U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
CHEMISTRY OF THE LAVAS AND TEPHRA FROM THE RECENT
(A.D. 1631-1944) VESUVIUS (ITALY) VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
By
Harvey E. Belkin 1 , Christopher RJ. Kilburn2 , and Benedetto De Vivo3
Open-File Report 93-399
This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or company names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
1 Mail Stop 959, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA 2Osservatorio Vesuviano, Centre di Sorveglianza, Via Manzoni 249, 80123
Napoli, Italy 3Dipartimento di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Universita di Napoli "Federico II",
Largo S. Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
1993
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION AND GEOLOGIC SETTING ............................. 1TABLE 1. Arno cycles ................................................. 2METHODS ......................................................... 2
Sampling ...................................................... 2Analysis of Major element oxides .................................... 3Analysis of FeO ................................................. 3Analysis of CO2, H2O-, and H2O+ ................................... 3Analysis of S, Cl, and F ........................................... 4Analysis of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, La, and Ce by EDXRF ..... 4Analysis of Nb by IES/ICP-AES ..................................... 4Analysis of Be, Li, Ni, V, and Y by ICP-AES ........................... 4Analysis of Pb by AAS ............................................ 4INAA ........................................................ 5
DATA TABLE EXPLANATIONS ........................................ 5All tables ...................................................... 5Table 2 explanation .............................................. 6Table 3 explanation .............................................. 7Table 4 explanation .............................................. 7
DATA AVAILABILITY ............................................... 7SAMPLE LOCATIONS ................................................ 7
Explanation of sample location maps ................................. 7REFERENCES ...................................................... 8APPENDIX A ....................................................... 10
TABLES
TABLE 2. Chemistry of Vesuvius lavas .................................. 14TABLE 3. Chemistry of Vesuvius tephra ................................. 32TABLE 4. Chemistry of Vesuvius lavas .................................. 33
FIGURES
FIGURE 1. Sample location map A ...................................... 41FIGURE 2. Sample location map B ...................................... 42FIGURE 3. Sample location map C ...................................... 43FIGURE 4. Explanation of sample location maps A, B, and C .................. 44
INTRODUCTION AND GEOLOGIC SETTING
The A.D. 1631 eruption of volcano Vesuvius, in Naples, Italy, began more than 300 years of nearly constant eruptive activity. The succeeding activity was predominately effusive with only minor pyroclastic events usually at the end of an eruptive cycle. This continuous, relatively low energy activity made Vesuvius an ideal laboratory for volcanologists and petrologists until its last eruption in AD. 1944. The literature pertaining to Vesuvius begins with Pliny the Younger's letter to Tacitus describing the A.D. 79 "Pompei" eruption and continues today as new studies continue to add to the body of work used to interpret and model its past and perhaps future activity. Systematic study and chemical analysis of the Vesuvius products began with Johnston-Laves (1884) and Washington (1906), respectively. Recent studies are discussed by Barberi et al., (1981) and Santacroce (1983). Modern analytical work is reviewed by Joron et al. (1987). This report presents the comprehensive chemical database which has been determined as part of an ongoing study (Belkin et al., 1991; Belkin et al., 1993) of the petrogenesis of the recent AD. 1631-1944 Vesuvius activity. The data generated by such an analytical program will provide a base for use in petrologic analysis as well as in derivative and complementary studies such as detailed modal and chemical petrography and isotopic analysis. The importance and utility of such a unified data set arises from the fact that although Vesuvius has been extensively studied, few workers have presented complete analyses.
Mt. Somma-Vesuvius is part of the Roman potassic province of Washington (1906) located east of Naples, at the southern boundary of the Campanian plain. Mt. Somma-Vesuvius is a composite volcano that has erupted silica-undersaturated and potassium-rich lavas and pyroclastics for at least 25,000 years. The eruptive history of Somma-Vesuvius can be divided into three periods; (1) the early historic period before the AD. 79 "Pompei" plinian eruption, (2) the middle period covering A.D. 79 to 1631 and (3) the recent period of activity from A.D. 1631 to 1944. The most recent eruptive period represents an almost continuous series of mild, mostly effusive lavas ranging in composition from phonolitic-leucitite to tephritic-leucitite. The average SiO2 content is 48.0 wt.% and the rocks are classified as tephriphonolites according to their alkali (I^O + Na2O) content. All of the lavas are silica-undersaturated and are nepheline, leucite, and olivine normative.
The proximity of Vesuvius to the resources and study of renaissance and post- renaissance Europe plus recent detailed mapping (Rosi et al., 1987) has provided historical documentation for the reconstruction of this recent period. We have used as a base for sampling (figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4) the recent map of Rosi et al., (1987). A recent compilation and discussion of the eruptive history, chemistry, petrography, and geophysics of Mt. Somma-Vesuvius can be found in Santacroce (1987) and references therein.
All the flows consist of moderately viscous lavas with either aa or pahoehoe surfaces. They are homogeneous in appearance, either vesicular or massive, and phaneritic with well developed leucite or pyroxene phenocrysts. Arno et al., (1987) has divided the recent period activity into 18 eruptive cycles. These cycles start with the A.D. 1638 effusive activity. The question of the existence of lavas erupted with the A.D. 1631
explosive activity is contentious. For the purpose of this report, we will consider those rocks labelled as pre-A.D. 1631 by Rosi et al., (1987) to be A.D. 1631 lavas (figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4).
Arno et al. (1987) defined eighteen eruption cycles (Table 1) for the recent period of activity based on the collection, interpretation, and synthesis of historical data. Quiescent periods between episodes never exceeded seven years. The cycle typically closed with more vigorous eruptions perhaps resulting from external sources (e.g., earthquakes) (Arno et al., 1987). These final-cycle eruptions are thought to empty the shallow magma reservoir. Apparently only 1-7 years was necessary to refill the lava column within the conduit. After re-establishment of the lava column strombolian activity typically begins a new cycle.
Table 1. Eighteen cycles of Vesuvius recent activity defined by Arn6 et al., (1987).
cycle 1cycle 2cycle 3cycle 4cycle 5cycle 6cycle 7cycle 8cycle 9cycle 10cycle 1 1cycle 12cycle 13cycle 14cycle 15cycle 16cycle 17cycle 18
A.D. 1638-1682A.D. 1685-1694A.D. 1696-1698A.D. 1700-1707A.D. 1712-1737A.D. 1742-1761A.D. 1764-1767A.D. 1770-1779A.D. 1783-1794A.D. 1799-1822A.D. 1825-1834A.D. 1835-1839A.D. 1841-1850A.D. 1854-1861A.D. 1864-1868A.D. 1870-1872A.D. 1874-1906A.D. 1907-1944
METHODS
SamplingRepresentative samples of bedrock or quarry outcrops were collected, labelled,
and located (figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4) on the 1:25000 geologic base of Rosi et al., (1987). Samples from locations that were later judged to be uncertain are not included. Appendix A summarizes the location and field notes. Obviously weathered or altered samples were avoided. The data reported here were obtained from aliquants ground in tungsten carbide at the University of Rome, Italy or from aliquants ground in Reston, Virginia using a jaw crusher with hardened Mn-steel plates and a grinder with alumina plates.
The following abbreviations for various analytical techniques are used in the
discussions below; ion exchange separation - inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (IES/ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXRF), F - selective ion electrode (F-SIE), Cl - selective ion electrode (Cl-SIE), and S - combustion/IR spectrometry (S-C/IRS).
The description of the methods that follows was adapted from the summaries supplied by the analysts for each method; for a more complete discussion of the various analytical methods used in this report the reader is referred to Baedecker (1987).
Analysis of Major Element OxidesMajor element oxides (Si, Al, Fetotal, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Ti, P, Mn) were determined
in representative aliquots by WDXRF using the method of Taggart et al., (1987). Total iron was determined as Fe2O3. The true value of Fe2O3 was calculated after FeO determination. 800 mg samples are weighed and then ignited in a Pt-Au crucible at 900 to 925°C for 45 minutes. The samples are reweighed after cooling to determine the total loss on ignition (LOI). The ignited samples are then fused with 8 g of lithium tetraborate by heating at 1120°C for 40 minutes, poured into Pt molds, and the resultant glass disc is irradiated by X-rays generated by a Rh-target tube operating at 35 kV and a current of 60 mA. Characteristic X-rays emitted by each element in the sample are counted, corrected for matrix effects using the deJongh (1973) model, and the concentrations are determined using previously prepared calibration standards. The concentration data are then recalculated to account for any mass change on ignition.
Analysis of FeOThe method used is that of Peck (1964). A 500 mg sample is decomposed using
HF and H2SO4. The resultant solution is treated with boric and phosphoric acids. Fe2+ is determined by a colorimetric or a potentiometric titration with potassium dichromate. Sodium diphenylamine sulfonate is used as the endpoint indicator in the colorimetric titration.
Analysis of CO2. H2O-. and H2O+.CO2 - The method of Engleman et al. (1985) was used. A 500 mg sample is first
digested with HC1O4. Any CO2 that is evolved is carried into a coulometric cell. The CO2 is converted into a strong acid by ethanolamine, and is titrated coulometrically.
H2O- - A 1 g sample is weighed and dried at 110°C for a minimum of 1 hour. The sample is placed in a desiccator and cooled. The sample is weighed again and the H2O" is determined by difference (Shapiro, 1975).
H2O+ - The method of Jackson et al. (1987) was used. A 50 mg sample is mixed with 150 mg of lead oxide/lead chromate flux. The sample is heated to 950°C. The evolved water is determined coulometrically by a Karl-Fischer titration. The titration yields the total H2O in the sample. H2O + is thus determined from the difference between total H2O and H2O"
Analysis of S. Cl. and F.Sulfur: The combustion/IR spectroscopy method of Kirschenbaum (1983) was
used. A 200 mg sample is weighed and vanadium pentoxide is added as a combustion aid. The mixture is combusted in a sulfur analyzer and the sulfur dioxide is measured by an infra-red detector.
Chlorine: A 200 mg sample is decomposed using KMnO4, HF, and H2SO4 in a specially designed, sealed teflon vessel. Chlorine is captured in a KOH/Na2SO3 solution in the center compartment of the container and then determined as chloride by the selective ion electrode method of Aruscavage and Campbell (1983).
Fluorine: A 100 mg sample is fused with a NajCO-j/ZnO flux. The fusion cake is leached with H2O. HC1 is added to liberate any CO2. An aliquot of the sample solution is buffered with a sodium citrate/KNO3 solution. This solution is analyzed for fluorine, as fluoride, by the selective ion electrode method of Kirschenbaum (1988).
Analysis of Cr. Ni. Cu. Zn. Rb. Sr. Y. Zr. Nb. Ba. La. and Ce bv EDXRFApproximately 1.0 g of 100-mesh, powdered sample is pressed into a Mylar cup.
