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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
Acoustics I:hearing
Kurt Heutschi2013-01-25
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
structure and principleof operation of the ear
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
structure of the earouter ear external air
middle ear air, closed airtight
inner ear filled with fluid
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
inner ear: principle of operationI excitation by oval window → traveling wave along
basilar membrane
I maximum amplitude depends on frequency →frequency y location transformation
I movement of basilar membrane detected by haircells → electrical pulses to brain
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
frequency dependency of thehearing threshold
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
frequency dependency of the hearing
threshold
demo Nr. 6, Tracks 17,18, preparation of a protocol:
125 250 500 1 k 2 k 4 k 8 k0 dB-5 dB
-10 dB-15 dB-20 dB-25 dB-30 dB-35 dB-40 dB-45 dB
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
frequency dependency of the hearing
threshold
demo Nr. 6, Track 18, procedure:
I new frequencyI tones with decreasing level (-5 dB steps)I count the number of stepsI staircase is repeatedI mark in the table
I new frequency, ...
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
frequency dependency of the hearing
threshold
typical hearing threshold:
125 250 500 1 k 2 k 4 k 8 k0 dB-5 dB
-10 dB-15 dB-20 dB x-25 dB x-30 dB x-35 dB x x-40 dB x-45 dB x1
1resonance of the ear canal
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
loudness
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
loudness in phon LN
I description of the intensity of the sensation in phon
I subjective determination:I adjust a 1 kHz reference signal for equal loudness
as the test signalI phontest.signal = dBreference.signal
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
loudness in phon LNequal loudness contours for tones:
→ loudness filter in pre-amplifiers
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
loudness in sone N
I description of the intensity of the sensation in sone
I sone scale is proportional to sensation
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
loudness in sone N
demo Nr. 7, Tracks 19,20, preparation of a protocol:
Nr. Nref Nsignal Nr. Nref Nsignal
1 10 11 102 10 12 103 10 13 104 10 14 105 10 15 106 10 16 107 10 17 108 10 18 109 10 19 10
10 10 20 10
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
loudness in sone N
subjective evaluation of the loudness in sone for testsignals relative to a referencedemo Nr. 7, track 20, procedure:
I reference signal (= loudness 10 sone)
I loudest test signal
I most silent test signal
I loop:I reference signalI test signal
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
loudness in sone N
solution:
Nr. Nref Nsignal Nr. Nref Nsignal
1 10 30 11 10 52 10 7 12 10 303 10 2.5 13 10 404 10 10 14 10 75 10 5 15 10 206 10 40 16 10 3.57 10 14 17 10 78 10 20 18 10 2.59 10 3.5 19 10 14
10 10 10 20 10 30
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
relation between LN and N
I definition: LN = 40 phon → N = 1 sone
I above 40 phon:I LN+10 phon → N · 2 sone
I N = 2LN−40
10
I LN ≈ 40 + 33 · log(N)
I below 40 phon the sone number cuts half for phonereduction steps < 10.
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
frequency discrimination
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
frequency discrimination
I frequency range of hearing (16. . .16’000 Hz):around 620 frequency steps
I maximal resolution for a frequency modulation with4 Hz:
I f < 500 Hz → ∆f = 3.5 HzI f ≥ 500 Hz → ∆f = f · 0.007 Hz
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
critical bands
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
critical bandsinner ear: blurred frequency y location transformation
I even in case of pure tone excitation, an extendedzone on the basilar membrane is put to motion
I this zone can be expressed as frequency range →critical band
I f < 500 Hz → width = 100 HzI f ≥ 500 Hz → width = f · 0.2 Hz (≈ third octave
band)
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
critical bands - loudness summation
two cases:
I two signals with overlapping critical bandsI summation of intensitiesI 40 phon + 40 phon = 43 phon
I two signals clearly separated in frequency nooverlapping critical bands
I summation of loudnessI 1 sone + 1 sone = 2 soneI 40 phon + 40 phon = 50 phon
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
critical bands - loudness summation
loudness comparison of test signals of differentbandwidth ∆B but equal power:demo nr. 3, track 7, procedure:reference (∆B 145 Hz) and test signal in alternatingsequence
I test signal 1: narrow band noise ∆B 145 Hz
I test signal 2: narrow band noise ∆B 167 Hz
I test signal 3: narrow band noise ∆B 192 Hz
I test signal 4: narrow band noise ∆B 221 Hz
I test signal 5: narrow band noise ∆B 254 Hz
I test signal 6: narrow band noise ∆B 292 Hz
I test signal 7: narrow band noise ∆B 336 Hz
I test signal 8: narrow band noise ∆B 386 Hz
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
masking
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
maskingpresentation of a tone lifts the hearing threshold →frequency components in the vicinity may be masked.
