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Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Adaptive Management
(GLAM) Committee
Adaptive Management and the Great Lakes
Challenges and Successes
Wendy Leger, Environment and Climate Change CanadaCanadian Co-Chair, GLAM Committee
Columbia River Treaty
Adaptive Management Meeting
Thursday, May 9, 2019
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Outline
• Background
• Applying the AM framework in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River
system
• How 2017 immediately tested the AM framework
• 12 year strategy – where we want to be?
• Lessons learned
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Adaptive Management is Iterative
Always working towards improvements
Adjustment/Improvements to Decisionsrovements to decision
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Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River
Adaptive Management (GLAM) Committee
• Established by the IJC in January 2015 for on-going review of lake regulation plans
recognizing changing conditions
• Binational Committee comprised of 16 members from federal, state, and provincial
agencies
GLAM reports to all three Great
Lakes Boards of Control
4
• Key questions include:– How well are the impacts of levels and flows represented
by current data and models?
– Are water supply conditions changing?
– Are the physical, chemical, biological, and/or socio-
economic conditions changing?
– Can water level management be improved?
NOTE: GLAM is not a decision making
body
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Project Future Hydrologic
Climate
Calculate Regulation Plan
Water Levels and Flows
Monitor and Use Predictive Models
to Assess Outcomes
Evaluate Plan Performance
Decision Support
(for Boards, IJC)
GLAM Adaptive Management Framework
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Project Future Hydrologic Climate
Projected Water Supplies
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Project Future Hydrologic
Climate
Calculate Regulation Plan
Water Levels and Flows
Monitor and Use Predictive Models
to Assess Outcomes
Evaluate Plan Performance
Decision Support
(for Boards, IJC)
GLAM Adaptive Management Framework
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8
/x=
Non-regulated Plan 2014Previous
Regulation Plan
Non-Regulated water levels on Lake Ontario – 101 years Plan 2014 water levels on Lake Ontario – 101 years Previous Regulation Plan water levels on Lake Ontario – 101 years
Level
(ft)
Level
(m)
Calculate Regulation Plan Water Levels and Flows
GLAM Adaptive Management Framework
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Project Future Hydrologic
Climate
Calculate Regulation Plan
Water Levels and Flows
Monitor and Use Predictive Models
to Assess Outcomes
Evaluate Plan Performance
Decision Support
(for Boards, IJC)
GLAM Adaptive Management Framework
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Monitor and Use Predictive Models to Assess Outcomes
GLAM Adaptive Management Framework
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Project Future Hydrologic
Climate
Calculate Regulation Plan
Water Levels and Flows
Monitor and Use Predictive Models
to Assess Outcomes
Evaluate Plan Performance
Decision Support
(for Boards, IJC)
GLAM Adaptive Management Framework
11
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GLAM Adaptive Management Framework
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Project Future Hydrologic
Climate
Calculate Regulation Plan
Water Levels and Flows
Monitor and Use Predictive Models
to Assess Outcomes
Evaluate Plan Performance
Decision Support
(for Boards, IJC)
GLAM Adaptive Management Framework
13
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Decision Support
$
GLAM Adaptive Management Framework
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Project Future Hydrologic
Climate
Calculate Regulation Plan
Water Levels and Flows
Use Predictive Models to Assess
Outcomes
Evaluate Plan Performance
Decision Support
(for Boards, IJC)
Reconsider
objectives/
tradeoffs
Monitor and
validate/update
models
GLAM Adaptive Management Framework
Monitor and test
changes
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Challenges for GLAM Committee
• Geographic scope of Great Lakes is very large
• Committee working without a sustained budget and with limited resources
• Existing models are getting out of date and/or are no longer useable
• Not all performance indicators are easily updatable – need long-term monitoring
program
• Engaging stakeholders takes considerable effort, commitment and a strategy
• Information management is necessary and complicated in a binational setting
• Mother Nature can throw you a curve ball!