Samples are analyzed using a Kevex 700 EDXRF spectrometer with a Kevex 7000 analyzer (Johnson, 1984; Johnson and King, 1987). The secondary targets used to fluoresce each element were: Cr = Iron; Ni, Cu, and Zn = Germanium; Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb = Silver; Ba, La, and Ce = Gadolinium. Corrections are made for background interferences, escape peaks, and spectral overlaps. Sources of error inherent to EDXRF analysis are corrected using the Compton ratio method. Trace element concentrations in the samples are calculated from calibration graphs of the intensity ratio versus concentration for a series of standard reference materials found in Abbey (1983).
Analysis of Nb bv IES/ICP-AESA 100 mg sample is decomposed with HNO3, HC1O4, and HF and evaporated to
dryness overnight. The residue is dissolved in 15 mL of 8N HC1. The solution is passed through an ion exchange column to remove the alkali metals. The chloride form of Nb is absorbed onto the resin. The column is washed with 5N HF to remove Fe. A solution of 7N HNO3 is poured through the column to quantitatively strip the Nb from the resin. This fraction is collected and evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in 2 mL of 2N HC1 and analyzed by ICP-AES. Estimates of detection limits are given by Wilson et al. (1987).
Analysis of Be. Li. Ni V. and Y bv ICP-AESA 100 mg sample is decomposed with HNO3, HC1O4, and HF and evaporated to
dryness overnight. The residue is dissolved in 10 mL of 2N HC1. Analysis of Be, Li, Ni, V, and Y is done directly on this solution by ICP-AES (Lichte et al., 1987). Ni at <20 ppm was analyzed by the graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry method.
Analysis of Pb by AASA 100 mg sample is decomposed with HNO3, HC1O4, and HF and evaporated to
dryness overnight. The residue is dissolved in 10 mL of 2N HC1. Analysis of Pb was
done directly on the solution by flame atomic absorption (Aruscavage and Crock, 1987).
INAASample aliquants of -0.5 g each are irradiated for 6-8 hours at a flux of ~2xl012 n-
cm"2 -s' 1 in the "TRIGA" reactor at the U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado. Standards for most elements are aliquants of a powdered natural obsidian spiked with primary solutions, taken to dryness and homogenized. Standards for Ca, Ti, and Au are powdered CaCO3, TiO2, and homogeneous low-Au quartz, respectively. At least one replicate sample and one USGS standard rock are irradiated together with the samples and standards. Samples are counted three times on co-axial Ge and/or Ge(Li) detectors with resolutions ranging from 1.78 to 1.86 KeV measured at 1.33 MeV using the following scheme: 1 hour counts after 6-8 days of decay, 2 hour counts after 14-17 days of decay, and 2-4 hour counts -50 days after irradiation. In addition, one count is done on an intrinsic Ge, low-energy photon detector (for one hour, 8-10 days after irradiation).
Gamma-ray spectra are analyzed for Na, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Au, Th, U, and W using the appropriate isotopes. Computer processing is done with SPECTRA and associated programs on a VAX11/780 computer or an IBM-PC compatible computer (Grossman and Baedecker, 1987; Baedecker and McKown, 1987; Baedecker and Grossman, 1989). Corrections are made for spectral interferences as well as for interferences on Zr, Mo, Ba, La, Ce, and Nd from the products of 235U fission produced during irradiation.
DATA TABLE EXPLANATIONS
One hundred and forty-nine lavas and five tephra have been analyzed. Three tables (Tables 2, 3, and 4) present the complete chemical data set acquired by chemists in the U.S. Geological Survey laboratories located in Reston, Virginia, Denver, Colorado, and Menlo Park, California. The following analysts are all from the Branch of Geochemistry, U.S. Geological Survey; P.A. Baedecker, J.N. Grossman, and G. Wandless (INAA), M.W. Doughten (IES/ICP-AES and AAS), J. Kent and J.R. Evans (EDXRF), CJ. Skeen (Cl-SIE & S-C/IRS), J.R. Gillison-Colbert (F-SIE), H. Smith, M.G. Kavulak, W.B. Crandell, and C.L. Prosser (FeO, CO2, H2O+ and H2O-), J. Taggart, J.S. Mee, A, Bartel, and D.F. Siems (WDXRF).
All tablesThe data for the major elements and volatiles are given usually to two decimal
places except SiO2, A12O3, and FeO. The Fe2O3 reported in the tables was derived by the following equation; Fe2O3 = Fe2O3total - (FeO 1.1113). Values reported as upper limits (e.g., < 0.01) are included but were at or below the indicated detection limit. The samples are listed in each table from the oldest to the youngest date of eruption and within each date, they are listed by decreasing MgO value. Other abbreviations are na = not analyzed or reported, LOI = loss on ignition, and FeOT = total iron calculated
as FeO.All the major elements and volatiles given in Table 2, 3, and 4 were analyzed by
the techniques described above. However, some elements were determined by more than one analytical procedure. In the explanation of the tables below, the particular preferred analytical technique selected for these elements is identified. Although all intermethod biases are believed to be less than 20%, in some cases the detection limits differ significantly.
TABLE 2 EXPLANATIONTable 2 represents 103 lava analyses that were selected as representative of their
particular eruptions and were subsequently analyzed by INAA.
Analysis code a = the sample submitted for INAA was an aliquant of the rock that was ground inReston, VA with steel/alumina as described above.
Analysis code b = the sample submitted for INAA was an aliquant of the rock that was ground in Rome,Italy with tungsten carbide as described above.
Sc -INAA Cr -INAA Co - INAA V - ICP-AES Ni -ICP-AES Zn -INAA Cu - EDXRF W -INAA Mo - INAA Sb - INAA As -INAA Li - ICP-AES Be -ICP-AES Zr -EDXRF Hf -INAANb - IES/ICP-AES = analysis code c: EDXRF = analysis code d Ta -INAA Th -INAA U -INAA Rb - EDXRF Cs - INAA Sr -EDXRF Ba -EDXRF Pb -AAS Y - ICP-AES La -INAA Ce - INAA Nd - INAA Sm - INAA Eu -INAA Tb -INAA Yb - INAA Lu -INAA Au -INAA
Table 2 miscellaneous notes: The Pb value for sample V77 was confirmed by duplicate analysis. The Au value for V39 was checked to verify that it was not an instrumental error.
TABLE 3 EXPLANATIONTable 3 presents 5 tephra that were analyzed by INAA. The analytical technique
preferences and codes are the same as those defined in table 2.
TABLE 4 EXPLANATIONTable 4 presents 46 lava analyses and represents the remainder of the lavas. Cr, Ni,
Zn, Cu, Zr, Nb, Rb, Sr, Ba, Y, La, and Ce were all determined by EDXRF.
DATA AVAILABILITY
Digital versions of the data tabulated in this report are available on double-sided high-density (1.2 MB) 5W1 floppy diskettes and double-sided high-density (1.4 MB) floppy diskettes in a form compatible with the IBM-PC versions of QUATTRO PRO or LOTUS 1-2-3 spreadsheets. The data are also available on double-sided low-density or high-density diskettes compatible with MACINTOSH Computer using a EXCEL spreadsheet. Either version can be obtained from the senior author; please send a diskette with instructions concerning compatibility.
SAMPLE LOCATIONS
We have used as a base for sampling (figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4) the recent map of Rosi et al., (1987) that includes new mapping plus historical reconstruction.
Explanation of sample location mapsThe pertinent geographic area containing the recent flows has been divided up into
three sections, western (fig. 1), central (fig. 2), and eastern (fig. 3) as noted in fig. 4. The 1:25000 scale map of Rosi et al. (1987) has been simplified in terms of the map patterns that distinguished the volcanic products of the period A.D. 1637-1944 (fig. 4). Appendix A provides details of the locations. The three maps are reproduced at a scale of 1:50000.
REFERENCES
Abbey S. [1983] Studies in "standard samples" of silicate rocks and minerals, 1969-1982.Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 83-15, 114 p.
Arno, V., Principe, C, Rosi, M., Santacroce, R., Sbrana, A. and Sheridan, M.F. [1987]Eruptive History. In Somma-Vesuvius. (R. Santacroce, ed.) Consiglio Nazionale dellaRicerche Quaderni de "La Ricerca Scientifica" vol. 8, 114, p. 53-103.
Aruscavage, P.J. and Campbell, E.Y. [1983] An ion selective electrode method for thedetermination of chlorine in geologic materials. Talanta. 30, p. 745-749.
Aruscavage, P.J. and Crock, J.G. [1987] Atomic absorption methods. In Methods forGeochemical Analysis (Baedecker, P.A., ed.), U.S. Geological Survey Bull. 1770. p.C1-C6.
Baedecker, P.A. (ed.) [1987] Methods for geochemical analysis. U.S. Geological SurveyBulletin 1770, chapters A-K.
Baedecker, P.A. and McKown, D.M. [1987] Instrumental neutron activation analysis ofgeochemical materials. In Methods for geochemical analysis. (Baedecker, P.A., ed.),U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1770, p. H1-H14.
Baedecker, P.A. and Grossman, J.N. [1989] The computer analysis of high resolutiongamma-ray spectra from instrumental activation analysis experiments. U.S. GeologicalSurvey Open-File Report, 89-454, 88 p.
Barberi, F., Bizouard, H., Clocchiatti, R., Metrich, N., Santacroce, R., and Sbrana, A.[1981] The Somma-Vesuvius magma chamber: a petrological and volcanologicalapproach. Bull. Volcanol., 44, p. 295-315.
Belkin, H.E., Kilburn, C.R.J., De Vivo, B., and Trigila, R. [1991] Sampling and analyticalchemistry of the recent Vesuvius activity (A.D. 1631-1944). International Conferenceon Active Volcanoes and Risk Mitigation, Abstracts, 27 Aug.- 1 Sept. 1991, Napoli,Italy, unpaginated.
Belkin, H.E., Kilburn, C.R.J., and De Vivo, B. [1993] Sampling and major elementchemistry of the recent (A.D. 1631-1944) Vesuvius activity. Journal of Volcanologyand Geothermal Research, 58, p. 273-290.
deJongh, W.K. [1973] X-ray fluorescence analysis applying theoretical matrix correlations- Stainless steel. X-Ray Spectrometry, 2, p. 151-158.
Engleman, E.E., Jackson, L.L., and Norton, D.R. [1985] Determination of carbonatecarbon in geological materials by coulometric titration. Chem. Geol., 53, p. 125-128.
Grossman, J.N. and Baedecker, P.A. [1987] Interactive methods for data reduction andquality control in INAA. Journal Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 113, p. 43-59.
Jackson, L.L., Brown, F.W., and Neil, S.T. [1987] Major and minor elements requiringindividual determination, classical whole rock analysis, and rapid rock analysis. InMethods for Geochemical Analysis (Baedecker, P.A., ed.), U.S. Geological SurveyBull. 1770. p. G1-G23.