I masking effect more pronounced towards higherfrequencies
I the higher the level of the masker, the wider themasking range
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
virtual pitch
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
virtual pitcha missing fundamental in a complex sound can becomplemented by the brain.demo nr. 20, track 37:
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
virtual pitch
possible applications:
I virtual bass in organsI pipe with frequency f1I pipe with frequency f2 = 3
2 f1I → virtually audible f = 1
2 f1
I reproduction of low frequencies with smallloudspeakers
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
nonlinear distortions
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
nonlinear distortions of the ear
I nonlinear transfer function from the tympanicmembrane to the inner ear
I frequencies are generated that are not contained inthe original signal
I sum-tones: f1 and f2 → f1 + f2I difference-tones: f1 and f2 → f2 − f1
I difference-tones are especially critical as they arenot masked
I level of difference-tone:L(f2 − f1) ≈ L(f1) + L(f2)− 130dB
I e.g. L(f1) = L(f2) = 80dB → L(f2 − f1) ≈ 30dB
I distortion factor:
excitation[dB] 70 80 90 100 110 120distortion[%] 0.05 0.2 0.5 1.5 5 16
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
loudness as a function ofsignal duration
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
loudness as a function of signal durationI hearing process shows a certain delay
I full loudness is reached for signal length > 0.5 s
I below 100 ms → loudness corresponds to signalenergy
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
temporal masking
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
temporal masking
pre and post masking:
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
phase
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
sensitivity with respect to phase
?
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
binaural hearing: localization
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
binaural hearing: localization in the
horizontal plane
I evaluation of the two ear signals yields:I interaural level differencesI interaural time differences
I maximum resolution: 1 degree
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hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
binaural hearing: localization in the
horizontal plane
![Page 39: Acoustics I: hearing - ETH Z · 2019-08-18 · Acoustics I: hearing Kurt Heutschi 2013-01-25. hearing structure of the ear hearing threshold loudness frequency discrimination critical](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050601/5fa8aaaffa0ef602327e0e92/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
binaural hearing: localization in the
horizontal plane
![Page 40: Acoustics I: hearing - ETH Z · 2019-08-18 · Acoustics I: hearing Kurt Heutschi 2013-01-25. hearing structure of the ear hearing threshold loudness frequency discrimination critical](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050601/5fa8aaaffa0ef602327e0e92/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
binaural hearing: localization in the
vertical plane
detection of elevation:
I evaluation of the frequency response
I resolution: 10. . .45 degrees
detection of distance:
I evaluation of the loudness (the more silent, themore distant)
I reverberation (the more reverberant, the moredistant)
![Page 41: Acoustics I: hearing - ETH Z · 2019-08-18 · Acoustics I: hearing Kurt Heutschi 2013-01-25. hearing structure of the ear hearing threshold loudness frequency discrimination critical](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050601/5fa8aaaffa0ef602327e0e92/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
precedence effect
![Page 42: Acoustics I: hearing - ETH Z · 2019-08-18 · Acoustics I: hearing Kurt Heutschi 2013-01-25. hearing structure of the ear hearing threshold loudness frequency discrimination critical](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050601/5fa8aaaffa0ef602327e0e92/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
precedence effect
capability of the ear to merge direct sound and echoesand to localize the direction of the direct sound
![Page 43: Acoustics I: hearing - ETH Z · 2019-08-18 · Acoustics I: hearing Kurt Heutschi 2013-01-25. hearing structure of the ear hearing threshold loudness frequency discrimination critical](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050601/5fa8aaaffa0ef602327e0e92/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
hearing
structure of the ear
hearing threshold
loudness
frequencydiscrimination
critical bands
masking
virtual pitch
distortions
loudness(t)
temporal masking
phase
binaural hearing:localization
precedence effect
back
eth-acoustics-1