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2017 – As Luck would have it…
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2017 – Record High Water Levels
Record Highs – Peak 75.88 m
New Regulation Plan Implemented
Source: Wendy Leger
ECCC, Grimsby, ON
Source: Tim Dixon, New York.
Date 10/30/2017
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May 29, 2017June 26, 2017
Many Blame New Regulation Plan
May 29, 2017
Sept. 2017Sept. 24, 2017
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Project Future Hydrologic
Climate
Calculate Regulation Plan
Water Levels and Flows
Use Predictive Models to Assess
Outcomes
Evaluate Plan Performance
Decision Support
(for Boards, IJC)
GLAM Adaptive Management Framework
Monitor and test
changes
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Understand the Causes/Drivers
• Extreme water levels a result of the combination
of:
• record breaking precipitation in April and May 2017
over both Lake Ontario basin and Ottawa River
basin, similar in 2019
• high inflows from Lake Erie since Jan 2017
• unusual ice conditions in St. Lawrence River in 2017
2x – 2.75x Apr/May2017
More than Normal
Cornwall Daily Mean Temperature (bold) versus Normal (solid) and +/- 1,2,3 SD (dashed red/blue)
(blue shading = below freezing, red shading = above freezing)
2017
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Are Levels within Ranges Used to Assess
the Plan?St. Lawrence RiverLake Ontario
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Project Future Hydrologic
Climate
Calculate Regulation Plan
Water Levels and Flows
Use Predictive Models to Assess
Outcomes
Evaluate Plan Performance
Decision Support
(for Boards, IJC)
Monitor and
validate/update
models
GLAM Framework
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2017 Impact Assessment - Monitoring
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On-line Self Reporting
Survey
Sodus Point, NY
(cnycentral.com)
Media Review
Site Visits
Oshawa, ON – NASP – June 2017
Aerial Imagery Analysis
Municipal SummariesProvincial/State Data
Wetlands Monitoring
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Flooding ImpactsOblique Imagery Review: Lower St. Lawrence River
Pierrefonds
neighbourhood
in Montreal
Quebec on
05/09/2017
Chenail-du-
Moine area near
Sorel, (Lake
Sainte-Pierre)
Quebec on
05/09/2017
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Townships not Identified by
Model
• Parma
• Greece
• Rochester
• Sodus
• Hammond
• Lisbon
• Prince Edward County
Comparing Monitoring Data to Modelled Outcomes
to Validate/Update Models
Aerial Imagery Analysis v.s. Modelled Expected Flooding Survey Responses v.s. Modelled Expected Overtopping
Source: Cindy Resnick
from New York. Date
06/15/2017
Source: David Fay IJC, Gananoque, ON
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Wetlands Monitoring and Model Validation
Model ValidationData AnalysisMonitoring
Assess whether expected modelled shifts in vegetative guild extent from 2017 water level
conditions evident in monitored data from following years
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Project Future Hydrologic
Climate
Calculate Regulation Plan
Water Levels and Flows
Use Predictive Models to Assess
Outcomes
Evaluate Plan Performance
Decision Support
(for Boards, IJC)
GLAM Adaptive Management Framework
Monitor and test
changes
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Regulation Plan Review
Immediate Retrospective
• What can be learned from 2017 that could inform
plan improvements?
• Testing Plan 2014 under alternative hydroclimate
conditions
• Can regulation be improved in the future? Examine
modifications to Plan Rules, limits and Trigger levels
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Finding : 2017 had extraordinary conditions across Lake Ontario
and the St. Lawrence River, but Plan 2014 did not contribute to
record high water levels
• One year of analysis
based on an
extraordinary event
• Will continue to inform
future analyses
• Provides an
assessment of
conditions never
experienced before
(only modelled)
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Project Future Hydrologic
Climate
Calculate Regulation Plan
Water Levels and Flows
Use Predictive Models to Assess
Outcomes
Evaluate Plan Performance
Decision Support
(for Boards, IJC)
Reconsider
objectives/
tradeoffs
GLAM Adaptive Management Framework
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Decision Support
• GLAM not a decision maker, but assists Board and
IJC in decision making process. Asking the right
questions is essential!