Johnson, R.G. [1984] Trace element analysis of silicates by means of energy-dispersive X-ray Spectrometry. X-Ray Spectrometry, 13, p. 64-68.
Johnson, R.G. and King, B.-S.L. [1987] Energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescenceSpectrometry. In Methods for Geochemical Analysis (Baedecker, P.A., ed.), U.S.
8
Geological Survey Bull. 1770. p. F1-F5. Johnston-Laves, HJ. [1884] The geology of Monte Somma and Vesuvius, being a study in
volcanology. Geol. Soc. London Quart. J., 40, p. 35-119. Joron, J.L., Metrich, N., Rosi, M, Santacroce, R. and Sbrana, A. [1987] Chemistry and
Petrography. In Somma-Vesuvius. (R. Santacroce, ed.) Consiglio Nazionale dellaRicerche Quaderni de "La Ricerca Scientifica", vol. 8, 114, p. 105-174.
Kirschenbaum, H., [1983] The classical chemical analysis of rocks - the old and the new.U.S. Geological Survey Bull., 1547. 55p.
Kirschenbaum, H., [1988] The determination of fluoride in silicate rocks by ion selectiveelectrode: an update. U.S.Geological Survey Open-File Report no. 88-588, 5p.
Lichte, F.E., Golightly, D.W. and Lamothe, PJ. [1987] Inductively coupled plasma-atomicemission spectrometry. In Methods for Geochemical Analysis (Baedecker, P.A., ed.),U.S. Geological Survey Bull. 1770, p. B1-B10.
Peck, L.C., [1964] Systematic analysis of silicates. U.S. Geological Survey Bull. 1170,89p.
Rosi, M., Santacroce, R., and Sbrana, A. [1987] Geological map (1:25000) of Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex. In Somma-Vesuvius. (R. Santacroce, ed.) ConsiglioNazionale della Ricerche Quaderni de "La Ricerca Scientifica", vol. 8, 114:.
Santacroce, R. [1983] A general model for the behavior of the Somma-Vesuvius volcaniccomplex. J. Volcanol. Geothermal. Res., 17, p. 237-248.
Santacroce, R. (ed.) [1987] Somma-Vesuvius. Consiglio Nazionale della RicercheQuaderni de "La Ricerca Scientifica", vol. 8, 114, p. 1-251.
Shapiro, L., [1975] Rapid analysis of silicate, carbonate, and phosphate rocks - revisededition. U.S. Geological Survey Bull. 1401, 76p.
Taggart, I.E., Lindsey, J.R., Scott, B.A., Vivit, D.V., Bartell, A.J., and Stewart, K.C.[1987] Analysis of geologic materials by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescencespectrometry. In Methods for Geochemical Analysis (Baedecker, P.A., ed.), U.S.Geological Survey Bull. 1770, p. E1-E19.
Washington, H.S. [1906] The Roman Comagmatic Region. Carnegie Inst. Washington.publ. 57, 199p.
Wilson, S.A., Kane, J.S., Crock, J.G., and Hatfield, D.B. [1987] Chemical methods ofseparation for optical emission, atomic absorption spectrometry, and colorimetry. InMethods for Geochemical Analysis (Baedecker, P.A., ed.), U.S. Geological SurveyBull. 1770, p. D1-D14.
APPENDIX A
List of the samples of A.D. 1631-1944 Vesuvius recent products (collected in 1988 by CRJK). Samples located using the 1:25000 geological map of Somma-Vesuvio by Rosi et al., 1987. Where appropriate, locations are given as direction and distance from the center of the Gran Cono (GC), the central cone of Vesuvius.
Abbreviations: TA = Torre Annunziata; TG = Torre del Greco; M not in Dipartimento di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; SUM = summit
Samples cut by "marble" cutter,
LAVA SAMPLESSample No.
V1V2V3V4V5V6V7V8V9V10V11V12V13V14V15V16V17V18V19V20
V21V22V23V24V25V26V27V28V29V30V31V32V32aV33V34V35V36
Full Referenc
V/1631/2TAV/1631/3TAV/1631/4TAV/1631/3TGV/1631/4TGV/1 631/5V/1 631/7V/1 694/1V/1 694/2V/1 694/3V/1 697/1V/1 697/1 MV/1 697/2V/1697/2MV/1697/3MV/1 71 4/1 MV/1 71 4/2V/1 71 7/1 MV/1717/2MV/1 723/1
V/1 737/1V/1 737/2V/1 737/3V/1 737/4V/1 751/1V/1 751/2V/1 751/3V/1 754/1V/1 754/3V/1 754/4V/1 760/1V/1760/2MV/1760/2MV/1 760/3V/1 760/4V/1760/5MV/1 760/6
Location
Torre Annunziata; Lido, NR Terme Vesuviane.asV1.asV1.Torre del Greco; FS Stazione.asV4.Torre Annunziata; Stazione Sta Maria la Bruna.asV6.5 km W GC; 750 m ESE Cim. di Resina.asV8.asV8.Torre del Greco; Campo Sportive; 4.25 km SW GC.asV11.asV11.asV11.Torre del Greco; NE of Autostrada; 5 km SE GC.Boscotrecase Road; 5 km SSE GC.SSW Massa del Carceriere; 3.75 km SE GC.Cappella Nuova; 4.2 km S GC.as V18.Terzigno; Campo Sportive; 3.7 km ENE GC.[Note: what is mapped as a 1723 dagala maybe 1906 material]200 m N Casa Serpe; 3.25 km SW GC.asV21.Fosso Bianco; 2.75 km SW GC.as V23.Boscoreale; Villa Massa; 6.4 km SE GC.as V25.as V25.N branch; 3.8 km SE GC.N branch; 5.3 km SE GC.S branch; Boscoreale (Balzani); 4.8 km SE GC.Torre Annunziata; C. Ranieri; 7 km S GC.asV31.as V31; thin section only.asV31.W of Berardinelli; 5.1 km S GC.as V34.100 m S of vent area; 4.1 km S GC.
10
V37V38V39V40V41V42V43V44V45V45aV46V47V49V50V51V52V53V54V55V56V57V58V59V60V61V62V63V64V65V66V67V68V69V70V71V72V73V74V75V76V76aV77V78V79V80V81V82V83V84V85V86
V/1760/7 V/1760/8 V/1767/1 V/1767/2 V/1767/3 V/1761-71/1 V/1761-71/3M V/1794/2 V/1794/3 V/1794/4 V/1794/6 V/1794/7 V/1805/1 V/1805/2 V/1805/3 V/1805/4 V/1806/1 V/1806/2 V/1806/3 V/1806/4 V/1806/5 V/1822/1 V/1822/3 V/1822/4 V/1834/2M V/1834/3 V/1834/6 V/1834/8 V/1839/1M V/1839/2 V/1839/3 V/1847/1a V/1847/2M V/1850/1 V/1850/2 V/1850/3 V/1855/1 V/1855/1M V/1855/2 V/1855/3M V/1855/3M V/1855/4 V/1858/1 V/1858/2 V/1858/3 V/1858/4M V/1858/5 V/1861/2 V/1861/3 V/1867/1 V/1867/2
asV36.E of Massa S. Giorgio; 4.9 km S GC.toe of flow; N of Cim. di Portici; 5.5 km WSW GC.N of San Vrto; 4.3 km WNW GC.asV40.Torre del Greco; 3.25 km WSW GC.Torre del Greco; facing Casa Rossa; 3.5 km WSW GC.Torre del Greco; lowest vent area; 3 km SW GC.as V44.Torre del Greco; Port; 6.5 km SE GC (100 m NW V46); thin section only.Torre del Greco; Port; 6.5 km SW GC.Torre del Greco; SE margin of flow; 6.3 km SW GC.S branch; 750 M NE Camaldoli; SE of C. Luciniello; 4.5 km SSW GC.as V49.as V49.middle branch; near Villa Cervasio 4.5 km SSW GC.S branch; 750 m E of Camaldoli; 4.7 km SSW GC.S branch; 375 m N Cappella Nuova; 4 km SSW GC.asV54.N branch; 375 m NE Lamaria; 5 km SW GC.asV56.forestale; 2 km S GC.forestale; 2.1 km S GC.forestale; 2.6 km S GC.quarry 600 m NW Boccia al Mauro; 6.3 km ESE GC.asV61.asV61.WSW of Terzigno; 3.1 km SE GC.S of Terzigno; 5.7 km ESE GC.S of Terzigno; 5.1 km ESE GC.asV66.forestale; 1.9kmSWGC.forestale; 2.1 km SE GC.W margin of exposure; 1.9 km SSE GC.2 km SSE GC.2.1 km SSE GC.N branch; S. Sebastiano (dagala); 5.9 km WNW GC.asV73.N branch, W toe; S. Sebastiano; 6.75 km WNW GC.asV75.as V75; thin section only.as V75.forestale; 1.3kmWGC.N side of road to Ercolano; 4 km WNW GC.E side of road to Ercolano; 3.5 km W GC.asV80.N side of road to Ercolano; 3 km WNW GC.Torre del Greco, Hospital; 4 km SW GC.Torre del Greco; toe of flow; 4.75 km SW GC.forestale; 1.5 km S Colli Umberto; 1.3 km SE GC.asV85.
