
NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2
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Electron Transport Chain Summary
34 ATP Produced H2O Produced Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane
Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucose
NADH = 3 ATP’s FADH2 = 2 ATP’s
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Electron Transport Chain Animation