• Plan assessment requires multi-year strategy
GLAM Interpretation of IJC Plan Objectives• Consistent with Boundary Waters Treaty• Net benefits (economic and ecosystem)• No disproportionate losses (balance between interests and
upstream/downstream)• Robustness under a range of plausible future climate
conditions
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Communication, Outreach and Engagement
• Focus is on two way, peer to peer communication, not broadcasts (any broadcasts will come
through Boards)
• GLAM to build circles of influence covering all interest categories
• GLAM is working to establish networks with research community
• Engagement with First Nations is through Boards and IJC
Shoreline
Property Assoc.
SeaGrantsConservation
Authorities
City Councils
Montreal
Metropolitan
Community
City Staff
GLAM
Coastal
Friends of the St.
Lawrence Valley
Jacques-Cartier
ZIP Committee
LAMPsRBGConservation Ontario
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Early Successes
1. Strategy development
2. Monitoring changes
• Hydrology, operational issues, LO wetlands, shore protection
• Impacts of 2017 high water (coastal, municipal/industrial water, marinas, shipping, hydropower, environment)
• Leveraging activities/data of other agencies and funding sources
3. Analysis of Great Lakes hydrology (modelling, water balance uncertainty analysis)
• Modelling (St Mary’s River eco-hydraulic model)
4. Outreach to science community
5. Forum for coordination of work
6. Reporting to IJC, public
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12 Year Strategy Proposed Items
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1. Calculate Water levels and flows [$$/yr]• Develop Water Supply Scenarios for plan evaluation (Great
Lakes - St. Lawrence)
• Refine routing models to calculate system levels and flows
• Develop and test long-range forecasting in regulation plans
2. Performance Indicators and predictive models [$$$/yr]
• A monitoring plan (prioritize performance indicators)
• Performance indicator updates/development, model validation.
3. Plan Formulation and Evaluation [$/yr]• “Shared Vision Modelling” integration
• Visualization tools
• Plan development and testing
• Assessing outcomes with the Boards and IJC
4. Decision support and trade-off analysis [$/yr]
5. Peer review/science engagement [$/yr]
6. Stakeholder engagement [$/yr]
7. Information Management [$/yr]
8. Institutional Arrangements
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• Funding continues to be a challenge
• Monitoring plan has to consider event based requirements (need to
be able to mobilize quickly)
• Connections with other agencies/organizations and stakeholders is
essential and needs to be maintained
• On-going assessments need to be practical
• Adaptive management is not easy, but it is possible
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Lessons Learned
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GLAM CommitteeThe GLAM Committee is comprised of eight members from Canada and eight members from the
U.S. with a broad diversity of expertise and interests
U.S. Canada
U.S. Co-Chair – USACE (Vacant) Wendy Leger, Canadian Co-Chair - ECCC
Don Zelazny – NYDEC Jonathan Staples - OMNRF
David Hamilton – The Nature Conservancy Patricia Clavet – MDDELCC (Quebec)
Kevin O’Donnell– USEPA Sue Doka – DFO
NOAA (Vacant) Frank Seglenieks – ECCC
Bill Werick – Consultant Jean Morin – ECCC
Keith Koralewski – USACE Rob Caldwell – ECCC
John Allis – USACE (acting co-chair) Jacob Bruxer - ECCC
Bryce Carmichael, U.S. Secretary - USACE Mike Shantz, Canadian Secretary - ECCC
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For more information, please visit
https://ijc.org/en/glam/summary-2017-great-lakes-basin-
conditions-and-water-level-impacts-support-ongoing-
regulation
http://ijc.org/en_/GLAM