11
V87
V87aV88V90V91V92V92aV93V93gV94V95V96V97V98V99V100V101V102V104V105V106V107V108V108aV108bV109V110V111V112V113V114V115V116V117V118V119V120V121V122V123V124V125V126V127V128
V129 V130 V131 V132
V/1868/1
V/1868/2 V/1871-72/1 V/1872/2a V/1872/2 V/1872/3 V/1872/4 V/1881/1 V/1881/1 V/1881/2 V/1883-1906/1 V/1886/1 V/1891-94/1 V/1891-94/2M V/1895-99/1 V/1895/99/2 V/1895-99/3 V/1895-99/4 V/1906/3 V/1906/3M V/1906/4B V/1906/7M V/1906/8M V/1906/8M V/1906/8M V/1906/10 V/1906/12M V/1913-44/1 V/1913/44/2 V/1929/1M V/1929/3 V/1929/3 V/1929/4 V/1929/5 V/1929/6M V/1929/7M V/1941-42/1 V/1941-42/1 V/1944/1/? V/1944/1/1 a V/1944/1/1 a V/1944/1/1b V/1944/1/1c V/1944/1/1d V/1944/1/2a
V/1944/1/2b V/1944/1/2c V/1944/1/2d V/1944/1/3
quarry face N of Stazione Inferiore delta Funivia; two thin sections;covered by 1872 lava; 4 km ENE GC.as V87.toe of flow; NW of C. Cerasiello; 3,7 km WSW GC.forestale; 1.8kmSWGC.N branch; S. Sebastiano; 5.5 km WNW GC.S branch; S. Sebastiano; 4 km WNW GC.above S. Sebastiano; 2.75 km WNW GC; thin section only.tumulus on ESE flank of GC f?50 m ESE GC").glassy sample, thin section only; as V93.asV93.Cogndetta; 2 km SE GC.forestale; 2 km SW GC.between C. Margherita & Umberto; 1 km NNW GC.between C. Margherita & Umberto; 1 km NW GC.forestale; 1.9 km WNW GC.as V99.E side of Colli Umberto; 1.25 km NW GC.NW side of Colli Umberto; 1.75 km NW GC.as V105.N Boscotrecase; middle branch, E limb; 6.3 km SSE GC.N Boscotrecase; middle branch, W limb; 4.6 km SSE GC.W branch; E of C. Aniello; 4 km SSE GC.as V107.as V108; thin section only.as V108; thin section only.within Somma Caldera; Piazzale; 1.3 km SE GC.as V109.Valle deirinferno; 1.6 km E GC.Valle dell'lnferno; 1.6 km ESE GC.S branch; NE of Terrioni; 3.6 km SE GC.N branch; Terzigno, S side of road to Campo Sportive; 4.4 km ESE GC.asV114.N branch; Terzigno, S side of road Sportive (NW); 3.6 km ESE GC.N branch, S margin; 3.3 km ESE GC.asV117.S branch; S of Buscodi Cupaccia; 2.8 km SE GC.hornitoes; 1.55 km SE GC.hornitoes; 1.5 km SE GC.Main (S. Sebastiano) flow; 2.25 km NW GC.asV122.asV122.asV122.asV122.main flow; by road; 2.5 km NW GC.main flow; Colle Margherita; 1.25 km NNE GC; 3 orthogonal thinsections.as V128.as V128.as V128.main flow; tumulus, Atrio del Cavallo; 1.1 km NNE GC.
12
V133V134V135V135aV135b
V136V136aV136bV137V138V138aV139V139aV140V141V142V142aV143V143V144V145V145aV146V147V148V149V149aV150V151V154V155
V156
V/1 944/1/4V/1 944/1 a/1V/1 944/1 a/2V/1 944/1 a/3V/1 944/1 a/4
V/1 944/1 a/6MV/1 944/1 a/6V/1 944/1 a/5V/1 944/1 a/7V/1 944/1 b/1Mv/1 944/1 b/1V/1 944/1 b/2MV/1 944/1 b/2V/1944/2aV/1944/3aV/1 944/4/1 aV/1 944/4/1 bV/1 944/5/1V/1 944/5/3V/1 944/5/2V/1 944/6/1 pV/1 944/6/1V/1 944/6/2V/1 944/6/3V/1944/SUM/1V/1944/SUM/2V/1944/SUM/3V/1 906/1 3V/1 906/1 4V/1 906/1 7V/1 906/1 8
V/1944/D1
TEPHRA SAMPLES
Sample
V44T1V44T2V44T3V06T1V06T2
Number
1944; 1.1 kmNf1944; 1.1 kmNl1944; rim of Soi1906; from colle1906; from colle
main flow, W margin; 1 km N GC.main flow, N branch, N side; 4.4 km NW GC.as V134; 2 thin sections.as V134; thin section only.main flow, N branch ; S side opposite V134; 4.4 km NW GC; thinsection only.N side of 1872 dagala; 3.5 km NW GC.as V136; thin section only.as V136; thin section only.main flow, N branch, N limb; S. Sebastiano; 5.5 km NW GC.main flow, S branch; S of 1872 dagala; 3 km NW GC.as V138; thin section only.main flow, S branch; S of 1872 dagala; 3.2 km NW GC.as V139; thin section only.Cdle Margherita; toe of flow; 1 km NW GC.Colle Margherita; toe of flow; 1.2 km NW GC.forestale; 1.4 km W GC.as V142; thin section only.forestale; toe of N tongue; 1.5 km SE GC.forestale; as V143; thin section only.forestale; 1.4kmSEGC.forestale; 1.55 km S GC.as V145; thin section only.forestale; toe of eastern tongue; 1.9 km S GC.forestale; W margin; 1.6 km S GC.S rim of GC.SW rim of GC.NNW flank GC, close to rim, thin section only.N branch, near toe; Molara; 4.1 km SE GC.asV150.asV155.middle branch, S limb; S Boscotrecase, Circumvesuviana Railway; 6.75km SSE GC.toe of debris flow; by road, 1 km NNW GC; thin section only.
Location
1906; from collection of Dipart. Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Napoli, location unknown. 1906; from collection of Dipart. Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Napoli, location unknown.
13
Table 2: Vesuvius lavas (AD. 1631-1944)
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)Ti02AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-P2O5CO2FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V41631
W-255757a,c
48.20.9614.95.332.5
0.146.5511.81.786.200.280.050.810.020.210.16
<0.01
0.1399.76
7.30 0.191.9
29.919330.525163761183.72.7
0.418.8157.81744.0724
1.3914.474.76262
15.1784117003227
39.077.834.38.992.020.9441.98
0.269<7
V61631
W-255692a,c
47.51.0117.35.033.40.154.319.812.227.120.280.060.920.010.220.48
<0.01
0.2299.60
7.93 0.111.3
15.8020.530.025129801166.75.5
0.357.8157.81954.4728
1.6519.05.3527717.5104021303629
53.9106.747.911.192.481.082.250.300<6
V31631
W-255758a,c
48.40.9317.73.164.70.153.698.442.637.890.470.120.790.020.260.55
<0.01
0.2699.64
7.54 0.310.6
12.8826.626.623625801196.85.8
0.5111.4209.62204.7435
2.0422.27.2030818.1111021904328
54.9103.741.49.642.220.9892.31
0.301<6
V21631
W-255693a,c
48.40.9217.84.373.60.153.688.332.728.060.410.220.78
<0.010.250.05
<0.01
0.1299.62
7.53 0.321.1
12.7624.926.52232781977.34.7
0.4758.12011
1974.7737
2.0022.57.4534518.311602260
2527
54.9105.147.59.922.210.9752.220.292
<7
V91694
W-246236b,d
48.10.9716.13.634.30.145.4310.62.326.540.160.020.870.010.190.42
<0.01
0.1999.61
7.57 <0.01
0.8
25.677.5na
2413874117na3.6
0.227.8137.01984.6323na
19.46.2528017.585317902826
48.097.143.310.372.351.142.070.305
<6
V101694
W-255753a,c
48.10.9916.64.064.00.145.0510.22.426.800.160.080.890.010.190.340.02
0.1899.88
7.66 0.030.9
26.078.529.724237741154.4<5
0.308.2147.12024.6528
1.6219.26.2228718.187418602926
48.395.842.710.542.351.0282.05
0.281<7
14
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-P2O5CO2FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%)LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V81694
W-255691a,c
48.00.9917.57.331.1
0.154.329.152.487.130.140.040.910.040.270.230.030.19
99.62
7.690.336.0
19.138.129.023131
79.41133.83.8
0.4048.8157.82104.8131
1.8522.16.7129920.5944
20205730
53.4108.050.911.062.431.0692.27
0.2986
V131697
W-246240b,d
47.71.0417.13.254.90.144.519.992.367.200.270.030.960.010.220.44
<0.010.21
99.91
7.830.110.6
17.6811.8na
2443476126na<6
0.3465.0178.42024.4627na
16.95.7929417.210402040
2727
44.689.041.69.662.181.072.22
0.318<4
V141697
W-255726a,c
47.61.0417.13.155.0
0.144.489.922.377.220.120.100.960.010.250.440.030.24
99.70
7.840.090.6
17.812.330.125433811305.93.40.395.8178.51994.4730
1.7116.35.4728817.0102020103026
44.186.741.29.572.200.9952.210.294<5
V151697
W-255725a,c
47.71.0417.12.855.3
0.154.469.942.367.170.350.030.950.010.220.41
<0.01
0.2099.84
7.860.080.5
17.811.630.326234
79.11125.54.3
0.4218.8189.01994.4830
1.8417.46.1228317.2985
20303127
46.090.441.29.972.271.0292.27
0.308<6
V161714
W-255732a,c
48.30.9816.03.554.40.145.5511.01.966.480.310.030.78
<0.010.180.27
<0.01
0.1599.78
7.590.060.7
26.810731.324648
77.91004.0<6
0.347.6137.41743.9522
1.3813.984.42282
14.45907
20202726
42.884.838.69.922.250.9902.140.278
<5
V171714
W-255755a,c
48.20.9717.13.624.30.144.779.692.526.800.360.100.880.010.190.29
<0.01
0.1699.78
7.560.350.8
21.447.328.623132731195.92.70.489.6157.32064.6230
1.7821.66.3425816.994620403026
56.1109.449.311.212.491.072.130.292<6
15
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-P2O5CO2FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V181717
W-255731a,c
48.00.9618.05.662.5
0.153.778.442.567.760.38
<0.010.890.010.240.38
<0.01
0.2099.50
7.59 0.502.0
12.4817.127.521728821224.6<6
0.508.82110
2034.2030
1.9219.46.6232320.6106021704026
48.592.839
9.392.150.9402.190.294
7
V191717
W-255721a,c
48.20.9718.03.124.8
0.153.758.572.427.960.470.020.900.010.220.35
<0.01
0.1999.72
7.60 0.390.6
12.0216.827.222427801145.42.9
0.459.4199.72034.1533
1.8718.96.7233120.1107022203425
47.790.639.09.132.110.9262.180.288
6
V201723
W-255764a,c
47.71.0016.63.724.80.154.9110.72.136.430.360.140.860.050.170.20
<0.01
0.1299.79
8.14 0.400.7
23.129.429.726728751205.4<4
0.327.4147.2195
4.5128
1.5615.244.8421314.1906
20602427
41.984.737.69.682.200.9832.310.289<6
V231737
W-255742a,c
47.90.9717.53.934.40.153.909.142.477.450.33
<0.010.860.020.220.49
<0.01
0.22
99.51
7.94 0.310.8
16.024.628.424024851436.34.0
0.4058.1168.02205.1231
1.8621.36.9429520.4987
20203426
52.1103.347.210.942.421.062.31
0.308<5
V241737
W-255756a,c
48.00.9717.76.282.3
0.153.899.112.367.400.240.070.860.11nananana
99.44
7.95 0.352.5
15.6123.928.324323811315.2<4
0.459.8168.82165.1031
1.8321.36.9329120.493719403228
52.8103.845.610.752.431.062.270.303<8
V211737
W-255763a,c
47.70.9717.67.681.0
0.153.839.032.447.360.280.190.850.040.230.37
<0.01
0.20
99.52
7.91 0.686.9
15.925.328.523123791555.62.6
0.353.6188.62255.1731
1.8620.65.9429819.998619603527
48.596.344.510.342.321.0032.180.296<6
16
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)Ti02AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK20H2O+H2O-
P2O5C02FClS
-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V251751
W-255737a,c
48.30.9816.13.334.6
0.145.5110.91.826.500.240.150.790.010.180.19
<0.01
0.1399.61
7.59 0.340.7
25.294.531.025245
76.6914.9<3
0.5730.7
137.41703.8921
1.4014.114.53283
15.05889
20102826
43.187.242.010.042.271.0082.080.279<7
V291754
W-255720a,c
48.20.9916.92.175.7
0.144.9110.02.466.590.320.070.890.010.180.25
<0.01
0.1499.63
7.65 0.060.3
21.641.828.824734
76.81245.74.8
0.349.1157.62114.7530
1.8222.06.32251
15.55935
20403228
56.7110.349.711.492.491.072.230.292
17
V281754
W-255738a,c
48.20.8518.96.401.7
0.153.088.092.877.860.130.160.720.060.180.61
<0.01
0.24
99.72
7.46 0.253.4
9.119.9
25.322717
83.2945.3<1
0.387.9208.82184.5237
2.1525.27.2829018.7117021903827
64.1120.748.810.962.411.0212.250.302
7
V301754
W-255740a,c
49.30.7119.84.372.6
0.151.967.173.318.560.350.070.40
<0.010.150.45
<0.01
0.1899.17
6.53 0.391.5
5.688.418.61677.8
85.2346.85.3
0.557.02511
2324.2242
2.3625.78.8033819.5131022604026
60.2109.742.39.182.060.9282.440.314
10
V361760
W-255710a.c
48.00.9715.22.445.2
0.146.3111.92.005.910.480.110.840.010.120.30
<0.01
0.1399.80
7.40 0.150.4
33.913531.426749
76.51233.53.3
0.214.5135.91914.7424
1.5018.15.28238
15.4682317302928
46.996.447.610.802.431.102.170.279<6
V311760
W-255739a,c
47.90.9815.83.894.00.145.7411.12.236.290.240.060.860.030.190.47
<0.01
0.2199.72
7.50 0.070.9
27.791.530.126141
77.81236.42.9
0.317.7136.22004.7028
1.6219.16.1524616.585318003027
49.697.744.310.902.441.062.03
0.287<5
17
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-
P2O5CO2FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V341760
W-255709a,c
48.00.9816.13.454.4
0.145.5210.92.336.410.240.010.880.010.190.52
<0.01
0.2299.86
7.50 0.060.7
27.284.230.426340
73.91295.13.6
0.3847.7156.42044.7027
1.6719.85.6825716.788418603328
50.7101.849.210.902.461.062.08
0.291<7
V381760
W-255708a,c
47.80.9717.33.334.60.144.579.522.527.090.310.080.900.020.230.37
<0.01
0.2099.55
7.59 0.110.7
19.840.129.325930811355.64.3
0.346.9167.02114.7533
1.7921.76.3727918.393619904028
54.7108.749.811.102.461.062.27
0.304<6
V421761
W-255741a,c
48.20.9617.43.484.7
0.154.179.522.617.110.340.170.820.010.200.40
<0.010.19
100.05
7.83 0.150.7
16.936.328.026326801125.83.90.446.7177.81965.0831
1.8820.86.2833120.5101019403229
50.8100.446.710.552.351.0322.300.294
<5
V431761
W-246271b,d
48.01.0017.83.664.80.153.738.952.637.420.390.100.890.010.190.45
<0.01
0.2099.97
8.09 0.120.7
14.423.4na
2692281161na3.2
0.4310.8189.12145.2322na
22.47.0833719.7101019804030
53.3104.9
4811.052.461.162.19
0.313<5
V391767
W-255719a,c
47.80.9817.53.344.70.154.259.112.587.340.310.080.910.020.190.44
<0.01
0.2099.50
7.70 <0.01
0.6
16.828.027.925628801466.23.7
0.347.5177.52134.7430
1.8221.76.8530720.5945
20003629
53.7104.345.310.702.441.0182.17
0.291153
V411767
W-255759a,c
47.61.0817.73.065.4
0.154.079.002.727.280.310.241.010.020.210.25
<0.01
0.1599.94
8.15 0.150.5
14.7215.429.227025791265.75.5
0.2925.7177.42085.0033
1.9220.96.4832217.9107021602930
53.8106.149.811.132.471.072.34
0.299<8
18
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A. D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)Ti02AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-
P2O5CO2FClS
-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%)LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V451794
W-255736a,c
48.70.9513.32.794.8
0.137.6613.31.635.170.550.190.750.040.180.16
<0.01
0.12100.18
7.310.410.5
41.220231.427059
70.9954.73.3
0.254.6125.71654.3020
1.2014.234.4923113.77081490
2126
36.374.534.29.302.060.9241.85
0.250<6
V441794
W-255761a,c
48.80.9413.73.204.5
0.137.4513.01.715.310.460.130.76
<0.010.220.190.01
0.15100.36
7.380.210.6
41.219832.026958691013.55.2
0.264.6125.91654.5222
1.2715.084.67243
14.037191530
2127
38.578.940
9.802.160.9872.030.262<9
V461794
W-255718a,c
48.30.9615.04.553.5
0.146.1411.72.195.410.810.220.810.090.280.320.02
0.21100.23
7.590.771.2
34.3149.030.427548
78.81014.63.20.295.7136.71844.6623
1.3816.55.10264
15.2583917302728
40.983.338.19.842.190.9581.93
0.270<7
V471794
W-255717a,c
48.40.9815.75.722.6
0.145.7011.22.026.180.560.030.820.120.170.11
<0.01
0.10100.35
7.750.412.0
29.4104.830.227841
82.41195.12.7
0.3398.8147.31844.8825
1.5418.15.8928516.884117802929
45.089.142.210.372.291.0212.150.283
7
V521805
W-246280b,d
48.01.0017.63.644.70.154.089.282.387.290.440.350.900.030.230.30
<0.01
0.18100.19
7.970.360.7
15.2223.5na
2612574111na2.1
0.3437.6178.52074.7521na
20.16.5131418.5102019803228
51.097.344.310.612.251.092.09
0.315<5
V511805
W-255735a,c
47.90.9917.54.054.30.154.019.162.447.340.300.300.900.010.180.400.02
0.1999.76
7.950.300.8
16.023.428.127125
78.81286.63.9
0.3858.0188.12045.0730
1.8321.26.5132320.210202030
3330
51.4100.643.410.672.431.062.25
0.302<4
19
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H20-P2O5CO2FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V501805
W-246278b,d
48.00.9917.53.434.9
0.153.999.192.487.360.160.370.900.010.210.40
<0.010.1999.85
7.99 0.090.6
15.0219.7na
2192176121na4.2
0.318.5157.42054.8224na
20.36.4732318.9103020403326
52.098.545.310.722.361.132.250.306<6
V491805
W-254030b,d
48.01.0117.73.754.6
0.153.989.142.297.390.660.260.890.02nananana
99.84
7.97 0.460.7
15.3819.9na
2192182119na<5
0.418.4147.62125.2030na
21.36.8633219.710002010
3126
53.2104.648.711.112.441.182.440.306
<1
V531806
W-255716a,c
47.91.0017.43.374.9
0.154.299.542.327.150.350.250.910.010.230.29
<0.010.1799.89
7.94 0.300.6
18.328.929.827528841204.13.7
0.4077.1188.02125.2729
1.8621.66.3532619.89991970
5130
52.6106.249.911.262.521.132.32
0.301<6
V551806
W-254033b,d
48.01.0117.44.394.0
0.154.239.482.227.140.290.570.900.01nananana
99.79
7.95 0.451.0
16.825.8na
2322576125na3.60.438.7157.82064.8125na
19.96.5231318.39771960
3128
50.799.046.310.822.390.9982.27
0.291<3
V561806
W-246284b,d
48.00.9917.53.404.9
0.154.089.282.487.290.390.280.880.010.210.43
<0.010.20
100.07
7.96 0.180.6
15.1121.6na
2222177113na<7
0.3876.2157.62014.83
21na
20.36.4533118.710302030
3527
51.398.246.210.582.271.082.11
0.298<6
V571806
W-255698a,c
47.90.9917.63.914.40.154.039.212.447.360.460.210.890.010.250.480.03
0.25100.08
7.92 0.160.8
16.224.628.224925
78.31226.73.60.378.7157.72125.0232
1.8320.96.5133819.8103020303929
51.8101.849.210.682.411.0432.29
0.297<8
20
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-P2O5CO2FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V541806
W-254032b,d
47.71.0018.13.434.90.163.649.182.607.330.500.330.830.01nananana
99.71
7.990.340.6
13.9116.0na
2291680124na3.00.367.5157.62094.9728na
21.56.4130517.6112020903028
55.8109.649.211.312.511.092.320.319
<9
V601822
W-255750a,c
48.30.9317.33.414.3
0.144.519.341.738.080.260.550.870.010.0800.04
<0.01
0.0499.81
7.370.250.7
18.144.027.62182877494.93.60.364.67.17.21994.7235
1.9724.37.5731918.110102130
2327
57.5112.346.810.952.431.0472.23
0.298<6
V581822
W-255697a,c
48.30.9917.22.395.6
0.154.499.182.427.260.500.220.930.010.300.290.02
0.21100.04
7.750.120.4
17.628.128.121726
76.51285.94.80.379.7127.01934.8331
1.7921.76.6534222.2928
20103625
51.5102.848.310.592.371.0262.16
0.297<8
V591822
W-255754a,c
48.40.9817.52.455.5
0.154.238.812.437.520.610.280.950.010.190.23
<0.010.14
100.10
7.70 0.210.4
17.430.427.622426771235.64.60.429.3127.22024.6531
1.7921.07.0436721.9947
20303926
50.799.844.410.422.32
0.9912.22
0.282<8
V631834
W-254037b,d
47.81.0415.23.904.20.146.1112.02.125.930.030.390.830.010.160.330.01
0.16100.04
7.71 0.040.8
28.9108.0
na2434373109na4.2
0.2926.2126.41794.5419na
16.25.1926913.589417002526
43.086.142.010.102.190.9762.050.269<5
V611834
W-254036b,d
47.81.0515.52.755.30.145.9211.82.196.060.240.480.850.01nananana
100.09
7.77<0.01
0.5
27.6100.3
na2353977102na<6
0.334.8126.21754.6517na
16.65.2825614.185517402425
43.787.542.610.232.25
0.9692.05
0.270<6
21
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-P2O5C02FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V621834
W-255749a,c
47.81.0217.63.245.0
0.154.149.322.587.220.030.420.880.010.190.50
<0.01
0.2199.89
7.92 <0.01
0.6
17.026.728.223724771334.93.9
0.358.3147.21844.4830
1.7618.85.9632117.5102020003026
46.691.539.99.772.160.9642.110.287
<7
V641834
W-255724a,c
47.90.9718.62.325.6
0.153.238.242.678.000.300.630.810.010.210.26
<0.01
0.1699.74
7.68 0.210.4
10.2810.525.722216821174.8<8
0.398.4158.02004.5833
2.0221.26.9136620.9108021403627
51.098.643.39.892.240.9362.24
0.291<5
V651839
W-254038b,d
47.51.0517.22.765.5
0.154.4110.12.376.930.180.510.890.01nanana
na99.56
7.98 0.220.5
18.331.2na
23925
76.6119na<4
0.335.7157.62004.6624na
19.36.2330716.2101019802827
48.695.247.910.642.361.0282.24
0.291<6
V681839
W-255722a,c
47.90.9917.54.593.80.154.139.382.307.290.360.310.890.020.190.36
<0.01
0.1899.98
7.93 0.221.1
16.222.728.326226831125.63.2
0.378.3168.22035.0330
1.7921.06.4732719.8103019603330
52.0103.0
4410.652.421.0502.220.306
11
V671839
W-255723a,c
47.41.0417.64.623.80.154.069.602.587.160.330.300.890.010.210.40
<0.01
0.1999.95
7.95 0.161.1
16.826.328.224324821187.03.3
0.3539.2147.22004.7530
1.8519.46.6330516.6102019903227
49.295.242.810.212.311.0012.19
0.294<6
V661839
W-255752a,c
47.41.0317.73.864.50.153.999.442.627.210.340.340.890.010.230.46
<0.05
0.2299.95
7.97 0.090.8
15.3619.728.324321781336.6<7
0.44410.4147.41884.8532
1.8919.96.5630417.0103020203527
50.797.843.510.512.381.0352.26
0.2986
22
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-P2O5CO2FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V721850
W-246300b,d
47.61.0116.24.373.90.155.3111.22.196.290.160.560.830.030.210.29
<0.01
0.17
100.13
7.83 0.341.0
23.778.8na
25437
72.2119na<5
0.287.1147.22034.8322na
18.05.6226714.598718602629
48.696.245.010.502.341.152.240.299<6
V711850
W-246299b,d
47.91.0017.46.032.5
0.154.299.482.217.120.130.580.90
<0.010.230.12
<0.010.1399.91
7.93 0.402.2
17.326.9na
26328
77.4118na4.00.3611.0178.52094.9924na
20.46.5532818.997819903029
50.7100.845.610.762.371.142.180.309<6
V701850
W-255730a,c
48.01.0118.64.633.7
0.153.478.022.627.760.170.630.840.010.310.370.03
0.24
100.07
7.86 0.351.1
15.3627.227.626721821244.93.4
0.3807.7157.92035.0634
1.9821.16.1535517.6102021403231
55.2104.445.310.772.461.0512.310.314
11
V771855
W-255700a,c
47.51.0316.33.125.0
0.155.2710.92.436.460.190.590.840.020.240.420.03
0.23
100.27
7.81 0.290.6
22.372.229.627235801045.9<5
0.335.7147.22025.0231
1.8319.76.0127515.9992179025031
53.1105.0
5011.202.451.102.320.308<9
V731855
W-246364b,d
47.71.0416.33.035.1
0.155.2010.92.506.460.330.140.830.030.190.45
<0.01
0.20
100.15
7.83 0.060.5
21.374.6na
25536
75.6122na3.9
0.297.0157.62104.8626na
18.95.8227615.098718302630
50.8100.545.810.502.301.142.310.296
<8
V741855
W-255729a,c
47.51.0316.52.845.3
0.155.1110.82.466.500.080.390.840.010.230.40
<0.01
0.2099.94
7.86 0.050.5
23.484.830.226534841104.7<8
0.338.4147.22025.1732
1.8620.06.12283
15.6210301870
6130
53.1102.745.611.242.481.112.26
0.305<8
23
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-P2O5CO2FCls-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%)LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V751855
W-255704a,c
47.31.0416.85.323.10.154.7210.32.426.690.340.400.840.050.200.47
<0.010.21
99.94
7.890.351.5
21.970.830.226733821156.36.1
0.408.4147.42095.2431
1.8720.86.1329016.6102018903431
54.3109.3
5311.522.541.122.380.322
7
V781855
W-255699a,c
47.61.0018.75.013.50.163.208.542.667.620.330.390.820.030.230.26
<0.010.17
99.88
8.010.531.3
10.556.3
26.325515831335.96.20.369.7138.12174.9737
2.1022.26.6033219.7115022003330
57.1111.249.910.882.411.062.390.319<6
V801858
W-255705a,c
47.61.0817.62.086.2
0.154.209.202.657.270.340.110.990.030.330.270.010.22
99.90
8.070.070.3
14.4517.128.926527811206.53.8
0.3729.3158.12285.0833
1.9521.76.6232018.3107021003031
55.1109.852.111.312.511.082.230.302<6
V811858
W-246366b,d
47.71.0817.72.355.9
0.154.059.062.717.390.290.010.990.010.230.28
<0.010.17
99.73
8.02<0.01
0.4
13.8316.9na
2432575125na<8
0.386.1168.22064.8822na
20.96.5332717.410502100
2729
54.2105.147.811.172.441.162.050.304<7
V791858
W-246307b,d
47.51.0617.82.365.9
0.153.998.922.607.380.600.401.000.020.250.19
<0.010.16
99.97
8.030.340.4
12.9914.7na
24824
76.1114na6.00.327.0157.52134.8228na
20.56.5732217.7105020703028
53.7105.147.610.832.341.152.270.295<5
V841861
W-255701a,c
47.91.0017.13.245.00.154.279.632.407.200.160.210.890.020.180.29
<0.010.15
99.49
7.920.250.6
18.934.729.323623791305.64.30.307.7137.12045.1031
1.8021.06.1731219.594919703427
51.0103.047.110.902.481.102.33
0.312<4
24
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-P2O5CO2FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V861867
W-246371b,d
47.91.0016.93.225.2
0.154.6310.32.326.750.240.090.880.020.270.26
<0.010.1899.95
8.10 <0.01
0.6
20.4326.7na
2452474121na3.7
0.1806.4126.51934.2225na
15.64.8026713.7969
21902427
43.486.842.09.572.101.022.11
0.291<7
V87a1868
W-246373b,c
48.00.9917.72.965.0
0.153.958.742.677.740.240.090.870.030.230.42
<0.010.2199.57
7.67 0.240.5
13.0427.1na1381475136na<4
0.327.19.34.72034.2133na
19.26.7036718.810602160
3316
47.693.243.29.532.050.981.89
0.2788
V881871-1872W-255694
a,c
47.41.0718.43.105.4
0.163.448.702.837.500.320.100.860.020.160.36
<0.010.1699.66
8.19 0.340.5
10.626.7
28.126518831346.04.60.4310.4168.52285.3937
2.1023.47.0733420.1113021103632
59.6116.550.911.452.581.122.41
0.326<4
V911872
W-255748a,c
47.51.0416.36.611.9
0.155.1410.92.366.290.240.090.840.070.200.29
<0.010.1699.76
7.85 0.453.1
23.680.830.1256357797<53.50.367.5157.42135.2031
1.8219.96.0926915.998618403331
52.8106.049.611.192.481.102.31
0.315<8
V921872
W-255715a,c
47.01.0318.45.003.60.163.468.692.827.440.130.090.850.020.220.51
<0.010.2399.19
8.10 0.041.2
10.977.8
28.525517831437.35.1
0.449.6157.82335.3230
2.1623.67.4633718.8114021103830
60.3117.053.111.582.561.102.40
0.336<8
V931881
W-255712a,c
48.10.9318.02.155.80.153.848.992.527.530.340.080.930.010.140.27
<0.010.13
99.65
7.74 0.120.3
14.2016.827.123023
78.21175.0<8
0.406.8157.61994.2930
1.7919.05.4229218.510802440
2829
51.0100.545.99.932.24
0.9962.17
0.2966
25
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-P2O5CO2FClS
-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V951883-1906W-246381
b,d
47.81.0116.32.905.2
0.155.1311.02.316.430.330.120.830.020.190.35
<0.01
0.1799.90
7.81 0.180.5
23.279.5na
3184078125na3.10.345.8168.32064.7716na
18.45.2825515.097818802936
49.098.745.110.412.301.182.230.297
<7
V961886
W-246382b,d
47.91.0117.44.184.20.154.089.362.537.340.240.090.900.020.260.47
<0.010.23
99.90
7.96 0.150.9
15.7021.1na
2632474126na<4
0.377.4177.92144.9223na
20.26.3932219.010102040
3230
50.599.144.210.422.311.182.210.285
<4
V971891-1894W-246383
b,d
48.20.9218.02.655.2
0.153.789.002.597.530.320.100.890.010.110.29
<0.01
0.1299.62
7.59 0.200.5
14.0919.1na
2132272121na2.9
0.3427.9157.92004.2031na
19.15.7530615.911002370
2728
51.598.843.49.632.171.062.15
0.281<4
V981891-1894W-246384
b,d
47.81.0018.63.724.60.163.198.582.797.640.340.040.820.030.180.34
<0.01
0.1799.66
7.95 0.230.7
10.675.9na
2451675136na2.8
0.3776.8178.92195.0130na
22.36.7333518.9116022103031
56.5110.6
4710.812.471.202.250.327
<4
V1001895-1899W-246386
b,d
47.61.0018.56.092.50.163.118.652.747.610.250.100.850.080.230.31
<0.01
0.1899.60
7.98 0.422.2
10.594.0na
2381380154na2.8
0.3869.5189.12285.0330na
23.17.6032717.111902210
3431
58.9110.948.511.082.411.192.460.332
<4
V1081906
W-25571 1a,c
47.71.0115.72.395.6
0.155.6311.52.236.110.390.140.830.020.190.34
<0.01
0.1799.76
7.75 0.450.4
28.511331.826943
76.51263.64.50.287.1146.92024.9927
1.7118.25.3725614.994018502528
48.799.347.410.832.471.0732.37
0.303<6
26
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H20-P2O5CO2FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V1071906
W-255714a,c
47.51.0217.43.215.1
0.164.129.932.596.950.370.040.850.010.230.44
<0.01
0.2199.71
7.99 0.200.6
18.731.929.726023841306.45.7
0.338.5167.72245.2232
1.9921.05.8928617.6109020703928
55.1110.4
4911.292.581.122.61
0.3227
V1051906
W-246390b,d
47.81.0218.26.122.5
0.163.529.082.567.130.350.120.840.070.180.25
<0.01
0.1499.76
8.01 0.452.2
12.579.9na
27017
74.083na2.6
0.388.7178.42284.8329na
20.96.8431417.3113022102932
55.0105.8
4710.692.361.172.18
0.313<9
V1111913-1944W-255745
a,c
48.50.9317.61.716.1
0.144.219.242.397.470.310.110.91
<0.010.180.24
<0.01
0.1499.90
7.64 0.100.3
16.523.527.921826771204.43.7
0.3576.7137.1185
4.2130
1.6617.75.0330317.610202310
2725
48.796.239.69.582.180.9572.060.282
<8
V1151929
W-255744a,c
47.81.0216.53.475.1
0.154.9010.72.246.490.350.080.880.010.220.19
<0.010.14
99.96
8.22 0.060.6
23.832.230.225226771275.3<4
0.366.7126.71904.5728
1.5716.24.69260
14.28969
21902426
44.690.042.89.972.281.0402.35
0.289<7
V1181929
W-246403b,d
47.81.0016.63.415.1
0.154.7910.62.306.530.310.080.880.010.170.27
<0.01
0.1499.86
8.17 <0.01
0.6
22.2530.7na
28227
74.7124na2.8
0.2965.9157.01834.4324na
15.94.65249
13.69970
21302430
43.587.839.89.622.221.0372.07
0.293<5
V1161929
W-255743a,c
47.81.0016.63.984.60.154.7710.62.286.470.410.080.880.020.150.28
<0.01
0.1499.93
8.18 0.170.8
23.031.030.324925781196.13.7
0.3286.7136.71954.5928
1.6016.34.78255
13.809922200
2226
44.890.439.89.892.301.0292.22
0.298<6
27
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-P2O5CO2FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V1141929
W-246399b,d
47.81.0016.83.275.2
0.154.6410.42.316.650.360.050.880.010.200.30
<0.010.16
99.86
8.14 <0.01
0.6
22.129.8na
25025
77.8124na2.2
0.335.6137.11904.39
21na
16.14.6424013.8960
21702528
44.088.840.39.722.221.0172.19
0.291<5
V1191929
W-255695a,c
48.00.9818.63.764.4
0.153.228.292.737.890.320.100.820.020.220.36
<0.01
0.1999.67
7.780.200.8
10.5610.826.522217
83.11305.34.1
0.4078.9178.52144.6136
1.9921.36.7736121.010802170
3126
50.398.244
9.682.250.9482.200.298
<7
V1201941
W-246567b,d
48.40.8818.44.813.1
0.143.488.342.647.850.250.200.870.060.190.28
<0.010.1599.74
7.43 0.261.4
11.8016.4na
2171971121na2.4
0.3727.4167.51914.0330na
19.45.9731918.010702350
2927
51.399.940.59.332.131.102.180.294
<4
V1211941
W-246568b,d
48.60.9018.72.185.6
0.143.388.202.638.100.430.070.900.010.190.25
<0.010.15
100.13
7.56 <0.01
0.3
11.079.5na
22118
72.5114na<4
0.318.2167.81943.8926na
19.35.7130817.8108023803028
51.299.142.69.352.160.9752.090.268
<4
V1481944
W-255734a,c
47.60.9614.56.192.0
0.157.2313.31.634.790.520.380.830.010.290.08
<0.01
0.14100.31
7.57 0.902.8
35.1146.432.025253
76.0867.1<6
0.326.5115.81804.7222
1.3614.54.3319111.483616902826
44.089.342.810.442.341.0422.12
0.301<5
V1331944
W-255706a,c
49.00.9118.02.994.90.143.778.912.637.590.410.090.880.020.120.22
<0.01
0.11100.48
7.59 0.260.5
14.9221.326.822223
76.7964.66.90.397.8157.91934.3031
1.7919.85.5529317.710802370
2227
52.7103.046.29.832.30
0.9892.16
0.298<4
28
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-
P2O5CO2FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%)LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V1491944
W-246596b,d
47.90.9018.04.603.4
0.143.778.942.627.480.330.110.88
<0.010.150.34
<0.01
0.1599.41
7.540.301.2
13.9420.7na
21022
78.2114na<4
0.3538.2157.61914.3224na
19.25.6729516.610602350
2526
52.1101.344.19.682.231.062.120.317<7
V1431944
W-255733a,c
48.30.8918.22.275.4
0.143.668.722.577.820.280.100.870.010.160.220.02
0.1399.49
7.440.070.4
13.718.826.322123
78.81175.24.5
0.3758.4157.51984.3132
1.8019.85.8629817.610502320
2827
52.6102.843.39.952.270.9652.220.295<4
V1301944
W-246577b,d
48.40.9118.32.845.0
0.153.658.722.587.750.230.070.890.020.160.20
<0.010.1299.75
7.560.040.5
13.4917.5na
20621
72.2116na4.5
0.398.3157.82034.2834na
19.55.8931016.710902390
2727
52.2100.9
439.692.201.022.160.285<4
V1251944
W-255702a,c
48.40.8918.33.664.2
0.143.648.592.577.800.380.070.87
<0.010.230.220.02
0.1699.82
7.500.160.8
13.9818.126.721722
77.51236.35.5
0.4169.3138.01974.3734
1.8520.35.9531117.810702350
2827
54.0105.347.610.002.320.9922.230.304<4
V1371944
W-255728a,c
48.20.9118.34.273.7
0.143.578.602.717.780.240.460.880.030.200.28
<0.01
0.16100.11
7.54<0.01
1.0
11.6615.724.620521
76.61056.12.6
0.375.8157.91893.9633
1.7919.06.0932117.610902380
2926
52.197.040.59.592.110.8992.020.286<5
V1411944
W-246588b,d
48.30.9018.42.225.5
0.143.528.482.637.890.390.040.880.010.190.21
<0.010.14
99.56
7.500.060.4
12.5316.0na
20922
72.6122na3.7
0.3606.9158.21964.0527na
19.85.7630517.310902410
2828
51.5100.843.09.512.191.011.96
0.287<4
29
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa20K2OH2O+H2O-P2O5C02FClS-0=F.CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V1241944
W-246571b,d
48.30.9018.53.304.5
0.143.498.332.627.890.270.120.870.010.190.23
<0.010.14
99.52
7.47 0.210.7
12.3217.5na
21020
70.298na3.3
0.408.3157.51963.9430na
19.65.9130517.5110023503027
52.0100.7
409.542.160.992.11
0.287<1
V1361944
W-246583b,d
48.10.8918.44.393.50.143.468.362.597.770.360.090.880.060.110.17
<0.010.09
99.18
7.45 0.481.1
12.0816.1na
20120
70.5117na2.5
0.327.9158.01964.0530na
19.25.8830717.011002400
2727
51.298.743.19.262.130.972.08
0.281<4
V1221944
W-246569b,d
48.50.8918.53.564.3
0.143.458.272.557.930.400.120.880.010.180.24
<0.010.14
99.78
7.50 0.110.7
11.9016.8na
20020
74.9127na4.2
0.408.3148.01994.1432na
19.85.8532317.5111023703027
52.3101.0
449.582.170.982.140.299<6
V1461944
W-255746a,c
48.30.8918.42.555.2
0.143.438.352.617.950.270.080.880.010.270.220.020.18
99.39
7.50 0.080.4
12.7317.926.020622781225.83.9
0.3637.8147.91894.1333
1.8319.85.9730018.6110024502926
53.2102.3
429.652.17
0.9462.09
0.285<7
V1451944
W-246592b,d
48.40.8718.52.684.90.143.438.322.518.140.350.210.850.050.190.25
<0.010.15
99.65
7.32 0.310.5
12.0215.6na19420
66.6121na3.8
0.378.4127.71964.0329na
18.75.5632117.810802380
2826
49.995.442.79.052.040.921.99
0.277<4
V1271944
W-255703a,c
48.30.8818.66.211.8
0.143.378.202.547.880.290.050.870.110.190.16
<0.010.12
99.47
7.39 0.343.1
12.2017.725.719420
77.61244.86.0
0.4509.6157.71914.2034
1.8620.26.1733418.311002420
2925
53.8103.949.19.792.22
0.9712.07
0.287<8
30
Table 2:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-P2O5CO2FClS
-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V1321944
W-255707a,c
48.40.9018.51.845.9
0.143.298.392.678.010.350.040.900.010.120.29
<0.01
0.1399.63
7.56 <0.01
0.3
12.5010.925.720821
77.91224.85.6
0.3878.3157.72004.2534
1.8219.65.7430817.811002480
2826
52.4102.3
429.842.220.9722.110.300<7
31
Table 3: Vesuvius tephra (AD. 1631-1944)
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.Analysis code
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-
P205CO2FClS-0=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Sc (ppm)CrCoVNiZnCuWMoSbAsLiBeZrHfNbTaThURbCsSrBaPbYLaCeNdSmEuTbYbLuAu (ppb)
V06T11906
W-246602b,d
47.91.0115.23.464.6
0.146.3812.32.145.720.390.060.840.010.200.73
<0.010.28
100.80
7.71 <0.010.68
29.4135na
2614573119na3.8
0.317.7136.52064.7520
1.6017.15.0322413.390017302527
46.494.742.710.432.371.232.22
0.341<9
V06T21906
W-246603b,d
46.80.9416.54.962.9
0.144.659.732.516.960.580.250.82
<0.010.250.150.070.1798.03
7.36 1.331.54
20.576.3na
2132974146na4.70.4415.6156.71854.4014
1.6518.55.5529317.49261880
4123
47.093.641.29.622.171.052.060.318
<6
V44T31944
W-246607a,d
47.91.0710.23.394.4
0.1310.418.71.082.490.390.200.510.02
0.0800.12
<0.010.07
101.01
7.45 <0.010.69
61.020435.1383776044na<2
<0.33.06.63.21595.52
110.707.102.1299
5.634998098.529
26.261.836.510.132.301.152.130.312
<1
V44T21944
W-246604a,d
47.91.0412.34.033.90.148.7416.21.443.730.340.120.610.010.120.15
<0.010.09
100.68
7.52 0.220.93
48.915032.733860
66.359na<5
0.204.58.94.31765.0612
0.969.8
2.841398.576391200
1728
32.069.638.79.982.271.162.090.302
<1
V44T11944
W-246606a,d
47.91.0113.14.213.6
0.138.0115.11.524.450.270.500.640.030.120.16
<0.010.09
100.66
7.39 0.061.05
44.615031.4313566063na<5
0.254.68.84.61615.0018
1.0211.13.0618511.06981310
1527
33.973.436.69.842.231.142.060.294
<2
32
Table 4: Vesuvius lavas (AD. 1631-1944)
Sample no. Date A. D.Laboratory no.
SiO2 (wt.%) TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgO CaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-
P205C02FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%) Fe3+/Fe2+
Cr (ppm) NiZnCuZrNbRbSrBaYLaCe
V5 1631
W-246232
48.2 0.9314.55.832.0
0.136.81 12.01.825.920.260.080.800.13nananana
99.41
7.24 0.71 2.62
144 567095173242467741630222770
V7 1631
W-246234
47.5 1.0117.45.433.00.144.30 9.772.247.140.260.020.930.01nananana
99.15
7.88 0.15 1.63
<20 39691201982326710302230293891
V1 1631
W-246228
48.7 0.9317.73.264.6
0.153.70 8.402.458.080.490.180.790.02nananana
99.45
7.53 0.44 0.64
<20 338110323133309114022402738100
V11 1697
W-246238
47.6 1.0417.03.225.0
0.154.57 10.02.207.060.390.230.940.01nananana
99.41
7.90 0.45 0.58
<20 477511519830285995
2000293590
V12 1697
W-246239
47.6 1.0517.13.115.1
0.154.45 9.882.317.070.390.240.960.03nananana
99.44
7.90 0.49 0.55
<20 437911320028
28110102060283484
V22 1737
W-246249
47.8 0.9717.78.080.640.153.80 8.992.497.250.380.220.860.05nananana
99.38
7.91 0.78 11.36
<20 257411823229
30210002000324999
33
Table 4:
Sample no. Date A.D.Laboratory no.
SiO2 (wt.%) TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgO CaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-
P2O5CO2FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%) Fe3+/Fe2+
Cr (ppm) NiZnCuZrNbRbSrBaYLaCe
V26 1751
W-246253
48.4 0.9815.84.373.70.145.85 11.31.806.140.460.180.770.02nananana
99.91
7.63 0.45 1.06
38 4067100166202658661930233073
V271751
W-246254
48.3 0.9816.05.143.0
0.135.59 11.01.696.350.340.160.790.010.150.13
<0.010.1099.66
7.62 0.46 1.54
43 386813616219
2798901970222886
V37 1760
W-246264
48.1 0.9714.12.555.0
0.147.19 13.01.815.340.450.080.810.020.130.20
<0.010.11
99.79
7.30 0.14 0.46
84 5166125186232197491540263278
V35 1760
W-246262
48.2 0.9814.83.614.2
0.146.34 12.41.815.810.350.190.800.02nananana
99.65
7.45 0.31 0.77
37547311317324
2158331850262886
V33 1760
W-246260
47.9 0.9815.83.224.6
0.145.82 11.22.266.260.280.050.870.02nananana
99.40
7.50 0.06 0.63
28 426412019926
2528571740233289
V32 1760
W-246259
47.9 0.9715.82.775.0
0.145.81 11.22.206.230.440.020.860.02nananana
99.36
7.50 0.20 0.50
54 426412720327
2568681790304698
34
Table 4:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-
P2O5CO2FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Cr (ppm)NiZnCuZrNbRbSrBaYLaCe
V401767
W-246267
47.41.0717.82.595.8
0.154.119.072.707.250.340.021.010.010.220.18
<0.010.1499.58
8.13 <0.010.40
<2025661322353228910602080
282997
V691839
W-246297
48.00.9917.62.655.6
0.154.069.292.457.310.290.280.890.01nananana
99.57
7.980.130.43
28176812420726
31799219802650105
V761855
W-246304
47.61.0316.13.444.7
0.155.3711.12.386.320.390.320.840.01nananana
99.75
7.790.050.66
71367111420429
2759771790274796
V821858
W-246367
47.31.0717.62.086.1
0.163.988.672.637.250.310.200.970.040.160.18
<0.010.1298.53
7.970.170.31
35177311623326
32410302120
2149116
V831861
W-246368
47.91.0017.35.013.4
0.154.129.412.507.260.120.150.880.030.220.40
<0.050.20
99.65
7.91 0.241.33
3625801242213134010202010
255499
V851867
W-246370
47.41.0418.22.376.1
0.163.488.862.757.280.360.150.840.020.250.37
<0.050.20
99.43
8.23 0.100.35
221287
13123627
313113019902062122
35
Table 4:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-
P2O5C02FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Cr (ppm)NiZnCuZrNbRbSrBaYLaCe
V871868
W-246372
48.00.9917.73.094.9
0.154.028.752.687.730.190.110.870.02nananana
99.20
7.68 0.220.57
34216713719422
33510202120
1952109
V901872
W-246376
48.30.9218.04.713.3
0.153.829.062.517.540.310.080.870.05nananana
99.62
7.54 0.341.28
3022731222013029610802350
2446108
V941881
W-246380
48.10.9317.82.005.9
0.153.959.082.527.400.460.260.920.05nananana
99.52
7.70 0.480.31
2621741201972728410702390
214096
V1021895-1899W-246388
47.71.0218.43.145.3
0.163.248.872.907.530.270.070.860.01nananana
99.47
8.13 0.010.53
23157813723330
32011902210
2264124
V1011895-1899W-246387
47.81.0118.52.086.2
0.163.208.782.817.580.120.220.860.01nananana
99.33
8.07 0.060.30
<20148914024432
31812002230
2854124
V991895-1899W-246385
47.51.0118.55.243.30.163.158.702.777.490.350.180.840.09nananana
99.28
8.02 0.621.43
<20138212423936
32712102230
2559125
36
Table 4:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI203Fe203FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH20+H2O-
P205C02FClS-0=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Cr (ppm)NiZnCuZrNbRbSrBaYLaCe
V1101906
W-246395
47.61.0116.54.054.2
0.154.9510.82.356.490.230.100.830.02nananana
99.28
7.85 0.210.87
56266413220622
2679921920
1953105
V1061906
W-246391
47.91.0116.62.835.3
0.154.9210.72.276.540.520.100.830.02nananana
99.69
7.85 0.290.48
61308012721027
281102019702253108
V1551906
W-246601
47.71.0217.44.224.2
0.154.199.962.466.880.310.150.840.05nananana
99.53
8.00 0.260.90
4420691312252429910602070
2349114
V1511906
W-246598
47.41.0217.73.924.5
0.163.869.622.457.050.380.280.860.02nananana
99.22
8.03 0.450.78
28148413523026
28910702100
2053109
V1501906
W-246597
47.61.0317.84.054.40.163.809.492.577.120.420.140.860.01nananana
99.45
8.04 0.370.83
26197712822830
30411002140
2262120
V1041906
W-246389
47.71.0218.14.713.80.163.579.122.707.350.360.050.850.02nananana
99.51
8.04 0.191.11
29127013021920
31311202190
1853
121
37
Table 4:
Sample no. Date A. D.Laboratory no.
SiO2 (wt.%) TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgO CaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-
P2O5CO2FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%) Fe3+/Fe2+
Cr (ppm) NiZnCuZrNbRbSrBaYLaCe
V109 1906
W-246394
47.9 1.0018.41.806.2
0.163.29 8.532.837.900.270.050.920.010.180.290.020.1699.59
7.82 0.11 0.26
22 8
7312122833
345116021902556124
V112 1913-1944W-246397
48.3 0.9217.60.936.8
0.144.18 9.142.397.460.340.040.910.01nananana
99.16
7.64 0.06 0.12
31 308012618424
30210102290
214397
V113 1929
W-246398
47.9 1.0116.63.375.2
0.154.76 10.62.196.530.510.140.880.03nananana
99.87
8.23 0.20 0.58
33 247812219732
253988
2150284499
V117 1929
W-246402
47.5 1.0418.12.426.1
0.163.45 8.922.757.240.570.150.850.030.250.260.020.1899.63
8.28 0.29 0.36
27 137914022927
30511502040
2159119
V142 1944
W-246589
48.1 0.8918.13.144.70.143.69 8.822.687.640.250.090.880.01nananana
99.13
7.52 <0.01 0.60
31 176411520128
30611002350
2146103
V139 1944
W-246586
48.3 0.9018.33.294.60.143.68 8.602.557.770.290.100.880.02nananana
99.42
7.56 0.14 0.64
26 238011919031
313110023802256109
38
Table 4:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-
P2O5CO2FCls-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Cr (ppm)NiZnCuZrNbRbSrBaYLaCe
V1311944
W-246578
48.20.9118.22.475.3
0.143.688.742.637.680.380.020.880.01nananana
99.24
7.52 <0.010.42
2830881242022729310802330
2136103
V1291944
W-246576
48.20.9018.13.134.7
0.143.688.752.577.680.330.050.870.01nananana
99.11
7.51 0.110.60
2817701152002429810702360
2252102
V1401944
W-246587
48.30.9018.33.714.20.143.678.762.557.690.300.050.880.02nananana
99.47
7.54 0.090.80
23197711519725
293110023902062104
V1441944
W-246591
48.20.9018.22.785.0
0.143.628.702.607.750.280.140.880.01nananana
99.20
7.50 0.090.50
2918701181983129811002390
2344115
V1261944
W-246573
48.20.8918.33.544.3
0.143.588.552.577.740.290.110.870.01nananana
99.09
7.49 0.210.74
26177312119834
30810902380
2653111
V1341944
W-246582
48.20.8918.34.893.10.143.528.482.537.770.310.080.880.04nananana
99.13
7.50 0.201.42
30146711420329
30910902370
2257115
39
Table 4:
Sample no.Date A.D.Laboratory no.
SiO2 (wt.%)TiO2AI2O3Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OH2O+H2O-
P2O5CO2FClS-O=F,CI,STotal
FeOT (wt.%) LOI (wt.%)Fe3+/Fe2+
Cr (ppm)NiZnCuZrNbRbSrBaYLaCe
V1281944
W-246575
48.40.9018.43.034.80.143.528.472.587.910.330.050.890.02nananana
99.44
7.52 0.040.57
27278912419330
30810902360
2452102
V1381944
W-246585
48.20.8918.52.884.90.143.488.462.637.850.280.100.880.01nananana
99.20
7.50 0.120.53
<20208212219731
31511002390
2651113
V1471944
W-246594
48.40.8918.42.994.80.143.478.402.687.850.430.180.870.03nananana
99.53
7.49 0.310.56
25187112019524
29610902410
1842112
V1231944
W-246570
48.30.8918.61.915.8
0.143.398.272.607.990.210.090.890.01nananana
99.09
7.52 <0.010.30
20218612719226
31110702380
1947107
40
Figure 1. Vesuvius sample location map A.
41
Figure 2. Vesuvius sample location map B.
42
V117,V118
V1131929
T834 , .1906^. «
Figure 3. Vesuvius sample location map C.
43
EXPLANATION
Lava flow boundary
Tyrrhenian Sea Gulf of Naples
Undifferentiated products of Vesuvius and Mt. Somma
Volcanic products of the period A.D.1944-1637
Volcanic products before A.D. 1631 and after A.D. 79 or A.D. 1631
Parasitic vents(spatter and cinder cones)
Road
Eruptive fractures and "clefts" of the Gran Cono
.A. .*. .* Mt. Somma caldera rim
1944 crater
1906 crater
Date of lava flow
Volcanic vents
Buried volcanic vents
Sample location
Quarry
City
1944
V39
D
©
Figure 4. Explanation of sample location maps A, B, and C.
44